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Introduction. The horseshoe kidney is the most frequent renal anomaly, with a prevalence of 0.25% and a male to female ratio of 3:1. Although the pathogenesis remains controversial, the consequences of the impaired urinary drainage are well known: up to two third of patients present with urinary stasis, infection and urolithiasis. Percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL) is a successful procedure for urolithiasis in horseshoe kidneys. Materials and Methods. A 9-year-old patient with a 4-cm stone associated with horseshoe kidney underwent Percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL). During the procedure, a flexible uretheroscopy was performed in order to obtain a complete vision and an optimal management of the procedure. Results. At the end of the procedure, the patient was stone-free. We reported no hemorrhagic complications, no pain and no infection. The patient was discharged after 48 hours. Conclusions. The procedure is safe and effective, as long as the surgeon pays attention to the recommendations below. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA) positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT) is coming up as a superior imaging tool for prostate cancer (PCa). However, its use in primary staging is still debated. The aim of this study was to assess accuracy of 68Ga-PSMA PET/CT in staging patients with intermediate and high risk PCa candidates to radical prostatectomy managed in the Prostate Cancer Unit of our institution., Methods: We retrospectively evaluated patients with biopsy-proven PCa staged through PSMA PET/CT before undergoing radical prostatectomy (RP) with extended pelvic lymph node dissection (ePLND). PET findings were categorized with respect to primary tumor (T), nodal (N) and distant metastasis (M). We analyzed the correspondence between PSMA PET/CT and final histopathological examination., Results: We evaluated 42 men with high and intermediate risk PCa submitted to RP with ePLND. Mean age was 65.5 years (range, 49-76 years) and median preoperative prostate-specific antigen (PSA) was 13 ng/mL (IQR, 8.1-20 ng/mL). Patients in the high-risk group were 23 (54.7%), and the remainders were in the intermediate risk group. The mean risk of lymph node involvement (LNI) using the Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center (MSKCC)-nomogram was 20%. The most common International Society of Urological Pathology (ISUP) grade was 3 (26.19%) after prostate biopsy. PSMA PET/CT showed focal prostatic uptake in 28 patients [mean value of maximum standardized uptake value (SUVmax) 18.5] and detected pelvic lymph node metastases in 6 cases (14.3%) with a median value of SUVmax 4.5 (IQR, 2-6.9). Histopathological examination detected lymph node metastases in seven patients (16.6%). In the only patient with negative PSMA PET/CT pathology revealed the presence of micrometastasis. After histopathological confirmation, sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values of pre-operative 68Ga-PSMA PET/CT were 85.7%, 100%, 100% and 97%, respectively., Conclusions: In our series, 68Ga-PSMA PET/CT holds high overall diagnostic value for lymph node staging in patients with intermediate and high risk PCa. Accuracy may depend on lymph node size.

Objective: The major strengths of surgical treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia with laser are reduced morbidity compared to endoscopic resection. No studies analysed the different risk of intra/peri-operative events between patients undergoing Thulium and GreenLight procedures., Materials and Methods: We retrospectively reviewed 100 consecutive cases undergoing GreenLight vaporization and Thulium procedures performed during the learning curve of two expert endoscopic surgeons. Pre-operative data, intra and post-operative events at 90 days were analysed., Results: Patients on antiplatelet/anticoagulant therapy were pre-dominant in the Green group (p < 0.0001). Rates of blood transfusion (p < 0.0038), use of resectoscope (p < 0.0086), and transient stress urinary incontinence were statistically higher in the Thulium group. On the contrary conversions to TURP (p < 0.023) were more frequent in GreenLight patients. Readmissions were more frequently necessary in GreenLight group (24%) vs. Thulium group (26.6%). The overall complication rate in GreenLight and Thulium groups were 31% and 53% respectively; Clavien 3b complications were 13% in Thulium patients versus 1% in GreenLight patients., Conclusions: GreenLight and Thulium treatments show similar safety profiles. Randomized controlled trial are needed to better clarify the rate of major complications in Thulium group, and the incidence of post-operative storage symptoms in these patients' populations.

Introduction: External Beam Radiation Therapy (EBRT) is one of the option available for the treatment of clinically localized prostate cancer. In patients with radiorecurrent localized prostate cancer, Androgen Deprivation Therapy (ADT) is one of the most common therapeutic strategies. However, in the last decades, other salvage treatment options have been investigated, such as brachytherapy, cryoablation and High Intensity Focused Ultrasound (Hifu)., Material and Methods: The oncologic outcome of Hifu in a salvage setting after EBRT failure was investigated. We reviewed the literature from 2005 to 2020 in order to report the oncologic outcome of the technique., Results: A total of 1241 patients were analyzed, with a mean age of 68.6 years and a PSA value of 5.87 ng/mL before treatment. Mean follow-up was 24.3 months after treatment, ranging from 3 to 168 months., Conclusion: Our review of the literature revealed that salvage Hifu is effective in the treatment of radiorecurrent clinically localized prostate cancer, with an overall survival of 85.2% at 5 years.

Background and Aim of the Work: Prostate cancer is one of the most common cancers in men over 50 years of age. Surgery, radiotherapy and hormonal manipulation represent its typical treatment. High-Intensity Focused Ultrasound (HIFU) is an alternative choice in localized prostate cancer. To date, an index for prediction of recurrence in patients treated with HIFU is not availabe. Our study proposes a novel index for the predition of recurrence able to determine if a candidate is fit for this tratment., Methods: 107 patients underwent HIFU fram 2010 to 2015. A total of 12 variables were considered for the analysis. The final predictive model was obtained through a stepwise forward selection method., Results: The final model used a total of 6 variables, all correlated to the response variable. The Index is able to predict the recurrence after HIFU tratment in the most majority of candidates to treatment.  The index may be used to make a more scientific decision with regard to choosing optimal candidates for HIFU.

Aim: The increased incidence of malignancy and the concern for higher rate of complications with laparoscopic resection of larger tumors typically limits laparoscopic adrenalectomy to small adrenal masses. We used our prospectively collected database to compare laparoscopic adrenalectomy outcomes between small and large adrenal tumors., Methods: Operative details and outcomes were compared by adrenal mass size size: Group A≤4 cm and Group B>4 cm, for consecutive laparoscopic adrenalectomies performed between 2009 and 2013., Results: Group A (N.=50) and Group B (N.=27) subjects had similar operative times (131 vs. 132 min, P=0.48). Group B subjects were older, had more adrenal malignancies, and had a higher blood loss with a slightly larger change in hemoglobin than Group A subjects; however, no subject required blood transfusion and complication rates were similar between groups (4% vs. 11%, P=0.34). One subject from each group required conversion to open adrenalectomy., Conclusion: Laparoscopic adrenalectomy can be performed safely for adrenal masses >4 cm and size is not a contraindication to the laparoscopic approach.

A sarcomatoid component can occur in all histologic subtypes of renal cell carcinoma (RCC) and indicates an aggressive tumor. It is reported in literature that the sarcomatoid component can resemble fibrosarcoma, malignant fibrous histiocytoma or rhabdomyosarcoma. We describe the case of a 59-years old patient diagnosed with a chromophobe renal cell carcinoma, presenting a very rare osteosarcoma-like differentiation of the sarcomatoid component. The differential diagnosis with retroperitoneal calcifying masses is also discussed.

Introduction. As it is well known, High Intensity Focused Ultrasound (HIFU) is a minimally invasive procedure for prostate cancer. Many investigators reported their series of patients, demonstrating the effectiveness of the treatment. The most majority of Authors, however, do not report the side effects and the complications of the procedure, which is the aim of our study. The diagnosis and management of complications is discussed, and the oncologic outcome is reported in terms of quality of life. Materials and Methods. We report our experience in 89 patients, low-, intermediate-, and high-risk patients according with D'Amico classification. All data collected along the study were analyzed, including side effects and complications of the procedure. Results. Our series demonstrates the effectiveness of the procedure, in line with larger series reported in literature by other investigators. The most important side effects are sexual function impairment and transient incontinence in a minority of cases. Minor complications are reported as well as rare cases of major complications, which can require surgical treatment.

Abstract. Testicular cancer is the most common malignancy in 20- to 34-years-old males. It has been stated that testicular cancer derives from a precocious lesion, the carcinoma in situ of the testis, also known as Intratubular Germ Cell Neoplasia (IGCN) or Testicular Intraepithelial Neoplasia (TIN). This lesion deserves great attention, because the diagnosis of CIS may lead to a precocious diagnosis of testicular cancer. Generally, the diagnosis of CIS is incidental. Every physician should know the management of this precocious lesion, as the correct management of CIS can lead to a decrease of the incidence of overt testicular cancer (the most frequent malignancy in young men). Moreover, the correct diagnosis and management of CIS can shorten the hospital stay, reduce the cost, and improve the social impact of the testicular cancer.

As it is well known, the gold-standard to treat ureteric and pelvi-caliceal transitional cell carcinoma (TCC) is nephroureterectomy. Nevertheless, in particular circumstances, such as solitary kidney, a more conservative treatment is needed. Conservative treatment has been reported for low-grade TCC, also. In this paper we discuss the laparoscopic approach to low-grade ureteric TCC in patients with otherwise normal urinary tract. After reporting a case of a patient treated with this approach, we deal with some technical aspect of the surgical procedure and with the pre-operative and post-operative management of the patient.

Lichen sclerosus is a chronic immuno-mediated skin disease of the genital region in men and women. The treatment may be pharmacological or surgical, the choice depending on the extension of the involved area, the histological pattern and the level of functional disease complained by the patient. If the biopsy is negative for neoplastic degeneration the treatment may be pharmacological only. In our paper, we describe the case of a patient with vulvar disease and labial fusion, burial of the clitoris and severe introital stenosis. In this case, the treatment was surgical.

Introduction: The horseshoe kidney is the most frequent renal anomaly, with a prevalence of 0.25% and a male to female ratio of 3:1. Although the pathogenesis remains controversial, the consequences of the impaired urinary drainage are well known: up to two third of patients present with urinary stasis, infection and urolithiasis. Percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL) is a successful procedure for urolithiasis in horseshoe kidneys., Materials and Methods: A 9-year-old patient with a 4-cm stone associated with horseshoe kidney underwent Percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL). During the procedure, a flexible uretheroscopy was performed in order to obtain a complete vision and an optimal management of the procedure., Results: At the end of the procedure, the patient was stone-free. We reported no hemorrhagic complications, no pain and no infection. The patient was discharged after 48 hours., Conclusions: The procedure is safe and effective, as long as the surgeon pays attention to the recommendations below.

Vanilloids are natural molecules identified in a plethora of foods normally ingested through the diet. They mediate apoptosis through a direct pathway (independent of TRPV-1, the receptor for vanilloids) and through an indirect pathway, i.e., thanks to the interaction with TRPV-1 and the successive intracellular calcium growth [Ca2+]i. Some vanilloids, such as capsaicin, dihydrocapsaicin and resiniferatoxin (the ultrapotent analogue of capsaicin, extractable from Euphorbia resinifera), may be considered as coenzyme Qantagonists: in fact, they inhibit the run of the electrons through the electron transport chain, so determining an excess of reactive oxygen species (ROS). A second effect of the interaction between the vanilloids and TRPV-1 receptor may be reported: it is the fast decrease of the transmembrane mitochondrial potential (delta psi m). Through the direct pathway, on the contrary, the vanilloids induce apoptosis also interacting with caspases, particularly caspase 1 and 3. On the whole, the vanilloids are able to lead to the intracellular calcium growth and consequently to the evidence of precocious and late elements of apoptosis.

Introduction and Aims: High-Intensity Focused Ultrasound (HIFU) represents an alternative choice in mini-invasive treatment of prostate cancer. The technology of the device used to perform the treatment allows to exactly destroy a pre-selected area and to save all the tissues around it. We report our experience on the effectiveness and complications of this tecnique., Materials and Methods: From May 2006 to April 2007, 25 patients with prostate cancer were treated through Ablatherm (EDAP France) in spinal anesthesia. In the first six patients HIFU and TUR-P (Trans-Urethral Resection of Prostate) were performed in the same session and a suprapubic catheter was placed. In the other 14 patients HIFU was afterwards performed. In these patients a trans-urethral catheter was placed. All patients were divided into three groups: low risk (17 patients), intermediate risk (6 patients) and high risk (2 patients). The follow-up consisted in PSA evaluation after 1, 3, 6, 9, 12 months and in transrectal biopsy after six months. Complications related to the treatment, and symptomatological and sexual life tests were evaluated before and after the treatment., Results: HIFU overall success rate was 84% (biochemical relapses in only 4 patients out of 25). Success rate was represented as follows: 94.2% in the low risk group, 83.4% in the intermediate risk group and 0% in the high risk group. No complications occurred during the treatment nor in the immediately post-operative time., Conclusions: We demonstrated that HIFU represents a useful alternative choice in mini-invasive therapy of prostate cancer. Particularly, results are remarkable in localized (low-intermediate risk) and low morbility prostate cancer. The role of this procedure in high risk patients needs to be further evaluated. Transrectal HIFU represents a mini-invasive therapeutic option that makes the treatment of prostate cancer possible in 84% of cases. Our results agree with the literature data and demonstrate that the success of the procedure depends on the correct indication of treatment and is strictly related to progression risk parameters.

Collecting duct carcinoma of the kidney is a rare and aggressive neoplasm of the distal collecting tube, often metastatic at the time of the diagnosis, for which there is no established therapy. We herein describe the case of a 65-year-old man with a renal cancer with a particular immunohistochemical pattern and pathologic aspect. The lesion was diagnosed as a tumor borderline between a urothelial carcinoma with intraductal spreading and a collecting duct carcinoma with calyceal and pelvic spreading. The patient is disease-free 11 months after diagnosis, after radical surgery with adjuvant chemotherapy (carboplatin and gemcitabine) and radiotherapy of a local recurrence. Owing to the common embryologic origin of collecting duct and transitional urothelial cells, several authors have reported an association between collecting duct carcinoma and urothelial cancer. The literature is reviewed to evaluate drugs active against urothelial cancer (like ifosfamide, paclitaxel, carboplatin and gemcitabine). This field should be investigated in the future, in the framework of a neoadjuvant or adjuvant chemotherapy able to support radical surgery for local and advanced collecting duct carcinoma.

The most greater part of the tumors ureteralis are of malignant nature, they are verified especially in the elderly patient and they have a preference for the distal third of the ureter. Of the tumors benign ureteral, the emangioma is a very rare vascular neoplasm. The symptoms aspecificis of presentation are: hematuria, colic type pains, hydronephrosis and bladder inflammation. Thanks to the refinement of the radiological techniques (Urography, CTscan and eventually the ascending pyelography) and also to the simultaneous aid of the anatomopathologist, it is possible to obtain an accurate description of this pathology in a precocious stage in order to carry out a conservative approach. The peculiarity of the clinical case from us described depends on the fact that it deals with an occasional find, reaches our observation for appearance of severe hydronephrosis caused by ureteral stones, resolved him with methodic endoscopic.