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A compact fork‐shaped MIMO antenna system with a 2 × 2 arrangement with four elements is presented. The MIMO elements are arranged orthogonally to achieve a small overall size of 36 × 28 mm2 and a wide bandwidth for 5G mm‐wave applications. MIMO elements are positioned 4 mm from each corner of the substrate to achieve compact size and minimize coupling. To improve the isolation of the proposed MIMO system, a metamaterial slab is inserted in the middle of the substrate and between radiating elements of the MIMO antenna system, which improves isolation by 10 dB within the whole operating band and achieves maximum isolation of 65 dB at 34.5 GHz. The proposed MIMO system operates in the Ka‐band frequency range of 22–50 GHz with isolation greater than 30 dB and efficiency above 80% across the entire frequency spectrum for 5G communication. Additionally, the performance parameters of MIMO are examined, including diversity gain (DG) and envelope correlation coefficient (ECC), and it is found that they meet the required standards of DG approximately equal to 10 and ECC < 0.05. The proposed MIMO system has been fabricated and tested. The measured results are consistent with the design of the simulated structure using the CST Microwave Studio (CSTMWS) simulator. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: A two‐port multiple‐input‐multiple‐output (MIMO) antenna system operating in the mm‐wave band for 5G applications is presented. The two elements of MIMO structure are separated from each other by 19 mm (1.9 λ) and excited by microstrip feed. The MIMO elements are circular patches with round cuts at the edges to improve impedance bandwidth. Quadrilateral slot in the ground plane is designed to improve the radiation characteristics of the radiating element having size 18 ×19× 0.8 mm3. The MIMO design is simulated through CST. The proposed antenna works in 27–29 GHz range, providing a potential bandwidth of 2 GHz. Furthermore a gain is improved from 8.2 to 8.75 dB and efficiency increase from 85% to 88% and high isolation of 64 dB is achieved by placing 4‐elements of metamaterial with size 4.5 × 18 mm2 in the middle of two circular monopole antennas. The metamaterial gives us a band stop response and act as decoupler and enhance the isolation to reduce mutual coupling. By analyzing the radiation characteristics of the proposed design, in term of reflection coefficient, surface currents, reduced mutual coupling, suitable gain, envelope correlation coefficient (ECC), diversity gain (DG) and radiation pattern, the recommended antenna can be considered a good candidate for 5G applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Weeds are a major threat to global crop productivity and food security. Weeds compete with plants for applied inputs and resources and resultant cause a significant reduction in final productivity. A study was conducted during 2020-21 at Agronomic Research Area, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, comprised of two lentil cultivars and seven herbicides’ treatments arranged in RCBD design having 3 replications. According to the findings, maximum root fresh and dry weight (8.07,1.57g), shoot fresh and dry weight (20,5.28 g), plant height (62.05cm), pods/plant (67.83), grains/pod (2), 1000 seed weight (25.17g), grain yield (1934 kg ha-1) and biological yield (3730 kg ha-1) was recorded in manual weeding and lowest root fresh and dry weight (6.28, 1.57 g), shoot fresh and dry weights (12.33,3.99 g), plant height (44.58 cm), pods/plant (42.83), grains/pod (1.17), 1000 seed wt. (14.40 g), grain yield (1113 kg ha-1) and biological yield (2830 kg ha-1) was recorded in weedy check. In case of cultivars, Masoor-2020 had maximum root fresh and dry weights (7.90, 1.81 g), shoot fresh and dry weights(17.17,5.02 g), plant height (54.99 cm), pods/plant (60.43), grains/pod (1.67), 1000 seed weight (21.09 g), grain yield (1690 kg ha-1) and biological yield (3402 kg ha-1) while Masoor-2009 had minimum root fresh and dry weight (6.53,1.68 g), shoot fresh and dry weight (14.57,4.62 g), plant height (53.09 cm), pods/plant (48.76), grains/pod (1), 1000 seed weight (18.4 g), grain yield (1586 kg ha-1) and biological yield (3292 kg ha-1). Manual weeding resulted in lower weeds density and biomass while weedy check in maximum weed density and biomass. Thus, it is concluded that cultivar Masoor-2020 along with manual weeding and use of Pendimethalin + S. metolachlor can be adopted to get maximum lentil production under semi-arid conditions of Faisalabad. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: To determine the frequency of hepatitis B in hemodialysis patients in lady reading hospital Peshawar Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. Methodology: The study design was cross sectional and carried out in the department of Nephrology lady reading hospital Peshawar Khyber Pakhtunkhwa from 1st February 2018 to 30th July 2018. All eligible patients who were on hemodialysis were enrolled in the study through consecutive non probability sampling. Results: In our study 177 participants were included, 73.4% males and 26.6% females. The participants mean age was 41.8 ± 8.6 years. Mean no of hemodialysis sessions were 15.2 with standard deviation of 5. Hepatitis B virus was present in 27.1%. Conclusion: Hepatitis is highly prevalent in our population who is subjected to repeated hemodialysis. More robust screening techniques should be used to detect these at an early stage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]