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Current dietary patterns are suboptimal for both human and planetary health(1,2). With growing consumer and business concerns around food sustainability, estimating the environmental footprint of foods and diets is pertinent. In many countries, supermarkets are the primary provider of foods and beverages; therefore, supermarket purchasing records represent a novel source of population dietary data that offers advantages over traditional methods(3). We developed a method for mapping greenhouse gas emissions (GHGE) to food and beverage products from a high-street retailer's portfolio, to enable the estimation of the environmental footprint of population diets when linked with sales information. We used data from the food and beverage portfolio of a high-street retailer in the United Kingdom (UK), including product name/description, categorisation, ingredients, and weight. We mapped these products to GHGE (kg CO2-eq/kg) using a global database on the average environmental footprint of food commodities(4). This mapping process involved three stages utilising different mapping approaches, guided by product sales data, which we extracted from the retailer's loyaltycard transactions for Yorkshire and the Humber (UK) region during 2022. Stage 1 involved categorising the products into Living Costs and Food Survey food categories and mapping each category to GHGE, where possible (food-category approach). Stage 2 involved splitting selected food categories (based on complexity, necessity of a better mapping, and sales) and creating a sub-category-specific mapping based on an indicator product, which was selected as most popular using sales data (food-sub-category approach). The indicator-product mapping represented a weighted average GHGE value calculated using information on product ingredients and their estimated proportions (ingredient approach). Stage 3 utilised word-searches in product descriptions to distinguish further between product types within selected prioritised subcategories. We used the estimated product-level GHGE (mapped GHGE × product weight) and sales data to estimate food-category contributions to total GHGE and assess how these estimations change by mapping stage. Of >28,000 products, 77.7%, 98.0% and 98.6% were mapped to GHGE at the end of stages 1, 2 and 3, respectively. Of the final product mappings, 40% were at a food-category level and 60% at least at a sub-category level. We calculated 153 product-specific GHGE using ingredients information for prioritised indicator products. When using mappings from stage 3 vs 1, the contributions of 'savoury snacks' and 'chocolate' to total GHGE were approximately four and two times higher respectively, due largely to improved mapping that accounted for product sub-category and ingredients. Mapping environmental sustainability metrics to a retail product dataset is feasible when using a staged approach, guided and prioritised by sales data. However, mapping approach and the estimations' variability should be considered. This method could be used for estimating the environmental footprint from food purchasing data, helping to inform responses towards promoting healthier and more sustainable diets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Globally, a third of total anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions (GHGE) are produced by the food system(1). Estimating the carbon footprint of current diets is therefore important to consumers, businesses, and policymakers. With most home-consumed food in the United Kingdom (UK) purchased from supermarkets(2), supermarket purchasing records represent a novel data source that can provide insights into dietary patterns(3). These data are particularly useful in an environmental sustainability context as they provide information on the amounts of foods and beverages purchased, not just the amounts consumed (as in traditional dietary assessments). We estimated GHGE of foods and beverages purchased in Yorkshire and the Humber region of the UK using supermarket transaction data from primary-shopper loyalty cards over 12 months in 2022. We mapped a UK retailer's food and beverage products to GHGE (kg CO2-eq/kg) using data on the environmental footprint of food commodities(4), and grouped the products according to the Living Costs and Food Survey (LCFS) categories. The sustainability mapping process was guided by product sales (i.e., prioritising the most sold products and categories) and involved three stages utilising mapping approaches with different complexity, resulting in 98.6% of >28,000 store products being mapped. We estimated total GHGE of each product by multiplying the final mapped GHGE by the product weight (as sold). We then used these product-level GHGE estimations (kg CO2-eq/item) in conjunction with the sales data (number of items sold) to estimate the contribution of each product, and subsequently each LCFS category, to total GHGE from all purchases. When incorporating sales, the LCFS categories with the highest contributions to total GHGE included 'beef' (19.6%), 'milk' (9.8%), 'cheese and curd' (8.6%), 'ready meals' (6.9%), and 'poultry' (5.5%). The LCFS categories among the lowest contributors to total GHGE included 'confectionery products' (0.2%), 'pasta products' (0.4%) and 'soft drinks' (0.5%). Although some LCFS categories had higher GHGE per kg for their products, they were sold in smaller quantities, and therefore, their contributions to total GHGE were lower in total. For example, 'lamb' was in the top five LCFS categories with the highest GHGE per kg (39.7 kg CO2-eq/kg) but contributed to 1.4.% of total estimated GHGE when incorporating sales information, which was less than 'bread' (2.2%) and 'yoghurt' (1.7%). Our results highlight that although some foods might be very GHGE-intensive on a per weight basis, they have a lower overall GHGE impact if they are not frequently purchased in the population. These supermarket sales data are an important resource to understanding and subsequently tackling the environmental impact of the food system. Further research, including other environmental sustainability metrics (e.g., water and land use), is needed to provide a more comprehensive picture of the environmental footprint of foods and beverages purchased by UK consumers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Milk is the main source of iodine in the UK; however, the consumption and popularity of plant-based milk-alternative drinks are increasing. Consumers may be at risk of iodine deficiency as, unless fortified, milk alternatives have a low iodine concentration. We therefore aimed to compare the iodine intake and status of milk-alternative consumers with that of cows' milk consumers. We used data from the UK National Diet and Nutrition Survey from years 7 to 9 (2014–2017; before a few manufacturers fortified their milk-alternative drinks with iodine). Data from 4-d food diaries were used to identify consumers of milk-alternative drinks and cows' milk, along with the estimation of their iodine intake (µg/d) (available for n 3976 adults and children ≥1·5 years). Iodine status was based on urinary iodine concentration (UIC, µg/l) from spot-urine samples (available for n 2845 adults and children ≥4 years). Milk-alternative drinks were consumed by 4·6 % (n 185; n 88 consumed these drinks exclusively). Iodine intake was significantly lower in exclusive consumers of milk alternatives than cows' milk consumers (94 v. 129 µg/d; P < 0·001). Exclusive consumers of milk alternatives also had a lower median UIC than cows' milk consumers (79 v. 132 µg/l; P < 0·001) and were classified as iodine deficient by the WHO criterion (median UIC < 100 µg/l), whereas cows' milk consumers were iodine sufficient. These data show that consumers of unfortified milk-alternative drinks are at risk of iodine deficiency. As a greater number of people consume milk-alternative drinks, it is important that these products are fortified appropriately to provide a similar iodine content to that of cows' milk. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The high prevalence of food insecurity in the United Kingdom has been exacerbated by the cost-of-living crisis. In high-income countries, those experiencing food insecurity struggle to buy and consume foods that meet Government healthy eating recommendations, and are at increased risk of obesity, linked to poor diet quality. Individuals in high-income countries purchase most of their food to consume at home from supermarkets, making this an important context within which healthier and environmentally sustainable food purchasing should be supported. However, the lived experience of supermarket food purchasing in people living with obesity and food insecurity has not been explored in depth. Adults, living in England and Scotland, who self-identified as living with obesity and food insecurity and looking to reduce their weight, were recruited to take part in semi-structured interviews (n = 25) or focus groups (n = 8) to explore their experience of shopping for food in the supermarket. Using thematic analysis, four main themes were generated: 1) the Restricted Consumer; restrictions around the type of food purchased, where food can be purchased and the resulting emotional toll, 2) the Conscious Consumer; decision making and effortful practices both in preparation of and during the shopping trip, 3) Mitigating the Rising Cost of Food; agency and actions taken to mitigate high food prices, 4) Stigma; instances of perceived and/or experienced weight and poverty-related stigma and the physical actions and cognitive social comparisons used to minimise stigma. Findings provide insights for evidence-based policy on the need for upstream changes within the wider food system to address the social determinants of health and support people living with obesity and food insecurity to eat healthier and more sustainable diets., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest CAH declares research funding from the American Beverage Association (paid to institution), primary supervision of a PhD studentship funded by Coca-Cola, and personal honoraria from International Sweeteners Association and International Food Information Council for work unrelated to the submitted paper. EH, FD, RAS, AJ, HG and MD report no conflicts of interest., (Copyright © 2024 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.. All rights reserved.)

Background: Low maternal urinary iodine concentration (UIC) during pregnancy is associated with adverse offspring neurodevelopment. Thyroglobulin (Tg) has been suggested as a more sensitive biomarker than UIC of long-term iodine status, but associations of Tg with neurodevelopment and the possible mediating role of thyroid function remain unknown., Aim: To study whether maternal Tg is associated with i) maternal and newborn thyroid function and ii) offspring IQ and brain morphology., Methods: Participants were selected from two population-based prospective cohorts: Generation R (the Netherlands, iodine-sufficient) and INfancia y Medio Ambiente (Spain, mildly iodine-deficient) with maternal Tg and thyroid function data in the first half of pregnancy or in cord blood, early childhood IQ (age 4.5 and 6 years), late childhood IQ (age 9 and 13), or brain morphology at 10 years. Associations of Tg with TSH, FT4, IQ and brain morphology were studied with multivariable linear regression., Results: i) Tg was associated with lower TSH (-0.12[-0.16; -0.08]) and higher FT4 (0.08[0.05;0.12]) in pregnancy (N=4,367), but not with cord blood TSH or FT4 (N=2,008). ii) Tg was associated with lower IQ in early childhood (β[95% CI]:-0.06 [-0.10; -0.01], N=2,919), but not with IQ (N=2,503) or brain morphology (N=1,180) in later childhood. None of the associations of Tg with the studied outcomes differed by the iodine-to-creatinine ratio (i.e. effect modification) or changed when adjusted for thyroid function., Conclusions: Higher Tg is associated with lower IQ in early childhood and higher thyroid function during pregnancy, but not with IQ or brain morphology in later childhood. Further research should determine the value of Tg in addition to UIC for defining iodine status., (© The Author(s) 2024. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Endocrine Society.)

At both UK and global level, dietary consumption patterns need to change to address environmental, health and inequality challenges. Despite considerable policy interventions, the prevalence of overweight and obesity in the United Kingdom has continued to rise with obesity now a leading cause of mortality and morbidity. Obesity prevalence is greater among those on lower incomes and the current UK food system, including government policy, does not effectively address this. Current behavioural approaches, without the support of structural changes in the system, may even widen the inequalities gap. Hence, using behavioural insights from those living with obesity and food insecurity, the project will explore potential avenues that can be applied in the food system to promote healthier choices in the food retail environment. The National Food Strategy report recommends that the UK food system should ensure "safe, healthy, affordable food; regardless of where people live or how much they earn". However, the association between food insecurity and the development of obesity is not well understood in relation to purchasing behaviours in the UK retail food environment, nor is the potential effectiveness of interventions that seek to prevent and reduce the impact of diet-induced health harms. The FIO Food (Food insecurity in people living with obesity - improving sustainable and healthier food choices in the retail food environment) project provides a novel and multi-disciplinary collaborative approach with co-development at the heart to address these challenges. Using four interlinked work packages, the FIO Food project will combine our knowledge of large-scale population data with an understanding of lived experiences of food shopping for people living with obesity and food insecurity, to develop solutions to support more sustainable and healthier food choices in the UK retail food environment., (© 2023 The Authors. Nutrition Bulletin published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of British Nutrition Foundation.)

Purpose: Urinary iodine-to-creatinine ratio (UI/Creat) reflects recent iodine intake but has limitations for assessing habitual intake. Thyroglobulin (Tg) concentration, which increases with thyroid size, appears to be an indicator of longer-term iodine status in children and adults, however, less is known in pregnancy. This study investigated the determinants of serum-Tg in pregnancy and its use as an iodine-status biomarker in settings of iodine-sufficiency and mild-to-moderate deficiency., Methods: Stored blood samples and existing data from pregnant women from the Netherlands-based Generation R (iodine-sufficient) and the Spain-based INMA (mildly-to-moderately iodine-deficient) cohorts were used. Serum-Tg and iodine status (as spot-urine UI/Creat) were measured at median 13 gestational weeks. Using regression models, maternal socio-demographics, diet and iodine-supplement use were investigated as determinants of serum-Tg, as well as the association between UI/Creat and serum-Tg., Results: Median serum-Tg was 11.1 ng/ml in Generation R (n = 3548) and 11.5 ng/ml in INMA (n = 1168). When using 150 µg/g threshold for iodine deficiency, serum-Tg was higher in women with UI/Creat < 150 vs ≥ 150 µg/g (Generation R, 12.0 vs 10.4 ng/ml, P = 0.010; INMA, 12.8 vs 10.4 ng/ml, P < 0.001); after confounder adjustment, serum-Tg was still higher when UI/Creat < 150 µg/g (regression coefficients: Generation R, B = 0.111, P = 0.050; INMA, B = 0.157, P = 0.010). Iodine-supplement use and milk intake were negatively associated with serum-Tg, whereas smoking was positively associated., Conclusion: The association between iodine status and serum-Tg was stronger in the iodine-deficient cohort, than in the iodine-sufficient cohort. Serum-Tg might be a complementary (to UI/Creat) biomarker of iodine status in pregnancy but further evidence is needed., (© 2023. The Author(s).)

Iodine, through the thyroid hormones, is required for the development of the auditory cortex and cochlea (the sensory organ for hearing). Deafness is a well-documented feature of endemic cretinism resulting from severe iodine deficiency. However, the range of effects of suboptimal iodine intake during auditory development on the hearing ability of children is less clear. We therefore aimed to systematically review the evidence for the association between iodine exposure (i.e. intake/status/supplementation) during development (i.e. pregnancy and/or childhood) and hearing outcomes in children. We searched PubMed and Embase and identified 330 studies, of which thirteen were included in this review. Only three of the thirteen studies were of low risk of bias or of good quality, this therefore limited our ability to draw firm conclusions. Nine of the studies (69 %) were in children (one RCT, two non-RCT interventions and six cross-sectional studies) and four (31 %) were in pregnant women (one RCT, one cohort study and two case reports). The RCT of iodine supplementation in mildly iodine-deficient pregnant women found no effect on offspring hearing thresholds. However, hearing was a secondary outcome of the trial and not all women were from an iodine-deficient area. Iodine supplementation of severely iodine-deficient children (in both non-RCT interventions) resulted in improved hearing thresholds. Five of six cross-sectional studies (83 %) found that higher iodine status in children was associated with better hearing. The current evidence base for the association between iodine status and hearing outcomes is limited and further good-quality research on this topic is needed.

Vaccination is an important disease prevention and control measure; however, vaccine adoption by livestock farmers in Tanzania is still low. This cross-sectional study examined the challenges to vaccine use faced by livestock owners and animal health professionals (AHPs) in Tanzania. A questionnaire was administered to 216 households that kept small ruminants and poultry and 19 AHPs' data were collected electronically via the survey platform Qualtrics, and descriptive statistics were performed. Households with poultry reported vaccinating mostly against Newcastle disease (91.7%), fowl pox (48.1%) and Gumboro disease (37.0%), whilst households with small ruminants reported contagious caprine pleuropneumonia (62.2%), sheep and goat pox (17.1%), foot-and-mouth disease (7.3%) and peste des petits ruminants (7.3%). The households' decision to vaccinate was mostly influenced by knowledge of diseases (82.4%), disease history on the farm (69.4%) and vaccine price (63.4%). Most households (54.6%) experienced challenges when purchasing vaccines, including high vaccine cost (78.0%), long distance from vaccine source (61.0%) and vaccine unavailability (21.2%). The findings suggest that improving the knowledge of livestock owners regarding the priority diseases and the benefits of vaccination, establishing more vaccine suppliers, improving vaccine distribution and access and training AHPs and households on appropriate vaccine storage and handling are necessary to improve vaccine adoption and ensure vaccine quality and effectiveness.

This narrative review summarizes key concepts in dairy nutrition for supporting human health throughout the life course. Milk and dairy products have been a staple component of our diet for thousands of years and provide a wide range of important nutrients that are otherwise difficult to obtain from dairy-free diets. In this review, we provide a broad perspective on the nutritional roles of iodine and dairy protein in supporting human health during pregnancy and early life, childhood and adolescence, mid- and later-life. New methodologies to identify biomarkers of dairy intake via high-throughput mass spectrometry are discussed, and new concepts such as the role of the food matrix in dairy nutrition are introduced. Finally, future policy and research related to the consumption of dairy and non-dairy alternatives for health are discussed with a view to improving nutritional status across the lifespan., Competing Interests: The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2022 Witard, Bath, Dineva, Sellem, Mulet-Cabero, Dongen, Zheng, Valenzuela and Smeuninx.)

Pastoral and agro-pastoral farming are extensively practised in Ethiopia, and the main livestock kept are cattle, goats, sheep, poultry, and camels. The livestock sector is faced with complex challenges including limited availability of well-trained and skilled animal health professionals. The objective of this study was to identify and prioritise areas for training with the goal of providing evidence to guide strategies to improve the skills, delivery, and governance of veterinary services across Ethiopia. A cross-sectional survey was developed and administered electronically to veterinary professionals in Ethiopia using the Qualtrics platform. Data were collected on select parameters including demographics, diseases of economic significance, diagnosis, disease prevention, biosecurity, disease control, treatment, epidemiology, One Health, disease reporting, and the participants' opinions about training. The survey data was downloaded in Microsoft Excel and descriptive statistics performed. A total of 234 veterinary professionals completed the survey. Most participants were male (89.7%) and aged between 26 and 35 years (81.2%). Of the total respondents, 56.4% worked in government and 8.5% in private practice. Most participants perceived training on laboratory diagnostic testing, disease prevention, antimicrobial resistance, antibiotic sensitivity testing, basic epidemiology, and clinical procedures, as most beneficial. In addition, most respondents would like to receive training on diseases affecting cattle, poultry, and small ruminants. The findings from this study provide baseline information on priority training areas for veterinary professionals and could potentially contribute to national efforts to develop and implement a continuing professional development programme in the veterinary domain, in view of improving veterinary service delivery., (© 2022. The Author(s).)

Poultry production is a major component of the livestock sector in Nigeria and continues to expand rapidly; however, it is still constrained by low productivity. A farm survey was conducted to provide a baseline assessment of poultry production (products generated, farm costs, and revenue), pharmaceutical use, and related challenges faced by farmers on 44 commercial poultry farms in Oyo and Kano states of Nigeria. Live spent layers, eggs, and used beddings were the most frequently sold products for revenue. Antibiotic products were widely used, the most reported were Doxygen, Tylosin, and Conflox. Overall, 40% of farms used feed additives (including toxin binders, minerals, and vitamins) and 12% used coccidiostats. Access to pharmaceutical products was a key challenge and appeared to disproportionally affect farmers in the northern part (Kano) of Nigeria. Other challenges included perceived antibiotic ineffectiveness, high cost of drugs, and long distances to pharmaceutical suppliers. Challenges related to vaccine use were unavailability, distance to the supplier, and health issues interfering with the vaccination schedule. Study findings highlight the need for improved access to veterinary pharmaceuticals, particularly in the northern states. Further investigations into the causes of antibiotic ineffectiveness and strategies for distribution of high-quality, effective pharmaceuticals are also necessary.

The growth of the poultry industry in Nigeria is constrained by major poultry diseases, despite the implementation of vaccination programs. This study aimed to assess the level of protection against Newcastle disease (ND), infectious bursal disease (IBD), and avian infectious bronchitis (IB) afforded by current vaccination schedules and characterize the circulating virus strains in commercial poultry flocks in Nigeria. A cross-sectional study was conducted on 44 commercial poultry farms in Oyo and Kano states of Nigeria. Serum and tissue samples and data on flock, clinical and vaccination records were collected on each farm. Farms were classified as being protected or not protected against ND, IBD and IB based on a defined criterion. Real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (rRT-PCR) testing was performed for each target virus on tissue samples and positive samples were sequenced. A total of 15/44 (34.1%), 35/44 (79.5%), and 1/44 (2.3%) farms were considered to be protected against ND, IBD, and IB, respectively, at the time of sampling. NDV RNA was detected on 7/44 (15.9%) farms and sequences obtained from 3/7 farms were characterized as the lentogenic strain. Infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV) RNA was detected on 16/44 (36.4%) farms tested; very virulent (vv) IBDV and non-virulent (nv) IBDV strains were both detected in 3/16 (18.8%) positive samples. Sequences of IBDV isolates were either clustered with a group of genotype 3 virulent IBDV strains or were related to vaccine strains MB and D78 strains. IBV RNA was detected on 36/44 (81.8%) farms, with variant02, Massachusetts, 4/91, and Q1 variants detected. Sequences of IBV isolates were either clustered with the vaccines strains Massachusetts M41 and H120 or were most closely related to the D274-like strains or a clade of sequences reported in Nigeria and Niger in 2006 and 2007. This study revealed that most study farms in Oyo and Kano states did not have adequate protective antibody titers against IBV and NDV and were therefore at risk of field challenge. Infectious bursal disease virus and IBV RNA were detected on farms with a history of vaccination suggesting potential vaccination failure, or that the vaccine strains used mismatch with the circulating strains and are therefore not protective., Competing Interests: This study was supported by the Africa Livestock Productivity and Health Advancement (ALPHA) Initiative, co-funded by Zoetis and the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation. Funding from Zoetis was an unrestricted grant. BMGF Grant number: OPP1165393. Five of the co-authors (KA, EM, GV, AO, and OB) are employed by Zoetis and contributed to conception, implementation, and report writing. The remaining authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2021 Ekiri, Armson, Adebowale, Endacott, Galipo, Alafiatayo, Horton, Ogwuche, Bankole, Galal, Maikai, Dineva, Wakawa, Mijten, Varga and Cook.)

Background: Mild-to-moderate iodine deficiency, particularly in pregnancy, is prevalent; this is of concern because observational studies have shown negative associations with child neurodevelopment. Although neither the benefits nor the safety of iodine supplementation in pregnancy in areas of mild-to-moderate deficiency are well researched, such supplementation is increasingly being recommended by health authorities in a number of countries., Objectives: By reviewing the most recent published data on the effects of iodine supplementation in mildly-to-moderately deficient pregnant women on maternal and infant thyroid function and child cognition, we aimed to determine whether the evidence was sufficient to support recommendations in these areas., Methods: A systematic review of randomized controlled trials (RCTs), non-RCT interventions, and observational studies was conducted. To identify relevant articles, we searched the PubMed and Embase databases. We defined mild-to-moderate iodine deficiency as a baseline median urinary iodine concentration (UIC) of 50-149 µg/L. Eligible studies were included in meta-analyses., Results: In total, 37 publications were included-10 RCTs, 4 non-RCT interventions, and 23 observational studies. Most studies showed no effect of iodine supplementation on maternal or infant thyroid-stimulating hormone and free thyroxine. Most RCTs found that supplementation reduced maternal thyroglobulin and in 3 RCTs, it prevented or diminished the increase in maternal thyroid volume during pregnancy. Three RCTs addressed child neurodevelopment; only 1 was adequately powered. Meta-analyses of 2 RCTs showed no effect on child cognitive [mean difference (MD): -0.18; 95% CI: -1.22, 0.87], language (MD: 1.28; 95% CI: -0.28, 2.83), or motor scores (MD: 0.28; 95% CI: -1.10, 1.66)., Conclusions: There is insufficient good-quality evidence to support current recommendations for iodine supplementation in pregnancy in areas of mild-to-moderate deficiency. Well-designed RCTs, with child cognitive outcomes, are needed in pregnant women who are moderately deficient (median UIC < 100 µg/L). Maternal intrathyroidal iodine stores should be considered in future trials by including appropriate measures of preconceptional iodine intake.This review was registered at www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero as CRD42018100277., (Copyright © The Author(s) on behalf of the American Society for Nutrition.)

Background: Thyroid hormone is essential for optimal fetal brain development. Evidence suggests that both low and high maternal thyroid hormone availability may have adverse effects on child neurodevelopmental outcomes, but the effect on behavioral problems remains unclear. We studied the association of maternal thyrotropin (TSH) and free thyroxine (fT4) concentrations during the first 18 weeks of pregnancy with child attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Methods: A total of 7669 mother-child pairs with data on maternal thyroid function and child ADHD were selected from three prospective population-based birth cohorts: INfancia y Medio Ambiente (INMA; N  = 1073, Spain), Generation R ( N  = 3812, The Netherlands), and Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC; N  = 2784, United Kingdom). Exclusion criteria were multiple pregnancy, fertility treatment, usage of medication affecting the thyroid, and pre-existing thyroid disease. We used logistic regression models to study the association of maternal thyroid function with the primary outcome, ADHD, assessed via the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, fourth edition (DSM-IV) criteria by parents and/or teachers at a median child age of 4.5 to 7.6 years, and with the secondary outcome, an ADHD symptom score above the 90th percentile. Effect modification by gestational age and sex was tested with interaction terms and stratified analyses. Results: Overall, 233 (3%) children met the criteria for ADHD. When analyzed continuously, neither fT4 nor TSH was associated with a higher risk of ADHD (odds ratio [OR] 1.1, 95% confidence interval [CI 1.0-1.3], p  = 0.060 and OR 0.9 [CI 0.9-1.1], p  = 0.385, respectively) or with high symptom scores. When investigating effect modification by gestational age, a higher fT4 was associated with symptoms above the 90th percentile but only in the first trimester (for fT4 per 1 SD: OR 1.2 [CI 1.0-1.4], p  = 0.027). However, these differential effects by gestational age were not consistent. No significant effect modification by sex was observed. Conclusions: We found no clear evidence of an association between maternal thyroid function and child ADHD.

Importance: Preeclampsia and depression are two most prevalent disorders known to affect pregnant women and unborn infant. However, few studies have prospectively examined the adverse influence of the in-utero exposures to the two disorders on the optimal development in their offspring, including mortality, adverse birth outcomes, and infant temperament styles., Objectives: (1) To examine whether exposures to preeclampsia and antenatal depression were associated with developmental indices of offspring at birth and temperament at 3 months; and (2) To evaluate how preeclampsia and antenatal depression associated with offspring temperamental style., Design: Prospective cohort study with regular assessment of mother's blood pressure at each prenatal visit: offspring were followed till 3 months., Setting: Two prenatal clinics, New York City, USA., Participants: A cohort of 233 pregnant women was followed throughout pregnancy. Of those, 141 provided ratings of infant temperament at three months., Exposures: Diagnostic outcome of maternal depression by clinical interviewers blind to preeclampsia status, were ascertained using the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV Axis I Disorders. The development of preeclampsia, defined by the onset of hypertension (> 140/90 mm HG) after 20 weeks' gestation, accompanied by 300 mg of protein, monitored via electronic medical records., Main Outcome Measures: Birth outcomes were assessed via standardized ratings at delivery. Infant temperament was reported by the mother at three months, using 91-item IBQ-R (Infant Behavioral Questionnaire-Revised)., Results: Preeclampsia was associated with an over 5-fold increased risk for fetal/infant mortality, a 3- to 7-fold increased risk for poorer birth outcomes, and flatter affect and distress in infants. Furthermore, infants born to preeclamptic mothers with co-occurring depression displayed lower levels of smile/laughter, high-intensity pleasure seeking behavior, perceptual sensitivity, and approach behavior., Conclusion: Preeclampsia was associated with a few difficult temperament styles in the first three months after birth. Moreover, its negative impact was amplified by mother's antenatal depression. Our findings regarding additive risk for negative infant outcomes in babies exposed to preeclampsia and antenatal depression suggests that the development of early detection programs to identify and monitor women who are at heightened risk for these conditions can potentially have a positive influence on long-term infant neurobehavioral development.

P alpha-Methyl thymidine triphosphate was prepared through the pyrophosphorolysis of P alpha-methyl thymidine diphosphate P beta-diphenyl ester and tested as an alternative substrate for E. coli DNA polymerase 1 (Klenow fragment) using several template-primer systems requiring the formation of 1 to 42 methylphosphono diester bonds. The enzyme catalyzes the incorporation of a P-methyl thymidylic residue with (Sp)-configuration at a single site in a recessive 3'-end as well as at multiple sites along a growing 167 nucleotide long chain. The synthesis of a full length product, containing 42 sites of methylphosphonate incorporation was observed.