Search

The species of Patrera Simon, 1903 from Brazilian Atlantic Forest biome are revised. With more than 2715 specimens examined, nine species were found and, of these, only one new species is described, Patrera teresopolis n. sp. from state of Rio de Janeiro. The other valid names were described by a single author: Patrera procera (Keyserling, 1891), P. longipes (Keyserling, 1891), P. virgata (Keyserling, 1891), P. cita (Keyserling, 1891), P. tensa (Keyserling, 1891), n. comb., P. opertanea (Keyserling, 1891), n. comb., P. concolor (Keyserling, 1891), n. comb. and P. recentissima (Keyserling, 1891), n. comb. (Later four here transferred from Teudis O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1896) and P. pellucida (Keyserling, 1891), n. comb. (here transferred from Sillus F.O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1900). The males of Patrera opertanea, P. pellucida and P. recentissima are described for the first time. The species Teudis itatiayae Mello-Leitão, 1915 and Sillus delicatus Mello-Leitão, 1922 are synonymized with P. longipes; Osoriella pallidoemanu Mello-Leitão, 1926 is synonymized with P. concolor. All species are described, illustrated and mapped. The known distribution of Patrera procera and P. longipes is expanded to Argentina and that of Patrera procera to Paraguay.

The diversity of the genus Tafana Simon, 1903 is poorly known in the Neotropical regions. In this work we provide a taxonomic review of the genus as well as a phylogenetic analysis. The ingroup of the analysis is composed of sixteen species of Tafana and the outgroup is composed of five representatives of Anyphaenidae. The sister-group recovered for Tafana is the clade Aysha + Xiruana, being supported by the embolic process on the male bulb. Two species groups within Tafana are herein proposed, the silhavyi group and the riveti group, based on two exclusive synapomorphies in the male bulb. We redescribe Tafana quelchi and present a description of the previously unknown female of Tafana silhavyi, both from Venezuela. In addition, we describe the first adult specimens of Tafana straminea. Twelve new species, along with several previously described species, are described, illustrated and mapped: T. riveti, T. straminea, T. quelchi, T. kunturmarqa sp. nov., T. humahuaca sp. nov., T. pastaza sp. nov., T. nevada sp. nov., T. huatanay sp. nov. and T. ruizi sp. nov. from the riveti species group; T. maracay sp. nov., T. arawak sp. nov., T. chimire sp. nov. and T. pitieri sp. nov. from the silhavyi species group; T. oliviae sp. nov. from Argentina and T. orinoco sp. nov. from Venezuela, neither of which belongs to any species group. We also discuss the genital morphology of the species groups based on the results of the phylogenetic analysis. Furthermore, distribution maps for all species, including new records for T. riveti, T. straminea and T. quelchi, are presented.

A new genus, Platnickgen. n., with three new species, P. shablyaisp. n. (♂, type species), P. astanasp. n. (♀) and P. sangloksp. n. (♀), are described from Tajikistan. The male of the type species has a unique pair of longitudinal ventral postgastral scuta. Females have such scuta also, but they are much shorter. The new genus is placed in Liocranidae Simon, 1897. A discussion on the subfamilies of Liocranidae and comments on the family-group names are provided.

The genus Tupirinna Bonaldo, 2000 is revised, including 20 species. New records of T. rosae Bonaldo, 2000 from Pará, Brazil are given. Tupirinna albofasciata (Mello-Leitão, 1943) is redescribed based on the female lectotype, here designated. The following 17 new species are described, diagnosed, and illustrated: T. platnicki sp. nov. (♂ and ♀ from Pará, Brazil); T. zebra sp. nov. (♂ and ♀ from Amazonas and Mato Grosso, Brazil); T. caraca sp. nov. (♂ and ♀ from south and southeast Brazil); T. urucu sp. nov. (♂ from Amazonas, Brazil); T. coari sp. nov. (♂ and ♀ from Amazonas, Brazil); T. lata sp. nov. (♂ and ♀ from the states of Bahia, Espiríto Santo, Minas Gerais, São Paulo and Santa Catarina, Brazil); T. regiae sp. nov. (♂ and ♀ from Amazonas and Pará, Brazil); T. mutum sp. nov. (♂ and ♀ from Pará and Mato Grosso, Brazil); T. cruzes sp. nov. (♂ and ♀ from Rio de Janeiro, São Paulo and Santa Catarina, Brazil); T. palmares sp. nov. (♂ and ♀ from northeast Brazil); T. una sp. nov. (♂ and ♀ from Bahia, Brazil); T. gigantea sp. nov. (♂ and ♀ from Vaupés, Colômbia and Peru); T. oba sp. nov. (♀ from Bahia, Brazil); T. goeldi sp. nov. (♀ from Pará, Brazil); T. ibiapaba sp. nov. (♂ and ♀ from Ceará, Brazil); T. luctuosa sp. nov. (♀ from Minas Gerais, Brazil) and T. araguaia sp. nov. (♂ and ♀ from Pará, Brazil). Additionally, two species groups are delimited based on genitalic morphology. Distribution maps and an identification key to the males and females of all known species of Tupirinna are also provided.

The genus Meriola Banks currently includes 24 known species of spiders distributed across America, especially in southern South America. They have a nearly straight and narrower posterior eye row compared to other American genera of Trachelidae, and elongated and sharply tipped ventral leg cuspules. The study of specimens of Meriola available in collections revealed two undescribed species, M. avalosi sp. nov. and M. peras sp. nov., and the previously unknown females of M. balcarce Platnick & Ewing and M. quilicura Platnick & Ewing, all of which are described here. The female of M. lineolata (Mello-Leitão) comb. nov., transferred from Cetonana Strand, is described for the first time. Two further new combinations are proposed here: M. macrocephala (Nicolet) comb. nov., transferred from Trachelopachys Simon, and M. setosa (Simon) comb. nov., transferred from Cetonana; these two species are also considered senior synonyms of M. barrosi (Mello-Leitão) and M. hyltonae (Mello-Leitão), respectively. Additionally, a new sex matching of M. ramirezi Platnick & Ewing and M. davidi Grismado is proposed, with a redescription of the female of M. ramirezi provided. New geographical records are provided for all of the species, with images and a revised diagnosis for the genus and the previously known species.

The natural and life history of the family Viridasiidae is largely unexplored. Laboratory observations on specimens of a species belonging to the genus Viridasius Simon, 1889 have shown that it constructs hanging, silken retreats for molting and hiding. These retreats are camouflaged with soil, sand, or debris, similar to the already known egg sac of this species. The retreats are similar to the silken resting cells known in dionychan spider families, such as Gnaphosidae, Clubionidae, Cheiracanthiidae or Salticidae and corroborate the recent classification of Viridasiidae as Dionycha.

Martínez, Leonel, Brescovit, Antonio D., Villarreal, Eduardo, Oliveira, Luiz Fernando M. (2021): An update of morphological and distributional data of the genus Patrera Simon (Araneae: Anyphaenidae: Anyphaeninae) with the description of twenty-five new species from Colombia. Zootaxa 4914 (1): 1-64, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4468383, {"references":["Alvarez-Padilla, F. & Hormiga, G. (2007) A protocol for digesting internal soft tissues and mounting spiders for scanning electron microscopy. The Journal of Arachnology, 35 (3), 538‾543. https://doi.org/10.1636/Sh06-55.1","Bertkau, P. (1878) Versuch einer natʾ rlichen Anordnung der Spinnen, nebst Bemerkungen zueinzelnen Gattungen. Archiv f̡r Naturgeschichte, 44, 351‾410.","Berland, L. (1913) Araignees. Mission du Service geographique de l'armee pour la mesure d'un arc du meridien equatorial en Amerique du Sud (1899‾1906), Paris, 10, 78‾119.","Brescovit, A.D. (1993) Lepajan, um genero novo de aranhas neotropicais da familia Anyphaenidae (Arachnida, Araneae). Revista Brasileira de Entomologia, 37 (4), 693‾703.","Brescovit, A.D. (1997) Revis\"o de Anyphaeninae Bertkau a nivel de generos na regi\"o neotropical (Araneae, Anyphaenidae). Revista Brasileira de Zoologia, 13, 1-187.","Bonaldo, A.B. (1994) A subfamilia Eutichurinae na regi\"o neotropical, com a revis\"o do genero Eutichurus Simon, 1896 (Araneae, Miturgidae). Iheringia, Zoology, 76, 101‾159.","Bonnet, P. (1958) Bibliographia araneorum. Douladoure Toulouse, 2 (4), 3027‾4230.","Caporiacco, L. di. (1947) Diagnosi preliminari de specie nuove di aracnidi della Guiana Brittanica raccolte dai professori Beccari e Romiti. Monitore Zoologico Italiano, 56, 20‾34.","Caporiacco, L. di. (1948) Arachnida of British Guiana collected in 1931 and 1936 by Professors Beccari and Romiti. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 118 (3), 607‾747. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-3642.1948.tb00402.x","Caporiacco, L. di. (1955) Estudios sobre los aracnidos de Veneuela 2ª parte: Araneae. Acta Biologica Venezuelica, 1 (16), 245‾448.","Camero, E. (2003) Caracterizacion de la fauna de carabidos (Coleoptera: Carabidae) en un perfil altitudinal de la Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta, Colombia. Revista de la Academia Colombiana de Ciencias, 27 (105), 491‾516.","Chickering, A.M. (1940) New Anyphaenidae from Panama with notes on known species. Transactions of the American Microscopical Society, 59, 78‾122.","Duperre, N. & Tapia, E. (2016) Overview of the Anyphaenids (Araneae, Anyphaeninae, Anyphaenidae) spider fauna from the Choco forest of Ecuador, with the description of thirteen new species. European Journal of Taxonomy, 255, 1-50. https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2016.255","Florez-D, E., Romero-O, C. & Lopez, D.S. (2015) Los artropodos de la reserva natural rio Nambi. Serie de Guias de Campo del Instituto de Ciencias Naturales No. 15. Instituto de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogota, D.C., 320 pp.","Gentry, A. (1981) Phytogeographic patterns as evidence for a Choco refuge. In: Prance, G.T. (Ed.), Biological Diversification in the tropics. Proceedings of the fifth international symposium of the association for tropical biology. Columbia University Press, New York, pp. 112-136.","GeoLocator© Development Team (2019) GeoLocator©. Geographic Information System. Open Source Geospatial Foundation Project. Available from: (http://tools.freeside.sk/geolocator/geolocator.html (accessed 18 August 2017)","GeoNames©Development Team (2019) GeoNames©. Geographic Information System. Open Source Geospatial Foundation Project. Available from: (http://www.geonames.org/ (accessed 18 August 2017)","Koch, L. (1866) Die Arachniden-Familie der Drassiden. Hefte 1‾6. Lotzbeck, Nʾ rnberg, 304 pp.","Lourenco, W.R. (1994) Diversity and endemism in tropical versus temperate scorpion communities. Biogeographica, 70 (3), 155‾160.","Oliveira, L.F.M. & Brescovit, A.D. (2015a) A taxonomic revision of the Neotropical spider genus Xiruana Brescovit, 1997 (Araneae: Anyphaenidae, Anyphaeninae). Zootaxa, 3980 (2), 201-229. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3980.2.3","Oliveira, L.F.M. & Brescovit, A.D. (2015b) Two new species of the Neotropical spider genus Umuara Brescovit (Araneae, Anyphaenidae, Anyphaeninae) from Brazil. Zootaxa, 3980 (3), 435‾441. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3980.3.7","Pickard-Cambridge, F.O. (1900) Arachnida-Araneida and Opiliones. Biologia Centrali-Americana, London, Zoology, 2, 89‾192.","Petrunkevitch, A. (1911) A synonymic index-catalogue of spiders of North, Central and South America with all adjacent islands, Greenland, Bermuda, West Indies, Terra del Fuego, Galapagos, etc. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, 29, 1‾791.","Roewer, C.F. (1954) Katalog der Araneae von 1758 bis 1940. Vol. 2. Institut royal des sciences naturelles de Belgique, Bruxelles, 923 pp.","Quantum Gis Development Team (2012) QGIS \"Nodebo\" Version 2.16.0. Quantum GIS Geographic Information System. Open Source Geospatial Foundation Project. Available from: http://www.qgis.org/en/site/forusers/download.html (accessed 18 August 2017)","Rangel, O. & Lowy, P. (1993) Tipos de vegetacion y rasgos fitogeograficos en la region pacifica de Colombia. a. Tomo I. In: Leyva, P. (Ed.), Colombia Pacifico. Fondo Fen, Bogota, pp. 182‾198.","Simon, E. (1897) Histoire naturelle des araignees. Deuxieme edition, tome second. Roret Paris, 192 pp. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.51973","Simon, E. (1903) Descriptions d'arachnides nouveaux. Annales de la Societe Entomologique de Belgique, 47, 21‾39. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.part.25299","Sundevall, C.J. (1833) Conspectus Arachnidum. C.F. Berling, Londini Gothorum, 39 pp.","Vuilleumier, F. (1969) Pleistocene speciation in birds living in the high Andes. Nature, 223 (5211), 1179‾1180.","World Spider Catalog (2020) World Spider Catalog. Version 21.5. Natural History Museum Bern. Available from: http://wsc. nmbe.ch (accessed 25 October 2020) https://doi.org/10.24436/2"]}

The species of Syspira Simon from Hispaniola are revised and detailed documentation is provided for all known species from this island. Four new species (Syspira alayoni sp. n., S. armasi sp. n., S. barbacoa sp. n., and S. bryantae sp. n.), and the unknown male of Syspira agujas Brescovit, Sánchez-Ruiz & Bonaldo are described. New distribution records were found for three known species (S. agujas, S. cimitarra Brescovit, Sánchez-Ruiz & Bonaldo and S. medialuna Brescovit, Sánchez-Ruiz & Bonaldo). The Hispaniolan endemic species Teminius monticola (Bryant, 1948) is transferred to Syspira based on the revision of its holotype. A key for Hispaniola Syspira species is provided. These species can be separated into two distinct groups based on features of the male palpal morphology and female genitalia: the cimitarra group including S. cimitarra, S. jimmyi Brescovit, Sánchez-Ruiz & Bonaldo, S. alayoni and S. barbacoa sp. n., and the agujas group including S. agujas, S. medialuna, S. monticola comb. n., S. armasi sp. n. and S. bryantae sp. n.

Gnaphosidae Pocock are a very diverse spider family with remarkable spinning organ morphology. Although the family has received intense taxonomic attention in recent years, its intergeneric relationships remain obscure. A phylogenetic analysis of Gnaphosidae genera was performed to untangle the evolutionary history of the family. A matrix of 324 morphological characters, scored for 71 gnaphosid genera and 29 outgroup taxa, was analysed through parsimony and Bayesian phylogenetic inference. Gnaphosidae are not recovered as a monophyletic group, neither were most of the previously proposed intrafamiliar groupings. In accordance with the phylogenetic results obtained, Vectius Simon and Hemicloea Thorell are transferred to Trochanteriidae, and Xenoplectus Schiapelli & Gerschman de Pikelin to Liocranidae. Micaria Westring, Nauhea Forster and Verita Ramirez & Grismado (and some related genera) are probably not gnaphosids, although their phylogenetic placement is uncertain. Gnaphosidae s.s. are defined as spiders with enlarged piriform gland spigots, longer and wider than the major ampullate gland spigots. Within Gnaphosidae s.s., well-supported clades allow the redefinition, on the basis of quantitative phylogenetic evidence, of Gnaphosinae Pocock, Zelotinae Platnick, Herpyllinae Platnick, Drassodinae Simon, Prodidominae Simon rank res. and the newly proposed Leptodrassinae subfam. nov. Many genera are not assigned to subfamily given their poorly supported and unstable relationships. The homology and evolution of structures such as the claw tuft clasper, the spinning organs and the modification of cheliceral promargin are discussed.

Three new species of the genus Thaloe are described from Antillean region: Thaloe maricao n. sp., from Maricao, Puerto Rico and Virgin Island, Thaloe leboulet n. sp., from Le Boulet and Mariani, Haiti and Thaloe ebano n. sp., from the Dominican Republic. Females of species of this genus are described for the first time.

The new genus and species Myrmecicultor chihuahuensis Ramirez, Grismado, and Ubick is described and proposed as the type of the new family, Myrmecicultoridae Ramirez, Grismado, and Ubick. The species is ecribellate, with entelegyne genitalia, two tarsal claws, without claw tufts, and the males have a retrolateral palpal tibial apophysis. Some morphological characters suggest a possible relationship with Zodariidae or Prodidomidae, but the phylogenetic analysis of six markers from the mitochondrial (12S rDNA, 16S rDNA, cytochrome oxidase subunit I) and nuclear (histone H3, 18S rDNA, 28S rDNA) genomes indicate that M. chihuahuensis is a separate lineage emerging near the base of the Dionycha and the Oval Calamistrum clade. The same result is obtained when the molecular data are combined with a dataset of morphological characters. Specimens of M. chihuahuensis were found associated with three species of harvester ants, Pogonomyrmex rugosus, Novomessor albisetosis, and Novomessor cockerelli, and were collected in pitfall traps when the ants are most active. The known distribution spans the Big Bend region of Texas (Presidio, Brewster, and Hudspeth counties), to Coahuila (Cuatro Cienegas) and Aguascalientes (Tepezala), Mexico.

Embrik Strand described a large number of spiders from the Afrotropical Region. We examined the type specimens of two poorly known species from the Museum fur Naturkunde, Berlin, which have never been redescribed or illustrated. Clubiona ruandana Strand, 1916 (Clubionidae) is misplaced and its transfer to CheiracanthiumWagner, 1887 (Cheiracanthiidae) is proposed, based on a redescription of the female holotype, making it the sixth Cheiracanthium species recorded from Rwanda. The female holotype of Corinna nossibeensisStrand, 1907 (Corinnidae) is imaged and the species is synonymized with Oedignatha scrobiculataThorell, 1881 (Liocranidae), representing the first record of this genus and species from Madagascar.

Five new Brazilian species of the spider genus Attacobius Mello-Leitão, 1925 are described: A. demiguise n. sp. (based on male and female) and A. carimbo n. sp. (male), both from State of Pará; A. thalitae n. sp. (male) from the State of Minas Gerais; A. lauricae n. sp. (male) from State of Tocantins; and A. tremembe n. sp. (female) from State of Piauí. The males of A. luederwaldti (Mello-Leitão, 1923) and A. verhaaghi Bonaldo & Brescovit, 1998, and the females of A. uiriri Bonaldo & Brescovit, 2005 and A. blakei Bonaldo & Brescovit, 2005, are described for the first time. Additionally, new records of A. attarum (Roewer, 1935), A. carranca Bonaldo & Brescovit, 2005, A. kitae Bonaldo & Brescovit, 2005 and A. tucurui Bonaldo & Brescovit, 2005 are given.

Five new species of the ghost spider genus Anyphaenoides Berland from Colombia are described and illustrated: A. sierraensis sp. nov. (based on male and female) from Magdalena department, A. caribensis sp. nov. (male and female) from Atlántico department, A. foreroi sp. nov. (male) from Vaupes department, A. hilli sp. nov. (male) from Putumayo department and A. enigmaticus sp. nov. (male and female) from Santander department.

The Neotropical crab spider genera Tobias Simon, 1895 and Epicadus Simon, 1895 comprise species with remarkable somatic morphology and confounding taxonomic history. The results of our recent cladistic analysis corroborate and extend preceding taxonomic assumptions in showing that Tobias is a junior synonym of Epicadus. In the present paper the six species recently transferred from Tobias to Epicadus are redescribed. Two new species are described based on both males and females: Epicadus dimidiaster sp. nov. and Epicadus tigrinus sp. nov.; the male of Epicadus granulatus Banks, 1909 is described for the first time. The diagnosis of the genus is revised, an identification key is provided, and information on geographical distribution is updated. Epicadus now comprises eleven species.

Six new species of the genus Eutichurus Simon, 1897 are described: E. murgai new species (based on male and female) and E. paredesi new species (male) from Peru; E. cumbia new species (female) and E. tequendama new species (male) from Colombia; E. yungas new species (male and female) from Bolivia, and E. nancyae new species (male and female) from Brazil. The males of E. marquesae Bonaldo, 1994, E. madre Bonaldo, 1994 and E. zarate Bonaldo, 1994 are described for the first time. Eutichurus brescoviti Bonaldo, 1994, described on males, is synonymized with E. tropicus (L. Koch, 1866), previously known only from females. New records for E. ibiuna Bonaldo, 1994, E. ravidus Simon, 1897, E. putus O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1898, E. silvae Bonaldo, 1994, E. lizeri Mello-Leitão, 1938, E. saylapampa Bonaldo, 1994, E. tropicus and E. manu Bonaldo, 1994 are presented. A key to all species of Eutichurus is provided, variation in the epigynal morphology of E. ibiuna is recorded and the fine morphology of E. marquesae is documented. Fil: Bonaldo, A.. Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi; Brasil Fil: Lise, A.. Pontificia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul; Brasil Fil: Ramirez, Martin Javier. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Parque Centenario. Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales “Bernardino Rivadavia”; Argentina Fil: Saturnino, R.. Universidade Estadual Da Região Tocantina Do Maranhão; Brasil. Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi; Brasil

We present the first genome-wide molecular phylogeny of jumping spiders (Araneae: Salticidae), inferred from Anchored Hybrid Enrichment (AHE) sequence data. From 12 outgroups plus 34 salticid taxa representing all but one subfamily and most major groups recognized in previous work, we obtained 447 loci totalling 96,946 aligned nucleotide sites. Our analyses using concatenated likelihood, parsimony, and coalescent methods (ASTRAL and SVDQuartets) strongly confirm most previous results, resolving as monophyletic the Spartaeinae, Salticinae (with the hisponines sister), Salticoida, Amycoida, Saltafresia, and Simonida. The agoriines, previously difficult to place beyond subfamily, are finally placed confidently within the saltafresians as relatives of the chrysillines and hasariines. Relationships among the baviines, astioids, marpissoids, and saltafresians remain uncertain, though our analyses tentatively conclude the first three form a clade together. Deep relationships, among the seven subfamilies, appear to be largely resolved, with spartaeines, lyssomanines, and asemoneines forming a clade. In most analyses, Onomastus (representing the onomastines) is strongly supported as sister to the hisponines plus salticines. Overall, the much-improved resolution of many deep relationships despite a relatively sparse taxon sample suggests AHE is a promising technique for salticid phylogenetics.

The spider genus Parachemmis Chickering, 1937 (Araneae: Corinnidae: Corinninae) is reported from Colombia for the first time. Parachemmis julioblancoi sp. n. Martinez-G & Villarreal is described and illustrated from the Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta, Magdalena department. The exclusive morphology of the short and apically truncated retrolateral tibial apophysis and club-like tegular laminar process of the male palp indicates that the specimens described herein belong to a new species of Parachemmis. A map of the distribution of species in the genus is included.

Five new species of the genus Clubiona collected in Mt. Gaoligong, Yunnan Province, China are described: C. biforamina n. sp., C. dactylina n. sp., C. falciforma n. sp., C. multidentata n. sp. and C. tangi n. sp., all belonging to the corticalis species group and known from both males and females.

The spider genus Ianduba is known from seven species, all restricted to the Brazilian Atlantic rainforest, a biodiversity hotspot. The genitalic morphology of these spiders is rather peculiar and they have been considered incertae sedis in Corinnidae. We present novel morphological data for the genus, including scanning electronic microscopy images for several somatic and genitalic features, and test their phylogenetic position by including one Ianduba species in a large morphological matrix of dionychan spiders. Our results suggest that Ianduba is a true corinnid, possibly belonging in a clade sister to Corinninae. Furthermore, we here describe eight new species of the genus: I. acaraje sp.n. (Bahia), I. apururuca sp.n. (Minas Gerais to Espírito Santo), I. capixaba sp.n. (Espírito Santo), I. dabadu sp.n. (Espírito Santo), I. beaga sp.n. (Minas Gerais), I. benjori sp.n. (Rio de Janeiro), I. liberta sp.n. (Minas Gerais) and I. angeloi sp.n. (Minas Gerais to São Paulo). Six of the new species seem to be closely related to I. varia, previously considered an aberrant species. Thus, we divide the genus into two morphological groups. All species from the varia group (except for I. varia, which is synanthropic in southeastern Brazil) appear to be restricted, or more common, at altitudes of at least 800 m above sea level. We argue that unsampled montane rainforest areas from southeastern Brazil are likely to yield new records or even undescribed species of Ianduba, and that montane species are likely to be under threat of extinction. New records for previously known species are provided, the female of I. caxixe Bonaldo, 1997 is described and illustrated for the first time, and distribution maps and an identification key for the fifteen known species are provided.

The spider genus Ianduba is known from seven species, all restricted to the Brazilian Atlantic rainforest, a biodiversity hotspot. The genitalic morphology of these spiders is rather peculiar and they have been considered incertae sedis in Corinnidae. We present novel morphological data for the genus, including scanning electronic microscopy images for several somatic and genitalic features, and test their phylogenetic position by including one Ianduba species in a large morphological matrix of dionychan spiders. Our results suggest that Ianduba is a true corinnid, possibly belonging in a clade sister to Corinninae. Furthermore, we here describe eight new species of the genus: I. acaraje sp.n. (Bahia), I. apururuca sp.n. (Minas Gerais to Espírito Santo), I. capixaba sp.n. (Espírito Santo), I. dabadu sp.n. (Espírito Santo), I. beaga sp.n. (Minas Gerais), I. benjori sp.n. (Rio de Janeiro), I. liberta sp.n. (Minas Gerais) and I. angeloi sp.n. (Minas Gerais to São Paulo). Six of the new species seem to be closely related to I. varia, previously considered an aberrant species. Thus, we divide the genus into two morphological groups. All species from the varia group (except for I. varia, which is synanthropic in southeastern Brazil) appear to be restricted, or more common, at altitudes of at least 800 m above sea level. We argue that unsampled montane rainforest areas from southeastern Brazil are likely to yield new records or even undescribed species of Ianduba, and that montane species are likely to be under threat of extinction. New records for previously known species are provided, the female of I. caxixe Bonaldo, 1997 is described and illustrated for the first time, and distribution maps and an identification key for the fifteen known species are provided. Fil: Fiorini de Magalhaes, Ivan Luiz. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Parque Centenario. Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales “Bernardino Rivadavia”; Argentina. Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais; Brasil Fil: Fernandez, Luciu. Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi; Brasil Fil: Ramirez, Martin Javier. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Parque Centenario. Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales “Bernardino Rivadavia”; Argentina Fil: Bonaldo, Alexandre B.. Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi; Brasil

Two new species of the ant mimicking spider genus Ianduba Bonaldo (Araneae, Corinnidae), I. mugunza sp. nov. and I. abara sp. nov., are described based on males and females from Porto Seguro, in the state of Bahia, Brazil. All specimens were collected in pitfall traps, installed in two forested areas: Estação Ecológica de Vera Cruz, a well preserved Atlantic forest fragment, and a contiguous field of Eucalyptus monoculture.Duas espécies novas de aranhas mirmecófilas do gênero Ianduba Bonaldo (Araneae, Corinnidae), Ianduba mugunza sp. nov. e I. abara sp. nov., são descritas com base em machos e fêmeas coletados em Porto Seguro, no estado da Bahia, Brasil. Todos os espécimes foram coletados com armadilhas de queda, em duas áreas florestadas: na Estação Ecológica de Vera Cruz, um fragmento bem preservado de Mata Atlântica, e em um campo de monocultura de Eucalyptus, contíguo à Estação.

A phylogenetic analysis of the two-clawed spiders grouped in Dionycha is presented, with 166 representative species of 49 araneomorph families, scored for 393 characters documented through standardized imaging protocols. The study includes 44 outgroup representatives of the main clades of Araneomorphae, and a revision of the main morphological character systems. Novel terminology is proposed for stereotyped structures on the chelicerae, and the main types of setae and silk spigots are reviewed, summarizing their characteristics. Clear homologs of posterior book lungs are described for early instars of Filistatidae, and a novel type of respiratory structure, the epigastric median tracheae, is described for some terminals probably related with Anyphaenidae or Eutichuridae. A new type of crypsis mechanism is described for a clade of thomisids, which in addition to retaining soil particles, grow fungi on their cuticle. Generalized patterns of cheliceral setae and macrosetae are proposed as synapomorphies of the Divided Cribellum and RTA clades. Dionycha is here proposed as a member of the Oval Calamistrum clade among the lycosoid lineages, and Liocranoides, with three claws and claw tufts, is obtained as a plausible sister group of the dionychan lineage. The morphology of the claw tuft and scopula is examined in detail and scored for 14 characters highly informative for relationships. A kind of seta intermediate between tenent and plumose setae (the pseudotenent type) is found in several spider families, more often reconstructed as a derivation from true tenent setae rather than as a phylogenetic intermediate. Corinnidae is retrieved in a restricted sense, including only the subfamilies Corinninae and Castianeirinae, while the "corinnid" genera retaining the median apophysis in the copulatory bulb are not clearly affiliated to any of the established families. Miturgidae is redefined, including Zoridae as a junior synonym. The Eutichuridae is raised to family status, as well as the Trachelidae and Phrurolithidae. New synapomorphies are provided for Sparassidae, Philodromidae, and Trachelidae. Philodromidae is presented as a plausible sister group of Salticidae, and these sister to Thomisidae; an alternative resolution placing thomisids in Lycosoidea is also examined. The Oblique Median Tapetum (OMT) clade is proposed for a large group of families including gnaphosoids, trachelids, liocranids, and phrurolithids, all having the posterior median eye tapeta forming a 90u angle, used for navigation by means of the polarized light in the sky as an optical compass; prodidomines seem to have further enhanced the mechanism by incorporating the posterior lateral eyes to the system. The Teutamus group is recognized for members of the OMT clade that are usually included in Liocranidae, but not closely related to Liocranum or phrurolithids. The Claw Tuft Clasper (CTC) clade is proposed for a group of families within the OMT clade, all having a peculiar mechanism grasping the folded base of the claw tuft setae with a hook on the superior claws. The CTC clade includes Trachelidae, Phrurolithidae, and several gnaphosoids such as Ammoxenidae, Cithaeronidae, Gnaphosidae, and Prodidomidae. A remarkable syndrome involving the expansion of the anterior lateral spinnerets, often sexually dimorphic, is here reported for some Miturgidae and several members of the CTC clade, in addition to the known cases in Clubionidae and ??Liocranidae.?? The following genera are transferred from Miturgidae to Eutichuridae: Calamoneta, Calamopus, Cheiracanthium, Cheiramiona, Ericaella, Eutichurus, Macerio, Radulphius, Strotarchus, Summacanthium, and Tecution; Lessertina is transferred from Corinnidae to Eutichuridae. The following genera are transferred to Miturgidae: Argoctenus, Elassoctenus, Hestimodema, Hoedillus, Israzorides, Odomasta, Simonus, Thasyraea, Tuxoctenus, Voraptus, Xenoctenus, Zora, and Zoroides, from Zoridae; Odo and Paravulsor, from Ctenidae; Pseudoceto from Corinnidae. The following genera are transferred from Corinnidae to Trachelidae: Afroceto, Cetonana, Fuchiba, Fuchibotulus, Meriola, Metatrachelas, Paccius, Paratrachelas, Patelloceto, Planochelas, Poachelas, Spinotrachelas, Thysanina, Trachelas, Trachelopachys, and Utivarachna. The following genera are transferred from Corinnidae to Phrurolithidae: Abdosetae, Drassinella, Liophrurillus, Plynnon, Orthobula, Otacilia, Phonotimpus, Phrurolinillus, Phrurolithus, Phruronellus, Phrurotimpus, Piabuna, and Scotinella. Dorymetaecus is transferred from Clubionidae to Phrurolithidae. Oedignatha and Koppe are transferred from Corinnidae to Liocranidae. Ciniflella is transferred from Amaurobiidae to Tengellidae. Fil: Ramirez, Martin Javier. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Parque Centenario. Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales "bernardino Rivadavia"; Argentina

Seven new species of the spider genus Xeropigo O. P.-Cambridge are described from Brazil, increasing the genus member list up to 16 species. X. piripiri n. sp., X. aitatu n. sp., and X. cajuina n. sp. are described from the state of Piaui. X. crispim n. sp. is described from the states of Ceara, Piaui, and Maranhao. X. oxente n. sp. is described from the state of Rio Grande do Norte. X. canga n. sp. is described from the state of Minas Gerais. X. ufo n. sp. is described from the state of Mato Grosso. The geographical distribution of X. tridentiger, X. camilae, X. pachitea, and X. perene is updated. A key to all species of Xeropigo is presented and possible relationships among all species of the genus are discussed.

The spider genus Paratus Simon, 1898 was known for more than hundred years from a single female from Sri Lanka. A survey of spiders in south China and northern India reveals two new species: P. sinensis sp. n. and P. indicus sp. n. Both species are described based on males and females. The study of the copulatory organs and somatic morphology led us to conclude that Paratus cannot be placed in any described subfamily of Liocranidae, where it was placed originally, or in Corinnidae. Therefore, we describe a new subfamily Paratinae subfam. n. and retain this group within Liocranidae.

P. 817-824. Submitted by JURANDI DE SOUZA SILVA (jssufba@hotmail.com) on 2011-10-05T14:18:54Z No. of bitstreams: 1 v18n3a20.pdf: 11126244 bytes, checksum: 512078cec5141db677fbe2af4556370e (MD5) Made available in DSpace on 2011-10-05T14:18:57Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 v18n3a20.pdf: 11126244 bytes, checksum: 512078cec5141db677fbe2af4556370e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007 Duas espécies novas de aranhas mirmecófilas do gênero Ianduba Bonaldo (Araneae, Corinnidae), Ianduba mugunza sp. nov. e I. abara sp. nov., são descritas com base em machos e fêmeas coletados em Porto Seguro, no estado da Bahia, Brasil. Todos os espécimes foram coletados com armadilhas de queda, em duas áreas florestadas: na Estação Ecológica de Vera Cruz, um fragmento bem preservado de Mata Atlântica, e em um campo de monocultura de Eucalyptus, contíguo à Estação. Curitiba

Two new species of the ant mimicking spider genus Ianduba Bonaldo (Araneae, Corinnidae), I. mugunza sp. nov. and I. abara sp. nov., are described based on males and females from Porto Seguro, in the state of Bahia, Brazil. All specimens were collected in pitfall traps, installed in two forested areas: Estação Ecológica de Vera Cruz, a well preserved Atlantic forest fragment, and a contiguous field of Eucalyptus monoculture. Duas espécies novas de aranhas mirmecófilas do gênero Ianduba Bonaldo (Araneae, Corinnidae), Ianduba mugunza sp. nov. e I. abara sp. nov., são descritas com base em machos e fêmeas coletados em Porto Seguro, no estado da Bahia, Brasil. Todos os espécimes foram coletados com armadilhas de queda, em duas áreas florestadas: na Estação Ecológica de Vera Cruz, um fragmento bem preservado de Mata Atlântica, e em um campo de monocultura de Eucalyptus, contíguo à Estação.

Elaver O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1898 is characterized and redescribed, including 49 species occurring from the United States to Argentina. Thirty seven previously known species are redescribed: Elaver achuca (Roddy, 1966) revalidated, E. balboae (Chickering, 1937), E. barroana (Chickering, 1937), E. calcarata (Kraus, 1955), E. carlota (Bryant, 1940), E. chisosa (Roddy, 1966), E. crinophora (Franganillo, 1934), E. crocota (O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1896), E. a lbicans (Franganillo, 1930) name restored, E. depuncta O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1898, E. elaver (Bryant, 1940), E. excepta (L. Koch, 1866), E. grandivulva (Mello-Leitao, 1930), E. hortoni (Chickering, 1937), E. implicata (Gertsch, 1941), E. juana (Bryant, 1940), E. kohlsi (Gertsch & Jellison, 1939), E. linguata (F.O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1900), E. madera (Roddy, 1966), E. mirabilis (O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1896) new. comb. , E. mulaiki (Gertsch, 1935), E. multinotata (Chickering, 1937), E. orvillei (Chickering, 1937), E. placida O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1898, E. portoricensis (Petrunkevitch, 1930), E. quadrata (Kraus, 1955), E. richardi (Gertsch, 1941), E. sericea O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1898, E. sigillata (Petrunkevitch, 1925), E. simplex (O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1896), E. texana (Gertsch, 1933), E. tigrina O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1898 name restored, E. tricuspis (F.O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1900), E. tristani (Banks, 1909), E. tumivulva (Banks, 1909), E. valvula (F.O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1900) and E. wheeleri (Roewer, 1933). Ten new species are described: E. candelaria n. sp. and E. helenae n. sp. from Mexico; E. arawakan n. sp. from Haiti; E. lizae n. sp. from Costa Rica; E. darwichi n. sp. from Ecuador; E. juruti n. sp., E. tourinhoae n. sp. and E. vieirae n. sp. from Brazil; E. shinguito n. sp. from Peru and E. beni n. sp. from Bolivia. The female of E. hortoni is described for the first time. Lectotypes are designated for E. sigillata and its actual female is described for the first time. Four new synonyms are proposed: E. languida (Gertsch, 1941) is synonimized with E. multinotata; E. dorothea (Gertsch, 1935) with E. wheeleri ; E. exempta (Gertsch & Davis, 1940) with E. placida and E. vulnerata (Kraus, 1955) with E. calcarata . The drawings in the original descriptions of E. kawitpaaia (Barrion & Litsinger, 1995) and E. turongdaliriana (Barrion & Litsinger, 1995) are sufficiently informative to exclude these species from Elaver but not to accurately establish its generic affiliation. Thus, until the types become available for examination, these species must remain as Clubionidae incertae sedis . Heterochemmis (F.O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1900) is synonymized with Elaver and Heterochemmis mutatus Gertsch & Davis,1940 is recognized as a junior synonym of Elaver mirabilis n. comb., the type species of Heterochemmis . New records are presented for E. valvula, E. balboae , E. brevipes (Keyserling, 1891), E. grandivulva and E. lutescens (Schmidt, 1971). Two species described by Franganillo, E. tenera (Franganillo, 1935) and E. tenuis (Franganillo, 1935), are considered species inquirendae .

Twenty-three new species of the Afrotropical sac spider genus Cheiramiona Lotz & Dippenaar-Schoeman, 1999 are described: C. baviaan sp. nov. (♀, South Africa), C. boschrandensis sp. nov. (♀, South Africa), C. debeeri sp. nov. (♂, South Africa), C. haddadi sp. nov. (♂, South Africa), C. hlathikulu sp. nov. (♂, South Africa), C. hogsbackensis sp. nov. (♀, ♂, South Africa), C. ibayaensis sp. nov. (♂, Tanzania), C. jakobsbaaiensis sp. nov. (♂, South Africa), C. kirkspriggsi sp. nov. (♀, ♂, South Africa), C. kivuensis sp. nov. (♀, ♂, Democratic Republic of Congo & Rwanda), C. lamorali sp. nov. (♂, Namibia), C. lindae sp. nov. (♂, South Africa), C. malawiensis sp. nov. (♀, ♂, Malawi), C. mkhambathi sp. nov. (♀, ♂, South Africa), C. mohalensis sp. nov. (♀, Lesotho), C. musosaensis sp. nov. (♀, Democratic Republic of Congo), C. nyungwensis sp. nov. (♂, Rwanda), C. plaatbosensis sp. nov. (♀, ♂, South Africa), C. qachasneki sp. nov. (♂, South Africa), C. robinae sp. nov. (♂, South Africa), C. saniensis sp. nov. (♀, ♂, South Africa), C. tembensis sp. nov. (♂, South Africa) and C. upperbyensis sp. nov. (♀, South Africa). The females of C. lajuma Lotz, 2002 and C. mlawula Lotz, 2002 are described for the first time.

Two new species of the genus Umuara are described from Brazil: Umuara freddyi , from the states of Bahia, Minas Gerais and Sao Paulo and Umuara xingo , from the states of Ceara, Paraiba, Sergipe, Bahia, Espirito Santo, and Rio de Janeiro.