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Pyrus communis (P. communis) is the most cultivated and consumed species of pear within the European continent. This fruit has been a staple in Greece since ancient times, hence the name “Gift of the Gods”. Given the extensive utilization of this fruit in the industrial sector and the focus on the exploitation of by-products to create new food and beverage products, the present research aimed to enhance the antioxidant activity of the P. communis peel through the implementation of a multifactor extraction system. Increased total polyphenols and ascorbic acid concentration, and enhanced antioxidant activity through radical scavenging and Fe3⁺ to Fe2⁺ reduction, all assist in boosting the health benefits of the extracts. The results indicated that the best conditions for compound yields were a 75% v/v hydroethanolic concentration, an extraction temperature of 80 °C, and 30 min of extraction time. Under the optimal conditions, the total polyphenol content was up to 4.98 mg of gallic acid equivalents (GAE)/g dried weight (dw). The radical scavenging activity by the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH•) method was expressed as 18.36 μmol ascorbic acid equivalents (AAE)/g dw, while by the ferric-reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) method, it was 35.09 μmol AAE/g dw. Finally, the amount of ascorbic acid was measured at 20.16 mg/100 g dw. In this regard, this study has been conducted to assess and enhance the level of these bioactive compounds in the extract of the P. communis peel, leading to an extract with several applications in different food and beverage industries.

This study explored the use of mandarin peels as an important source of health-promoting compounds by utilizing green methods (i.e., pulsed electric field and ultrasound-assisted extraction), along with conventional stirring. The impact of several extraction parameters, such as extraction duration, temperature, and solvent composition, on the recovery of bioactive compounds was evaluated through a response surface methodology. To identify the most effective conditions for all assays, a partial least-squares analysis was implemented. It was revealed that a combination of the above techniques was optimal at 80 °C for 30 min, with 75% v/v of ethanol in water as the extraction solvent. The concentration of bioactive compounds in the optimum extract had a total polyphenol content of 18.69 mg of gallic acid equivalents (GAE) per gram of dry weight (dw), and an ascorbic acid concentration of 18.25 mg/g dw. However, correlation analyses revealed a rather negative relationship between these bioactive compounds. The chromatographic analysis of optimum extracts supported this result by quantifying 20.53 mg/g dw of total individual polyphenols, with hesperidin being the dominant compound (13.98 mg/g dw). The antioxidant assays, including ferric-reducing antioxidant power and DPPH• inhibition activity, were measured at 123.21 and 65.12 μmol of ascorbic acid equivalents (AAE) per gram of dw, respectively. This research enhances the valorization of mandarin peels as a renewable source of bioactive compounds, providing the opportunity to generate high-added-value products from food waste in the food and pharmaceutical sectors.

Hemp, commonly known as Cannabis sativa L., is a medicinal plant species of the Cannabaceae family. For the efficient extraction of C. sativa leaves using the conventional stirring process with water as the solvent, three crucial extraction parameters (i.e., extraction duration, liquid–solid ratio, and temperature) were investigated through the response surface methodology (RSM). The concentrations of the extracted bioactive compounds (polyphenols, ascorbic acid, and carotenoids) showed significant variations in the RSM design points, suggesting the importance of finding the optimal extraction conditions in which liquid–solid ratio and extraction temperature were found to have the highest impact. Further analysis was conducted on the optimal extract employing several assays to determine their polyphenol content, total carotenoid content, color evaluation, anti-inflammatory activity, and antioxidant capacity through FRAP, DPPH, and H2O2 assays. A low extraction time (30 min) at 50 °C and a high liquid–solid ratio (50:1) were required for the highest possible yield of polyphenols. The total polyphenol content was determined to be 9.76 mg gallic acid equivalents/g under optimum conditions, with pelargonin being the most abundant polyphenol (1.51 mg/g) in C. sativa extracts. Ascorbic acid was measured at 282.23 μg/g and total carotenoids at 356.98 μg/g. Correlation analyses revealed that anti-inflammatory activity was negatively correlated with specific polyphenols. As determined by DPPH (27.43 μmol ascorbic acid equivalents (AAE)/g), FRAP (49.79 μmol AAE/g), and H2O2 (230.95 μmol AAE/g) assays, the optimized aqueous extract showed a high antioxidant capacity. Furthermore, it demonstrated considerable anti-inflammatory activity at 17.89%, with the potential to increase to 75.12% under particular extraction conditions. Given the high added-value of the aqueous extracts, the results of this study highlight the potential utility of C. sativa leaves as a source of health-improving antioxidant compounds in the pharmaceutical and food industries.

Prunus avium L. and Prunus spinosa L. are valuable fruit-bearing trees known for their bioactive compounds and medicinal properties. However, limited research exists regarding their kernel oils. This study aimed to compare the chemical composition, quality parameters, and bioactive potential of the kernel oils extracted from Prunus avium L. and Prunus spinosa L. The kernel oils’ fatty acid and tocopherol profiles were characterized, and the presence of bioactive compounds were identified and quantified. Total polyphenol content (TPC) and antioxidant activity (AAC) were also measured, indicating the presence of bioactive compounds in both oils. Additionally, the main quality parameters, including oxidative status, were evaluated. The fatty acid analysis revealed a higher proportion of polyunsaturated fatty acids compared to monounsaturated fatty acids in both kernel oil samples. Linoleic acid (57–64%) and oleic acid (18–29%) were the major fatty acids in both Prunus avium L. and Prunus spinosa L. kernel oils. α-Eleostearic acid (11.87%) was quantified only in Prunus avium kernel oil. Furthermore, the α-, β-, γ-, and δ-tocopherol content were determined, and it was found that both kernel oils contained γ-tocopherol as the major tocopherol (~204–237 mg/Kg). TPC in Prunus avium L. kernel oil was measured at 9.5 mg gallic acid equivalents (GAE)/Kg and recorded as ~316% higher TPC than Prunus spinosa L. kernel oil. However, the recorded AAC were 11.87 and 14.22 μmol Trolox equivalent (TE)/Kg oil, respectively. Both oils recorded low peroxide values (~1.50 mmol H2O2/Kg), and low TBARS value (~0.4 mmol malondialdehyde equivalents, MDAE/Kg oil), but high p-anisidine value (23–32). The results indicated that both Prunus avium L. and Prunus spinosa L. kernel oils exhibited unique chemical compositions.

A member of the Verbenaceae family, Aloysia citrodora, or lemon verbena, is a medicinal herb with antioxidant compounds. The aim of this study was to develop a green, optimized method for the bioactive compound (carotenoids, ascorbic acid, and polyphenols) extraction from lemon verbena leaves through response surface methodology (RSM). The bioactive compound recovery was shown to be significantly affected by the extraction technique (both with pulsed electric field and ultrasound-assisted extraction), along with an extraction solvent, based on partial least squares analysis. Consequently, the maximum polyphenol yield required a double-assisted extraction with a relatively low extraction duration (60 min) at a high temperature (80 °C), with a moderate-polarity extraction solvent (50% v/v ethanol). With the optimized method, the total polyphenol content (TPC) was measured at 175.03 mg gallic acid equivalents/g, whereas chromatographic analysis revealed that verbascoside was the most prevalent polyphenol (132.61 mg/g). The optimum extract provided a high antioxidant capacity through the measurements of FRAP (1462.17 μmol ascorbic acid equivalents (AAE)/g), DPPH (1108.91 μmol AAE/g), and H2O2 (1662.93 μmol AAE/g). Total carotenoids were measured at 499.61 μg/g, with ascorbic acid at 8.36 μg/g. Correlation analyses revealed a negative correlation of the latter compound with color coordinates. This study highlights the potential of lemon verbena leaves to be used in pharmaceutical and food industries.

Opuntia macrorhiza, commonly referred to as red prickly pear, is a type of cactus fruit. The Opuntia macrorhiza (OM) fruit is rich in polyphenols and contains a high amount of ascorbic acid and betalains. The fruit peels have demonstrated many biological abilities, including antioxidant, antifungal, and antibacterial activities. Ultrasound probe-assisted extraction (UPAE) is a highly promising method for efficiently extracting valuable molecules from natural sources. The objective of this study is to optimize the parameters of UPAE, including the appropriate solvent, liquid-to-solid ratio, extraction duration, and pulsation level. The aim is to maximize the yield of bioactive compounds (polyphenols, betalains, and ascorbic acid) from OM fruits (pulps and peels) and assess their antioxidant activities using Taguchi design. The optimal extraction conditions through the partial least squares method for OM pulp were determined to be aqueous extraction for 12 min with a liquid-to-solid ratio of 60 mL/g and 48 pulses/min, while for OM peels they were determined to be aqueous extraction for 20 min with a liquid-to-solid ratio of 60 mL/g and a pulsation of 48 pulses/min. The optimum UPAE conditions were compared with the values obtained from the optimum extraction under stirring extraction (STE). Overall, UPAE exhibited higher yields than STE. The obtained total polyphenol content ranged from 10.27 to 13.07 mg gallic acid equivalents/g dry weight, while the betalain content ranged from 974 to 1099 μg/g dry weight. Overall, these fruits demonstrated potential as new components for food and medicinal uses due to their good health effects and lack of toxicity.

Consuming fruits and vegetables necessitates discarding the inedible parts, which raises issues such as waste management and contamination of the environment. Numerous studies have been conducted in recent years in an effort to identify alternatives that reduce the negative effects of food and agricultural waste. This study aims to investigate the polyphenol recovery and the antioxidant capacity of overripe banana peel through cloud point extraction (CPE), which is a green method. The optimal conditions of the CPE were three steps of CPE with 10% w/v lecithin, which was used as surfactant, pH 7, and a salt concentration of 15% at 45 °C for 20 min. The total polyphenol content (TPC) was determined to be 541.25 mg GAE/L, the total flavonoid content (TFC) was determined to be 226.38 mg RtE/L, and FRAP and DPPH assays were found to be 2.52 and 2.91 mmol AAE/L, respectively. According to the results, the antioxidant compounds from banana peels can effectively be extracted with the proposed CPE procedure. The as-prepared extracts can potentially be used as food additives to improve human well-being and even as feed additives for a similar purpose.

Pollution of water sources with heavy metals is a pressing environmental issue. To this end, various procedures are being used to remediate water, including sorption. The aim of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of humic acids (HAs) and fulvic acids (FAs) for the removal of metals from water. Specifically, HA and FA were examined for their potential to be used as sorbent materials for 26 heavy metals, alkali metals, and alkaline earth metals. HA and FA were isolated from lignite samples from two mines (Mavropigi mine and South Field mine, Kozani, West Macedonia, Greece). Experiments were carried out using natural mineral water without pH adjustment, so as to gain a better overview of the sorption efficiency in real-life samples. The results showed that FAs were able to sorb most of the examined metals compared to HAs. Several metals such as Ba (34.22–37.77%), Ca (99.12–99.58%), and Sr (97.89–98.12%) were efficiently sorbed when 900 ppm of FAs from both sources were used but were not sorbed by HAs from any source (≤0.1%). Due to the functional groups on the surface of FA, it is plausible to conclude that it can remove more metals than HA. Meanwhile, lignite from the South Field mine was found to be more efficient for the sorption efficiency in lower concentrations (300–600 ppm), whereas lignite from the Mavropigi mine was more effective in higher concentrations (900 ppm). For instance, higher removal rates were observed in Mo (62.84%), Pb (56.81%), and U (49.22%) when 300 ppm of HAs of South Field mine were used, whilst the employment of 900 ppm of HAs from Mavropigi mine led to high removal rates of As (49.90%), Se (64.47%), and Tl (85.96%). The above results were also reflected in a principal component analysis, which showed the dispersion of the metal parameters near to or far from the HA and FA parameters depending on their sorption capacity. Overall, both HA and FA could be effectively utilized as sorbent materials for metal removal from water samples. The results of the research indicate a potential application to the remediation of water from metals under dynamic conditions in order to protect public health.

In this study, the objective was to ascertain the optimal extraction method for the recovery of polyphenols from two peach cultivars, namely ‘Andross’ and ‘Everts’, at unripe and ripe stages. Two extraction techniques were explored: conventional extraction and cloud-point extraction (CPE), utilizing various solvents, including water, ethanol, 60% ethanol, and the surfactant Tween 80. Moreover, the conditions of CPE (such as pH, ionic strength, surfactant concentration, etc.) were optimized. To elucidate the antioxidant activity of the extracts, the total polyphenol content (TPC), the ferric-reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assay, and the DPPH antiradical scavenging were measured. Our findings indicate that CPE is a superior method for polyphenol recovery. Unripe fruits had more antioxidants than ripe ones. Unripe ‘Andross’ fruit has a TPC of 1465.32 mg gallic acid equivalents per kilogram (mg GAE/kg). FRAP and DPPH levels were 7.33 and 5.12 mmol ascorbic acid equivalents (AAE/kg), respectively. With a TPC of 1714.53 mg GAE/kg, the unripe fruit from the ‘Everts’ cultivar has even more antioxidant capacity. Additionally, its FRAP and DPPH values were increased at 8.57 and 6.08 mmol AAE/kg, respectively. These findings underscore the efficacy of CPE as a preferred method for polyphenol extraction while also highlighting the enhanced antioxidant potential of unripe peaches, particularly in the ‘Everts’ cultivar.

The food processing industry is a continuously developing sector that uses innovative technologies to efficiently process food products. During processing, food industries generate substantial amounts of by-products in the form of waste materials. This food waste consists of organic matter rich in bioactive compounds, such as polyphenols, carotenoids, and flavonoids. Improper management of food waste can adversely affect both the environment and human health, leading to environmental pollution and the release of greenhouse gas emissions. Thus, proper food waste management has become an urgent global issue. The presence of bioactive compounds (mainly polyphenols, flavonoids, and anthocyanins, but also carotenoids, alkaloids, proteins, lipids, and carbohydrates) in food waste holds the potential to transform them into valuable resources. Several sectors, including food and energy, have recognized food waste as an innovative source. Recently, much emphasis has been placed on optimizing the extraction yield of such bioactive compounds through the utilization of environmentally friendly and sustainable methodologies and solvents. Pulsed electric field (PEF)-assisted extraction is an emerging technique that holds promise for the utilization of waste materials. PEF technology can efficiently optimize the extraction of valuable compounds within a shorter time while minimizing solvent and energy consumption. In this review, we provide a comprehensive overview of the current state of PEF technology and its implications for recovering bioactive compounds from food waste. The integration of innovative technologies like PEF in the food processing industry can play a crucial role in managing food waste sustainably, reducing environmental impact, and harnessing the full potential of bioactive compounds contained in these waste materials. The objective of this critical review is to provide an overview of the utilization of PEF pretreatment for food by-products and to conduct a comparative analysis with other extraction techniques.

Crithmum maritimum, commonly known as rock samphire, is a plant species with a long history of use in traditional medicine and cuisine, especially in the Mediterranean region. Despite its potential therapeutic and commercial applications, the number of studies on this plant species are scanty and sparse. The aim of this study was to optimize the solid–liquid extraction of bioactive compounds from C. maritimum leaves through response surface methodology (RSM) and to comprehensively analyze the resulting extracts. Experimental parameters including liquid-to-solid ratio, solvent composition, extraction time, and temperature were investigated. The results of the RSM revealed a notable variation in the values of the extracted bioactive compounds (polyphenols, carotenoids, and chlorophylls), indicating the selection of optimum extraction conditions. Partial least squares analysis showed that solvent composition and extraction temperature had a significant impact on the extraction of the bioactive compounds. Consequently, these conditions required a 145-min extraction at 80 °C, using a solvent consisting of 45% v/v ethanol, and a 40:1 liquid-to-solid ratio. The optimum extract was analyzed using a range of assays to determine their polyphenol content, their content in chlorophylls and carotenoids, and their antioxidant potential via FRAP and DPPH assays. The total polyphenol content was measured at 15.11 mg gallic acid equivalents (GAE)/g. High-performance liquid chromatography–diode array detector (HPLC-DAD) analysis revealed that chlorogenic acid was the most prevalent polyphenol (9.35 mg/g) in C. maritimum leaves. Kaempferol 3-glycoside (1.81 mg/g), naringin (1.24 mg/g), and hesperidin (0.79 mg/g) were some polyphenolic compounds that had also been quantified. Total carotenoids (0.32 μg/g) and total chlorophylls (0.62 μg/g) were also measured. Multivariate correlation analysis and principal component analysis revealed that total carotenoids and chlorophylls had a strong negative correlation with total polyphenol content. The reducing power (FRAP assay) of the optimized extract had a value of 85.52 μmol ascorbic acid equivalents (AAE)/g, whereas the antiradical activity (DPPH assay) was measured at 25.57 μmol AAE/g. Given the high quantity of polyphenols, these results highlight the potential use of C. maritimum as a source of bioactive compounds in the food and pharmaceutical industries.

Recently, there has been a significant transition in the dietary preferences of consumers toward foods containing health-promoting compounds. In addition, as people’s environmental awareness increases, they are increasingly looking for sustainable solutions. Palm oil, an oil used extensively by the food industry, does not fit these criteria. This study investigated the development of a complex oil blend consisting of commonly used vegetable oils such as corn, rapeseed, sunflower, and palm oil. The aim was to find the optimal blended oil and compare this combination with palm oil in terms of its oxidative stability, antioxidant capacity, and the composition of bioactive compounds (i.e., fatty acids, tocopherols, and carotenoids). Palm oil was found to have greater oxidative stability as a result of its increased concentration of saturated fatty acids. The optimal blended oil, which consisted of corn and rapeseed oil at a ratio of 4:3 w/w, inhibited the superior antioxidant activity, showing a ~33% increase in DPPH• inhibition activity. ATR-FTIR spectra further verified the existence of a significant quantity of saturated fatty acids in palm oil and unsaturated fatty acids in the blended oil. Finally, several correlation analyses revealed interesting connections between oil samples and investigated parameters. This work has the potential to establish a basis for the mass production of oil blends that possess high concentrations of antioxidant compounds and reduce the use of palm oil.

This study aimed to assess the feasibility of employing cloud point extraction (CPE) as an efficient way of extracting polyphenols from peach waste (PW). Four distinct food-grade surfactants (Genapol X-080, PEG 8000, Tween 80, and lecithin) were evaluated at concentrations ranging from 2–10% w/v to determine the efficiency of the technique in two separate PW streams [i.e., lye peeling waste stream (LPWS) and total wastewater stream (TWS)]. Low amounts (2% w/v) of surfactants in a single-step CPE were found to result in less than ~61% polyphenol recovery in LPWS and less than ~69% polyphenol recovery in the TWS, necessitating additional extraction steps. In both PW streams, the single-step polyphenol recovery was improved by 25–67% utilizing a higher amount of surfactants (5–10% w/w), leading to a statistically significant figure (p < 0.05). The CPE procedure was conducted under optimal conditions, including a temperature of 65 °C, a sodium chloride concentration of 3% w/v, a pH level of 3.5, and a surfactant concentration of 5% w/v. The polyphenol recovery was efficient when the CPE procedure was conducted twice. Tween 80 proved to be the most efficient surfactant among the four tested surfactants, achieving recoveries above 98% in both PW streams. Under optimum extraction conditions, the total polyphenol content and antiradical activity of PW extracts were evaluated. The results showed statistically significant differences (p < 0.05) between the two PW streams, with the LPWS having approximately 12 times higher polyphenol content and being more potent, achieving ~64% antiradical activity. Using the LPWS instead of the TWS is a more cost-effective and feasible option for the industry. In addition, the considerable volume of the TWS makes it challenging to handle and demands a correspondingly major amount of surfactant. Considering that Tween 80 is a low-toxicity surfactant and that the CPE method is simple, fast, cost-effective, highly accurate, and selective, the extracted polyphenols from two PW streams could be exploited as natural antioxidants to be used directly in the food industry. These findings could have major implications for the manufacturing of sustainable and naturally-derived food additives.

In recent years, the production of food biomass waste has been increasing rapidly. This necessitates urgent measures to be taken so as to utilize them. Since most food biomass waste contains useful bioactive substances, cloud-point extraction (CPE) has emerged as a promising solution to valorize waste. CPE is an extraction method employed for the extraction and preconcentration of various chemical compounds, including polyphenols and flavonoids. As with any other extraction procedure, CPE isolates the target compound(s) from the sample, resulting in increased recovery. One major advantage of CPE is that the extraction is carried out without special equipment or harmful reagents. Moreover, other significant advantages are its effectiveness, simplicity, safety, and rapidity. This review focuses on the extraction of bioactive compounds from food-based waste using CPE and highlights the important parameters that can be tuned to improve the performance of CPE. Furthermore, the potential in promoting environmentally friendly practices within the food industry is also discussed.

Every day, more and more consumers choose to drink bottled water instead of tap water, since they believe that it is superior in quality. One of the criteria used by European consumers to choose bottled water is the geographical region of the spring. The flavor of the water is an additional factor that influences consumers’ choices. As a result, determining the flavor of water is gaining popularity and is thus turning into a prominent field of study. However, studies on the potential environmental factors that affect the sensory characteristics of water (i.e., “terroir” of water) are limited. To this end, we investigated the composition of natural mineral water spring from Mount Smolikas in Greece over a two-year period to find any potential alterations in water composition. The physicochemical parameters (pH, conductivity, turbidity, color, and total hardness) of the water samples were examined, along with their content in metal ions, inorganic salts (cations and anions), and total organic carbon. Additionally, the water samples were analyzed for their content of off-odor volatile compounds (i.e., 2-methylisoborneol and geosmin) that can be naturally found in water. The study also examined the correlation of climate conditions (accumulated rainfall and mean temperature) with the parameters above using a principal component analysis and a multivariate correlation analysis. The results showed that the physicochemical characteristics of water samples complied with European regulations. Metals, anions, and cations were all below the corresponding parametric values established by the European Commission. The off-odor organic compounds, 2-methylisoborneol, and geosmin, had average concentrations of 9.4 and 2.7 ng/L, respectively. Chromium and aluminum elevated concentrations might be attributed to specific ores present near the water source, while pH, conductivity, total hardness, nitrates, and off-odor compounds levels could be fluctuated due to local climate conditions. The study revealed a good positive correlation (>0.7) between the quantity of rainfall and the level of potassium cations. Moreover, a strong negative correlation (>0.9) was observed between magnesium cations and the mean temperature of the local area. The study can be used as a benchmark for future studies to determine the terroir of mineral water.

The objective of this study was to investigate the feasibility of using Cloud Point Extraction (CPE) to isolate natural antioxidants (polyphenols) from apricot cannery waste (ACW). Four different food-grade surfactants (Genapol X-080, PEG 8000, Tween 80, and Lecithin) were tested at varying concentrations to evaluate the effectiveness of the technique. It was observed that low concentrations of surfactants in one-step CPE resulted in less than 65% polyphenol recovery, which necessitated further extraction steps. However, high concentrations of surfactants were found to significantly improve polyphenol extraction from ACW for all surfactants tested. Among the four surfactants, PEG 8000 was found to be the most effective in most circumstances; specifically, adding only 2% of the surfactant per step in a two-step CPE was enough to effectively extract polyphenols with recovery rates better than 99%. When 10% w/v of PEG 8000 was used, recoveries greater than 92% were obtained. Since PEG 8000 is a reagent with low toxicity and the CPE method is simple, rapid, cheap, sensitive, and selective, the extracted organic compounds from ACW can be used as natural antioxidants in food technology. This has important implications for the development of natural and sustainable food additives.

This study explores the bioactive compound extraction from laurel (Laurus nobilis L.) leaves using a pulsed electric field (PEF) as a standalone extraction technique. The primary parameters impacting the extraction process were optimized through response surface methodology. Specifically, solvent composition (ethanol and water mixtures) and liquid-to-solid ratio, along with other key PEF conditions (i.e., electric field intensity, pulse period, and pulse length) were examined. The antioxidant capacity was evaluated through DPPH and FRAP assays, whereas total polyphenol content was also measured. A comparison was also made between the extracts produced with and without PEF. The results showed that after 30 min of extraction, the best parameters were a pulse period of 355 μs, a pulse duration of 55 μs, and an electric field intensity of 0.6 kV/cm. A liquid-to-solid ratio of 10 mL/g was chosen, whereas the best solvent was determined to be 25% (v/v) ethanol/water mixture. The PEF-treated extract contained 77% more polyphenols compared to the untreated sample. In addition, PEF-treated samples had a rise of up to 288% for certain individual polyphenols. Correlation analyses also revealed interesting trends among bioactive compounds and the antioxidant capacity of the extracts. The effect of the investigated parameters on polyphenol recovery was demonstrated, indicating that comparable investigations should consider these parameters to optimize polyphenol extraction yield. Regarding green and non-thermal standalone techniques, PEF outshines other extraction techniques as it could also be used as a sustainable way to swiftly generate health-promoting extracts from medicinal plants.

Citrus processing side-streams are largely represented by waste orange peels (WOP), and there are several techniques developed for polyphenol extraction from WOP; yet, there are a significant lack of methodologies based on non-conventional, green solvents. On this basis, this study was performed to assess a deep eutectic solvent (DES) synthesized with glycerol and sodium butyrate, for its capacity to extract WOP polyphenols. Optimization of the process was carried out using a response surface methodology, which revealed that a maximum total polyphenol yield of 73.36 mg gallic acid equivalent (GAE) g−1 dry mass (DM) could be achieved with a solvent system of DES/water (80% w/w), a residence time of 120 min, and a temperature of 90 °C. Using these settings, the polyphenol extraction from WOP with the DES/water solvent system was found to have outstanding performance compared to aqueous or hydroethanolic extraction, while the extracts generated possessed significantly enhanced antioxidant properties. The chromatographic analyses of the extracts demonstrated that the DES/water extract was particularly enriched in hesperidin (21.81 mg g−1 dry mass), a bioflavonoid with promising pharmaceutical potential. This is a first report on the use of this particular DES for WOP polyphenol extraction, which may be used to produce hesperidin-enriched extracts, by implementing the methodology developed.

This study explored the potential of pulsed electric field (PEF) as an alternative wine-aging method in four Xinomavro red wines with the implementation of several wood chips (apricot, peach, apple, cherry, acacia, and oak trees). The evolution of total polyphenol content (TPC) and sensory properties of the wines were investigated. Sensory evaluation revealed that PEF treatment increased volatile compound extraction from each wood chip, thereby enhancing the overall quality of the wines. The utilization of acacia tree wood chips in Goumenissa wine led to a notable increase of 10.84% in TPC from the control sample, reaching 2334.74 mg gallic acid equivalents/L. A notable outcome was that PEF decreased TPC, a trend that was also verified through correlation analyses. The highest positive impact of PEF was observed in peach tree wood chips in Goumenissa wine, with a significant increase of 11.05% in TPC. The results from the volatile compound analysis revealed an increase in alcohols and esters from 0.24% to 23.82%, with the highest proportion found in 2-phenylethanol (16.92 mg/L) when utilizing peach tree wood chips in the production of Amyndeo wine. This study could provide a benchmark for rapid, efficient, and cost-effective wine aging through the implementation of the PEF process.

Watermelon (Citrullus lanatus) is a popular fruit worldwide due to its refreshing taste and its high water content (92% of its weight). According to the phytochemistry of the plant, carbohydrates, saponins, glycosides, steroids, alkaloids, polyphenols, flavonoids, and tannins can be detected in watermelons. C. lanatus generates by-products and, as such, can be characterized by its seeds and rinds. These by-products’ phytochemicals are nutritious and functional. Watermelon seeds contain many phytochemical compounds with beneficial biological activities, according to numerous scientific studies. This fact promotes watermelon seed consumption and encourages food and pharmaceutical companies to use this innovative ingredient. The watermelon rind has all the nutrients of the pulp and also more antioxidants, minerals, vitamins, and bioactive substances. Numerous studies show that watermelon peel is high in fiber and nutrients and can be used in a variety of culinary products. These residues need to be utilized for creating innovative functional food products with added value for the food chain’s sustainability. More studies of watermelon by-products are required to promote functional food, nutraceutical, and pharmaceutical applications. This review aims to shed light on the underutilized portion of watermelon and its chemical properties in order to pave the way for future research.

The study focused on the examination of eight commercial hypertonic, isotonic, and hypotonic beverage samples that were packaged in aluminum cans or polyethylene terephthalate (PET) bottles. The pH value, caffeine content, and concentration of thirty elements were determined. Caffeine quantification was performed by a high-performance liquid chromatography method. Element determination was conducted by using inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectrometry. The results showed that pH values were much more acidic in all samples, ranging from 2.68 to 3.97. Caffeine concentrations ranged from 0.02–38.93 mg/100 mL between the samples and were found to be below the acceptable daily level (~400 mg) established by the relevant food regulatory authority. The measurable quantity of caffeine (~10 mg/100 mL) was found in two functional beverage samples where caffeine was labeled as an ingredient. Element concentration varied with statistically significant differences (p < 0.05) among all samples. Elements such as arsenic, cadmium, chromium, and lead were measured below the corresponding permissible levels set by the European Commission; however, daily consumption of functional beverages should be examined to deteriorate several health risks. Aluminum was quantified above the parametric value by 21 to 117% in the canned samples, whereas antimony was only measured in PET-bottled samples at approximately 3 μg/L. Multivariate methods were applied to investigate any possible correlation between the samples and the examined parameters. Strong positive correlations with statistically significant differences (R > 0.9, p < 0.05) were observed between zinc and copper and between calcium and silver. Finally, similarities and differences between the samples and the examined parameters resulted in satisfactory discrimination of them regarding not only their caffeine content but also their tonicity. Excessive consumption of functional beverages could represent a major public health issue due to elevated amounts of caffeine and elements. Consequently, the results of this research could facilitate the formulation of stricter standards in beverage consumption by revealing potential health hazards to consumers.

The aim of the present study was to compare the efficiency of targeted and untargeted breath analysis in the discrimination of lung cancer (Ca+) patients from healthy people (HC) and patients with benign pulmonary diseases (Ca−). Exhaled breath samples from 49 Ca+ patients, 36 Ca− patients and 52 healthy controls (HC) were analyzed by an SPME–GC–MS method. Untargeted treatment of the acquired data was performed with the use of the web-based platform XCMS Online combined with manual reprocessing of raw chromatographic data. Machine learning methods were applied to estimate the efficiency of breath analysis in the classification of the participants. Results: Untargeted analysis revealed 29 informative VOCs, from which 17 were identified by mass spectra and retention time/retention index evaluation. The untargeted analysis yielded slightly better results in discriminating Ca+ patients from HC (accuracy: 91.0%, AUC: 0.96 and accuracy 89.1%, AUC: 0.97 for untargeted and targeted analysis, respectively) but significantly improved the efficiency of discrimination between Ca+ and Ca− patients, increasing the accuracy of the classification from 52.9 to 75.3% and the AUC from 0.55 to 0.82. Conclusions: The untargeted breath analysis through the inclusion and utilization of newly identified compounds that were not considered in targeted analysis allowed the discrimination of the Ca+ from Ca− patients, which was not achieved by the targeted approach.