Search

Goats are an important component of the Vietnamese livestock industry but little is known about their genetic diversity, differentiation and population structure. We evaluated genetic diversity of seven indigenous goat populations located in different provinces (CoVBV (Co goats from Ba Vi), (CoVSL) Co goats from Son La, CoVTH (Co goats from Thanh Hoa), CoVNT (Co goats from Ninh Thuan), CoVHg (Co goats from Ha Giang), BTVBV (Bach Thoa goat from Ba Vi) and BTVNT (Bach Thoa goats from Ninh Thuan)) and used microsatellite markers to assess the gene flow and population structure among them. The basic diversity measures viz. allelic diversity and heterozygosity were low in Vietnam goats as compared to West Asian and European goats. The overall mean F IS was significantly positive in Co goats (0.203) whereas it was only 0.003 in Bach Thao goats. Considerable genetic differentiation existed among goat populations from different provinces with the mean global F ST , F IT and F IS estimated to be 0.083, 0.178 and 0.104 respectively. The phylogenetic tree constructed on pair-wise allele sharing distances revealed clustering of the two Bach Thao goat populations together. Among the Co goat populations, Son La (CoVSL) and Ha Giang (CovHG) clustered together distinctly while Thanh Hoa (CoVTH), Ba Vi (CoVBV) and Ninh Thuan (CoVNT) populations clustered intermediately. The results of multi-dimensional scaling plot of pairwise F ST showed a similar picture except that Co-Ninh Thuan (CoVNT) was differentiated from other Co goat populations. When genotype assignment was performed at breed level, the percent correct assignment of Bach Thao goats (93.7%–96.2%) was consistently higher than Co goats (86.8%–88.1%) across the three evaluated methods. When genotype assignment at sub-population level was done, both Co (CoVNT) and Bach Thao (BTHNT) goat populations in Ninh Thuan province were assigned correctly while the percent correct assignment differed among goat populations from other provinces. AMOVA and Bayesian clustering analysis revealed the existence of significant sub-population structure and varying levels of admixture within Co goats among different provinces. The present study is the first report on genetic diversity and structure of indigenous goat populations raised in different provinces of Vietnam.

International audience; This paper outlines the importance of the early steps of the design of engineering systems (the socalled preliminary or sketch phase design). If those steps should be probably addressed by anoptimization approach, we suggest an approach much more focused on the feasibility of the formulatedoptimization problem (the so called “Problem Setting Phase”), than on the research of the optimalsolutions (the so called “Problem Solving Phase”), that we propose to address later in the design process.That is why, this paper proposes an approach called “imaginary Machine Design” (IMD). The fundamentalprinciple of IMD is a reformulation of the design problem, initially formulated as a discrete optimizationproblem in a real design space, toward a continuous and differentiable optimization problem in a designspace of “Imaginary Machines”. Besides the synthesis of the concepts, principle and methodology of theapproach, we show the efficiency of this approach for the preliminary design of electromagnetic devicesthanks to an overview of studies and results obtained for static converters, rotating machines and positiveenergy buildings.

In order to reduce the energy consumption and to increase the use of renewable energy, the optimal design of future buildings (smart-buildings) appears as an important factor.This thesis aims to develop models, innovative methods aiding decision-making during the design of buildings. Our approach of design is a global and simultaneous optimization of envelope, energy systems and their management strategies from the sketch phase, which takes into account multi-criterions of costs (investment et exploitation) and comforts (thermal, visual, aeraulic). The multi-objective optimization problem is so a strong coupling problem of large scale with a lot of variables and constraints, which leads to difficulties to solve.After the tests, an optimization method of order 1 is chosen in combination with analytical models formally derived automatically. Our methodology is applied to the design of individual houses, especially positive energy houses. The results of this global approach provide important information to designers to help make choices from the preliminary phase of the design process., Dans le but de réduire la consommation d’énergie et d’augmenter la part des énergies renouvelables, la conception optimale des futurs bâtiments (bâtiments intelligents) apparaît comme un facteur important. Cette thèse vise donc à développer des modèles, des méthodes innovantes d’aide à la conception pour ces bâtiments. Notre nouvelle approche de conception est une optimisation globale et simultanée de l’enveloppe, des systèmes énergétiques et de leurs stratégies de gestion dès la phase d’esquisse, qui prend en compte plusieurs critères de coût (investissement et exploitation) et de confort (thermique, visuel et aéraulique). Le problème d’optimisation multi-objectif est donc un problème de couplage fort de grande taille avec de nombreuses variables et contraintes, qui induisent des difficultés lors de sa résolution. Après avoir fait des analyses sur des cas tests, une méthode d’optimisation d’ordre 1 est choisie, en association à des modèles analytiques dérivés formellement de manière automatique. Notre méthodologie est appliquée à la conception de maisons individuelles, et plus particulièrement des maisons à énergie positive. Les résultats obtenus par cette approche globale apportent des informations importantes aux concepteurs pour l’aider à faire des choix en phase amont du processus de conception.

Many different commercial products are available to remove internal parasites from small ruminants in which the drugs are available and produced in several different physical forms, and sold under various brand names. It is increasingly evident that gastrointestinal parasite (GIP) control programs based on dewormers are failing because of increased dewormer resistance; thus, alternative GIP control strategies are necessary. Leaves from multipurpose trees are often rich in N and minerals, and especially important for animal production during critical periods of the year when both the quantity and quality of pasture is limited. However, leaves or foliage of multipurpose tree species often contain high amounts of secondary compounds, especially tannins, which may have a limited impact on increasing the productivity of the animals. Tannins play a significant role in the nutrition of animals, causing either adverse or beneficial effects on nutrient utilization, health and production. The ideal concentration of CT in forage legumes generally ranges from 20–40 g/kg DM, at which level they may bind with the dietary proteins during mastication and protect the protein from microbial attack in the rumen. CT have biological effects on the control of GIP; possible direct effects could be mediated through CT–nematode interactions, which reduce nematode viability. Recent studies in Vietnam have reported that anti-parasitic agents extracted from plant materials for the control of parasites in goats were successful and have been introduced in practice as Citrullus vulgaris for tapeworms, Gliricida sepium and Artocarpus heterophilus for common intestinal worms, and Areca catechu for liver fluke. Alternative forages of Mimosa, Papaya, Leucaena leucocephala , Goava leave Mimisa spp. and Flemingia macrophylla have effects on larvae of Haemonchus in vitro. Research on the effects of Cassava, Jackfruit and Leucaena leaves, Guinea grass and Ruzi grass or cutting height of guinea grass in diets on infection rates of intestinal nematodes and live weight gain of goats has been undetaken. The strongyle egg counts and coccidial oocyt counts were much lower with goats fed foliage of Leucaena , Jackfruit and Cassava in comparison with goats fed Guinea grass and Ruzi grass. This indicates a reduced need for anthelmintic drugs to control GIP in grazing goats fed CT-containing foliage. The results showed that differences in parasite infection between forages were probably due to differences in their CT concentration, although further research into the effect of feeding forage legumes containing CT on parasite infections is required.

Ninety lactating goats (Bachthao, Barbary, Beetal and Jamnapary breeds) were used in an experiment to investigate the replacement value of the tree fodders Flemingia (Flemingia macrophylla) and Jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus). The foliages were used to replace the concentrate in diets based on chopped whole sugar cane (Sacharatum sp.), Para grass (Brachiaria mutica) and dried cassava root (Manihot esculanta). The concentrate was replaced by foliage of Jackfruit or Flemingia at 0%, 20%, 40%, 60% and 80% based on the crude protein (CP) content in the concentrate and foliages, respectively. Average milk yield was 1,617 g/day for goats fed Jackfruit compared to 1,532 g/day for those fed Flemingia. Increasing amounts of Flemingia foliage resulted in reduced dry matter intake and decreased milk yield but milk composition (CP, casein and fat content) was similar up to 60% replacement. Flerningia showed a poor potential as a supplement for lactating goats and replacement levels should not exceed 20% of the protein in the concentrate or 7.5% of the dry matter in the diet. With respect to the combination of milk production and net return over the control a CP replacement rate of 20% was the most promising. For Jackfruit there was similar feed intake and milk yield at a replacement level of 20% of CP in the concentrate (9.2% of DM intake) compared to the control diet. Milk yield at the level of 40% replacement (15% of the DM) in the diet was slightly reduced. Up to a level of CP replacement rate of 60% (21% DM in the diet) can be suggested for on-farm testing as a higher net return over the control was obtained on station.

Diets with foliage of Flemingia (Flemingia macrophylla) or Jackfruit (Artocapus heterophyllus were fed to goats with the objective to study nitrogen (N) balance and effect of a daily supplementation of polyethylene glycol (PEG) on intake and digestion. In experiment 1, three male Alpine×Jamnapary goats with initial weights varying from 26.9 to 27.7 kg were used in a 3×3 Latin square design in the dry season. Three Alpine×Bachthao crosses, 15.3-16.7 kg, were used in the same design in the wet season. The three diets were based on chopped whole sugar cane complemented with the two green foliages, Jackfruit and Flemingia, or soybean meal (SBM). The level of dry matter (DM) offered was 4% of body weight (BW), 2.7% as foliage and 1.3% as chopped whole sugar cane. The amount of SBM offered was calculated to give the same amount of crude protein (CP) as the foliages. Each experimental period lasted 32 days (14 days for adaptation, 7 days for collection and 10 days for rest). Feed intake, apparent digestibility of DM, organic matter (OM), CP, neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and acid detergent fiber (ADF) and retained nitrogen (N) were measured by total faecal and urine collection. In experiment 2, four male goats (Alpine×Jamnapary) with initial weights from 17.1 to 23.1 kg were used in a 4×4 Latin square design. The four treatments were Jackfruit or Flemingia with or without addition of PEG, which was fed at a level of 5 g/goat and day by mixing with a small amount of rice bran. Each experimental period lasted 15 days (8 days for adaptation, 7 days for collection). Measurements were done as in experiment 1. The DM digestibility was highest (65.9-74.3%) for goats fed the SBM diet in both the dry and wet season. The DM digestibility of goats fed the Jackfruit and the Flemingia diets was similar in both the dry (58.6- 59.2% respectively) and the wet season (53.9-56.1% respectively). The CP digestibility was highest (73.0-73.6%) for the SBM diet followed by the Jackfruit diet (47.0-38.5%) and was lowest (36.8-30.0%) for the Flemingia diet in both dry and wet seasons, respectively. The NDF digestibility was low for both the Jackfruit (36.4%) and Flemingia (38.0%) diets in the wet season. All diets resulted in a positive N balance. The N retention was highest (0.465-0.604 g/kg W 0.75 ) in the SBM diets and lowest (0.012-0.250 g/kg W 0.75 ) in the Flemingia diet. Addition of PEG had no effect on feed intake for any of the diets. PEG added in the Flemingia diet had a positive effect only on NDF digestibility, but the digestibility of the Jackfruit diet was significantly increased. Supplementation with PEG reduced digestibility and N retention of Flemingia, possibly because of the low tannin level, but increased digestibility and N retention for Jackfruit foliage. (Asian-Aust. J. Anim. Sci. 2002. Vol 15, No. 5 : 699-707)

Eighty weaned goats (pure Bachthao or F1 of Barbari×Bachthao or Jamnapari×Bachthao) with initial weights of 11.1 to 12.4 kg and ages ranging between 3.0 and 3.5 months were used in a study to evaluate the foliages of Jackfruit ( Artocarpus heterophyllus ) or Flemingia ( Flemingia macrophylla) as a source of protein in diets based on chopped whole sugar cane ( Sacharatum sp.) and Para grass ( Brachiaria mutica ) for growing goats. Eight goats were allocated to each of 10 treatments in a completely randomised block design and offered Para grass, chopped whole sugar cane, concentrate and foliage for 3 months. The concentrate was replaced by foliage of Jackfruit or Flemingia at five levels: 0, 25, 50, 75 and 100%, based on the protein content of the feeds. The growth rates at the five levels of inclusion were 57, 53, 58, 44 and 30 g/day for the goats fed Jackfruit compared to 56, 49, 31, 25 and 22 g/day for the goats fed Flemingia, respectively. For Jackfruit there were no differences in feed intake or growth rate up to a replacement level of 50% of the protein in the concentrate. Increasing the amount of Flemingia as a replacement for the protein in concentrate resulted in a reduced dry matter intake and decreased live weight gain compared to the control diet. The content of total tannins was similar for the two foliages and the content of condensed soluble tannins lower in Flemingia than in Jackfruit. Four castrated male goats (one each of the four breeds Bachthao, Jamnapary, Barbary and Beetal) with mean live weights of about 19 kg were used in a 4×4 Latin Square design to study the digestibility of the four forages: chopped whole sugar cane, Para grass, Jackfruit foliage and Flemingia foliage. The dry matter digestibility coefficients of chopped whole sugar cane, Para grass, Flemingia and Jackfruit were 0.67, 0.67, 0.51 and 0.53, respectively and the digestibility coefficients for crude protein −0.68, 0.70, 0.62 and 0.45, respectively. The results show that both Jackfruit and Flemingia can be potential supplements for goats offered tropical grass and chopped whole sugar cane. Jackfruit can replace up to 100% of a concentrate based on protein content. The practical level will be a question of economics. Flemingia showed a poorer potential as a supplement for goats and replacement levels should not exceed 25% of the protein in the concentrate or 17% of dry matter for growing goats.

A total of 156 crossbred goats (F1 of India×Bachthao) with an initial weight of 10.2–11.9 kg and ages ranging between 3.5 and 4 months were used in studies to examine how physical form and inclusion level of sugar cane influenced intake. In the intake study whole sugar cane was divided into leaves, tops and stalks. The leaves were offered chopped into five different lengths (5, 10, 15, 20 and 25 cm) and a control group was given whole leaves. The sugar cane tops were chopped into: (i) slices (1–3 cm), (ii) 15-cm lengths and split into two parts, (iii) 20-cm lengths and split into four parts. The sugar cane stalks were chopped in three different ways: (i) slices (1–3 cm), (ii), 20-cm lengths and rind removed, and (iii) 15-cm lengths and split into four parts but with the rind remaining. The goats were given a basal diet of concentrate and molasses–urea blocks. The results of the intake study showed that slicing the sugar cane stalks into small pieces (1–3 cm) resulted in a significant increase in feed intake, while there were no important differences between the different methods used for processing sugar cane leaves or tops in terms of voluntary dry matter (DM) intake. In the rate of inclusion study the goats were fed a basal diet of concentrate, a molasses–urea block and jack fruit leaves. Chopped whole sugar cane (CWSC) was combined with guinea grass at different ratios to provide 0, 15, 30, 45, 60 and 75% sugar cane on a DM basis. The actual intakes achieved were 0, 13, 23, 26, 37 and 51% CWSC, respectively, of DM. The results showed that when using CWSC in the diet for growing goats, an inclusion of 30% total DM resulting in a consumption of 23% of DM was optimal in terms of liveweight gain, feed conversion ratio and feed costs. DM digestibility was not significantly different for the treatments in the latter study (62.2–66.7%), but crude fibre digestibility was highest for the treatment without sugar cane and lowest for the treatment with the highest consumption of CWSC. A weak negative relationship was identified between the digestibility of crude fibre ( Y ) and the proportion of CWSC ( X ) in the diets represented by equation: Y =0.597–0.0017 X , r 2 =0.016