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Purpose The study report describes a rare bilateral variant of a six- and five-headed coracobrachialis muscle (CB). The musculocutaneous nerve (MCN) (bilaterally) and the median nerve (MN) lateral root (unilaterally) pierced CB heads, separating superficial from deep heads. Methods The variant bilateral CB was identified in a 78-year-old formalin-embalmed male cadaver, derived from a body donation program after a signed informed consent. Results At the right side: The 6-headed CB was pierced by the MCN, while the MN lateral root pierced the one superficial and deep head. CB was supplied by the lateral cord and the MCN. At the left side: A 5-headed CB was identified with three superficial distinct origins that fused into a common superficial head coursing anterior to MCN. The variant CB bilaterally (with 11 heads in total) coexisted with a MN variant formation, an atypical course of the MN lateral root through CB (right side), a connection of the MN lateral root with the MCN (left side) and a variant axillary artery branching pattern (bilaterally). Conclusions Course and direction of the accessory CB heads may occasionally entrap the MCN and/or adjacent structures (brachial artery and MN). The MCN compression results in problems in the glenohumeral joint flexion and adduction, and tingling or numbness of the elbow joint, the forearm lateral parts and the hand.

Purpose The study-report describes a rare bilateral variant of a six- and five-headed coracobrachialis muscle (CB). The musculocutaneous nerve (MCN) (bilaterally) and the median nerve (MN) lateral root (unilaterally) pierced CB heads, separating superficial from deep heads. Methods The variant bilateral CB was identified in a 78-year-old formalin-embalmed male cadaver, derived from a body donation program after a signed informed consent. Results At the right side: The 6-headed CB was pierced by the MCN, while the MN lateral root pierced the one superficial and deep head. CB was supplied by the lateral cord and the MCN. At the left side: A 5-headed CBM was identified with three superficial distinct origins that fused into a common superficial head coursing anterior to MCN. The variant CB bilaterally (with 11 heads in total) coexisted with a MN variant formation, an atypical course of the MN lateral root through CB (right side), a connection of the MN lateral root with the MCN (left side) and a variant axillary artery branching pattern (bilaterally). Conclusions Course and direction of the accessory CB heads may occasionally entrap the MCN and/or adjacent structures (brachial artery and MN). The MCN compression results in problems in the glenohumeral joint flexion and adduction, and tingling or numbness of the elbow joint, the forearm lateral parts and the hand.

The Kocher manoeuvre is used for mobilization of the duodenum and head of the pancreas and bears the name of Theodor Kocher, who published it in 1903. We describe the embryology of the duodenum and pancreas, relating it to surgical anatomy applied during the procedure. Finally, we present the key points of the procedure, providing more insights into the anatomical structures that are mainly involved.

INTRODUCTION Vaccination against the flu is the best method for the prevention of illness by influenza viruses. The objective of this study was to assess the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the seasonal influenza vaccination attitudes in Greece and to identify factors associated with a positive change in participants’ choice to vaccinate against the flu. METHODS This is a sub-analysis of a cross-sectional nationwide survey (n=1004) that was conducted between 28 April and 3 May 2020 using a mixed methodology for data collection: computer assisted telephone interviewing (CATI) and computer assisted web interviewing (CAWI). Sampling followed a proportionate, stratified by region, systematic procedure to ensure a nationally representative sample of the urban/rural population. Data were collected using a structured questionnaire consisting of four parts: 1) demographics;2) knowledge about COVID-19;3) attitudes toward COVID-19;and 4) practices to control COVID-19 and vaccination against the flu. RESULTS Of the respondents, 66.3% (n=665) had not been vaccinated for seasonal influenza during the 2019–2020 season, the period prior to the COVID-19 pandemic. However, of those, 21.8% showed willingness to receive the vaccine (n=145) the upcoming flu season 2020–2021. Factors independently associated with increased intention to vaccinate in those that had not been vaccinated the previous flu season included: age ≥65 years;the belief that vaccination against the flu is considered preventive against the spread of the coronavirus;not believing that coronavirus was man-made in a laboratory;and not believing that the pandemic will end once a large percentage of the population is infected. CONCLUSIONS Factors that shift public opinion in favor of seasonal flu vaccination can be utilized to design effective strategies to increase vaccination uptake. © 2021 Kopsidas I. et al.

Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is correlated with nocturia, erectile dysfunction and depression. The present observational study aims to investigate whether these entities are affected by Continuous Positive Airway Pressure (CPAP) treatment in moderate and severe OSA patients. A cohort consisting of 150 OSA patients were screened for eligibility; treatment with CPAP was recommended in 102 who fulfilled the inclusion criteria. From them, 9 denied therapy, 6 were lost during follow-up, 25 declined from proper CPAP use (control group), and 62 used CPAP properly throughout 12-month follow-up (patients group). All patients were asked to report nocturia episodes/night and complete Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS), Functional Outcomes of Sleep Questionnaire (FOSQ), International Index of Erectile Function (IIEF-15) Questionnaire and Zung Self-Rating Depression Scale (Zung SDS) to assess sleepiness, nocturia, erectile function, and depression symptoms at baseline and end of follow-up. Nocturia episodes/night (P < 0.001), ESS (P < 0.001), FOSQ score (P = 0.014), IIEF-15 score (P = 0.027), and Zung SDS score (P = 0.030) were independently improved in patients who properly used CPAP. In detail, “Overall Productivity” (P = 0.012), “Activity Level” (P = 0.006), “Vigilance” (P = 0.001), and “Intimate Relationships and Sexual Activity” (P=0.026) FOSQ subscales as well as “Erectile Function” (P = 0.008) and “Sexual Desire” (P = 0.031) IIEF-15 function domains were independently improved by CPAP. In contrast, no difference was observed in patients who abstained from CPAP therapy. The proper use of CPAP independently improves nocturia, erectile function, and depression symptoms in patients with moderate and severe OSA, implying a direct effect in these entities.

BACKGROUND Cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) represents a rare but highly aggressive malignancy that is often challenging to diagnose, especially in early stages. The role of existing tumor biomarkers for CCA diagnosis, remains controversial due to their low sensitivity and specificity. Increasing evidence has implicated long non-coding ribonucleic acid polymorphisms with cancer susceptibility in a variety of tumor types. The association between long non-coding ribonucleic acid homeobox protein transcript antisense intergenic ribonucleic acid (HOTAIR) polymorphisms and CCA risk has not been reported yet. AIM To investigate the influence of HOTAIR variants on the risk of CCA development. METHODS We conducted a case-control study in which three HOTAIR single nucleotide polymorphisms (rs920778, rs4759314 and rs7958904) were genotyped in a Greek cohort. Our study population included 122 CCA patients (80 males and 42 females) and 165 healthy controls. The polymorphisms under investigation were examined in peripheral blood samples. RESULTS HOTAIR rs4759314 AG and GG genotypes were associated with a significantly increased CCA risk [P = 0.004, odds ratio: 3.13; 95% confidence interval: 1.65-5.91 and P = 0.005, odds ratio: 12.31; 95% confidence interval: 1.48-101.87, respectively]. However, no significant associations of HOTAIR rs920778, and rs7958904 were detected. Similarly, we found no significant associations between rs4759314 AA genotype and CCA susceptibility. CONCLUSION HOTAIR rs4759314 AG and GG genotypes may be implicated with CCA development and may serve as a potential diagnostic biomarker.

Background Epidemiological data indicate that a large part of population needs to be vaccinated to achieve herd immunity. Hence, it is of high importance for public health officials to know whether people are going to get vaccinated for COVID-19. The objective of the present study was to examine the willingness of adult residents in Greece to receive a COVID-19 vaccine. Methods A cross-sectional was survey conducted among the adult general population of Greece between April 28, 2020 to May 03, 2020 (last week of lockdown), using a mixed methodology for data collection: Computer Assisted Telephone Interviewing (CATI) and Computer Assisted web Interviewing (CAWI). Using a sample size calculator, the target sample size was found to be around 1000 respondents. To ensure a nationally representative sample of the urban/rural population according to the Greek census 2011, a proportionate stratified by region systematic sampling procedure was used to recruit particpants. Data collection was guided through a structured questionnaire. Regarding willingness to COVID-19 vaccination, participants were asked to answer the following question: “If there was a vaccine available for the novel coronavirus, would you do it?” Results Of 1004 respondents only 57.7% stated that they are going to get vaccinated for COVID-19. Respondents aged > 65 years old, those who either themselves or a member of their household belonged to a vulnerable group, those believing that the COVID-19 virus was not developed in laboratories by humans, those believing that coronavirus is far more contagious and lethal compared to the H1N1 virus, and those believing that next waves are coming were statistically significantly more likely to be willing to get a COVID-19 vaccine. Higher knowledge score regarding symptoms, transmission routes and prevention and control measures against COVID-19 was significantly associated with higher willingness of respondents to get vaccinated. Conclusion A significant proportion of individuals in the general population are unwilling to receive a COVID-19 vaccine, stressing the need for public health officials to take immediate awareness-raising measures.

Primary extranodal non-Hodgkin lymphomas that involve skeletal muscles (PSML) are infrequent with non- specific features or symptoms. Therefore, their diagnosis can be immensely convoluted since they mimic other soft tissue tumors and diseases (34). In this study, the case of a 61-year-old male patient, who presented with a history of a 6-week left thigh oedema and concomitant pain in our Emergency Department, is discussed. The patient was initially reviewed in another institution; the results of imaging studies (ultrasound scan) were consistent with deep vein thrombosis (DVT).Despite treatment, the patient's pain and swelling was exacerbating, which forced him to visit our hospital. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) revealed a diffused mass in his right thigh, while fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) yielded a diagnosis of B-cell lymphoid hyperplasia. The patient was then referred to a tertiary cancer treatment center for further management.

Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is the third most common cause of cancer-related mortality. The fact that the vast majority of patients with PDAC are diagnosed at an advanced stage highlights the need of early diagnosis. As hereditary factors are associated with approximately 5% of all PDAC cases, a screening programme to these high-risk individuals (HRI) has been proposed. The aim of screening methods is to identify selected group of patients with morphological abnormalities at an early stage, in order to be treated promptly. In this study, we evaluate the surgical outcomes and the appropriateness of pancreatic resection in HRIs who were selected for screening.A systematic literature search of the PubMed, Embase, and Cochrane databases was performed. The clinicopathological features were recorded and evaluated.Six studies were selected for data collection. A total number of 77 patients were identified. Twenty-one patients had a germline mutation, with CDKN2A being the most prominent one (15.6%). Distal pancreatectomy was the most common surgical procedure (42.8%), followed by pancreaticoduodenectomy (33.8%). The mean disease-free survival was 23.6 months and tumour recurrence occurred in 9 patients (11.7%). Disease-specific mortality was 17.8%, while overall mortality was 19.5%. The most frequently reported postoperative diagnosis was PDAC (28 cases, 38.9%), followed by IPMN (23 cases, 31.9%), whereas high-grade PanIN lesions were found in 13 patients (18.1%).High-risk individuals for pancreatic cancer, who are eventually operated may have a relatively uneventful postoperative course, however the oncological outcomes are comparable to the general population.

The ulnar nerve originates from the anterior division of the lower trunk of the brachial plexus which continues as the medial cord and gives off branches to the forearm and the hand with motor and sensory fibers. The objective of the current study is to assemble the recognized anatomical variations of the ulnar nerve (UN) and underline their clinical impact. A literature search was undertaken via PubMed database, using the term: "ulnar nerve AND variations." Classical anatomical textbooks were also used for the normal anatomy of the UN. A total of 23 articles met the inclusion criteria, 16 of which are included in this review. Fifty-four additional articles provided useful information according to the aim of this review. Of great interest is the communication between the UN and the radial nerve (RN) in the forearm, as well as the communication between the UN and the median nerve (MN) in both forearm and hand. Furthermore, variations of the UN were observed in the hand and the classification of the UN compression was also described according to the point of the neuropathy. These collecting data are categorized into five tables. Additional aberrations were also included in this review. According to literature, the UN is characterized by numerous variations of its course and branches. Therefore, good knowledge of the normal anatomy is essential. Moreover, the anomalies are of particular importance due to their significant clinical implications and should be taken into consideration by the surgeons during surgical procedures in this region.

Aim To investigate the reasons for disparity regarding the country-specific COVID-19-related case fatality rate (CFR) within the 30 countries of the European Economic Area (EEA). Materials and methods Data regarding population, area, COVID-19-associated infections/deaths, vaccination, life expectancy, elderly population, infant mortality, gender disparity, urbanization, gross domestic product (GDP), income per capita, health spending per capita, physicians, nursing personnel, hospital beds, ICU beds, hypertension, diabetes, obesity, and smoking from all EEA countries were collected from official sources on January 16, 2022. Correlation coefficients were computed, and optimal scaling using ridge regression was used to reach the most parsimonious multivariate model assessing any potential independent correlation of public health parameters with COVID-19 CFR. Results COVID-19 CFR ranges from 0.1% (Iceland) to 4.0% (Bulgaria). All parameters but population density, GDP, total health spending (% of GDP), ICU beds, diabetes, and obesity were correlated with COVID-19 CFR. In the most parsimonious multivariate model, elderly population rate (P = 0.018), males/total ratio (P = 0.013), nurses/hospital beds (P = 0.001), physicians/hospital beds (P = 0.026), public health spending (P = 0.013), smoking rate (P = 0.013), and unvaccinated population rate (P = 0.00005) were demonstrated to present independent correlation with COVID-19 CFR. In detail, the COVID-19 CFR is estimated to increase by 1.24 times in countries with vaccination rate of0.34, 1.11 times in countries with an elderly population rate of ≥0.20, 1.14 times in countries with male ratio values ≥0.493, 1.12 times in countries spending2,000$ annually per capita for public health, 1.14 and 1.10 times in countries with2.30 nurses and0.88 physicians per hospital bed, respectively, and 1.12 in countries with smoking ratio ≥0.22, while holding all other independent variables of the model constant. Conclusion COVID-19 CFR varies substantially among EEA countries and is independently linked with low vaccination rates, increased elderly population rate, diminished public health spending per capita, insufficient physicians and nursing personnel per hospital bed, and prevalent smoking habits. Therefore, public health authorities are awaited to consider these parameters in prioritizing actions to manage the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic.

Various causes of neuromuscular disorders of the pelvic floor muscles may affect the functional integrity of the pelvic floor and anorectum leading to the different pathological conditions such as anorectal incontinence, urinary incontinence and constipation of obstructed defecation, sexual dysfunction, and perineal pain syndromes. Diagnosis of the dysfunctional anorectum and pelvic floor disorders is an integrated approach that includes a thorough history, a careful physical examination, and selected specialized tests as well as the exclusion of organic disease (anorectal or endopelvic) which complement the patient’s evaluation contributing to objective and accurate diagnosis of their pathological cause leading to the optimal treatment.

Several studies propose that nocturia, which is common among obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) patients, might be benefited from continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) treatment. However, related literature remains obscure and thus needs further consolidation and clarification. The present study aimed to provide further evidence regarding potent correlation between CPAP and nocturia in OSA patients. Five hundred and thirty publications were selected after a search in PubMed, Cochrane Library, ClinicalTrials.gov , Google Scholar databases, as well as in unpublished literature. Study eligibility criteria were fulfilled by 11 studies. A systematic review and meta-analysis with subgroup analyses and meta-regressions examined 11 means regarding nocturia rates before and after treatment with CPAP in a total of 830 patients. Mean differences (MD) and confidence intervals (CI) were estimated using random effects model. The study was registered to PROSPERO database (ID: 160600). Nocturia rates are diminished after CPAP treatment, when compared with nocturia rates before CPAP treatment: Overall MD = − 1.13, 95% CI: [− 1.48, − 0.78], P 27 mg/m2 BMI (P = 0.012). Nocturia is alleviated in CPAP-treated OSA patients; CPAP beneficial effect is independently correlated with younger age, increased BMI, and less severe cases.

Currently, extracellular vesicles and particularly exosomes have gained a lot of research interest due to their unique roles in several biological processes. Noncoding RNAs (microRNAs, long noncoding RNAs and circular RNAs) represent a class of functional RNA with distinct regulatory roles in tumorigenesis and cancer progression. Cholangiocarcinoma is a rare but highly aggressive type of malignancy that is very challenging to diagnose, especially in early stages; surgical resection still represents the sole potentially curative treatment option. Hence, there is an urgent need for the discovery of novel diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers. Hereby, we provide a comprehensive review of the most recent discoveries that focus on exosomal noncoding RNAs in cholangio-carcinoma with the aim to identify new molecular players that could be used as biomarkers and therapeutic targets.

Obturator hernias (OH) are extremely rare hernias, accounting for 0.07–1% of all hernias. This is the first systematic review investigating their presentation, imaging, treatment outcomes, and recurrence rate. After a detailed search in electronic search engines, 74 studies matched our criteria. A review of these reports was conducted and the full texts were examined. A total of 146 patients with a mean age of 78.8 years were included in our analysis, with 40.1%, 29.9%, and 25.2% of patients suffering from either a right, a left or bilateral OH, respectively. OH were associated with non-specific symptoms and signs; bowel obstruction being the most common. Howship–Romberg sign was present in 56.2% of patients. Computed tomography (CT) scan was the most frequently used diagnostic modality, inversely associated with perioperative mortality. Mesh repair demonstrated a significantly improved perioperative morbidity rate, compared with non-mesh repair. Approximately 30% of patients underwent a laparoscopic operation, which was associated with significantly decreased morbidity and mortality rate as well as length of hospital stay, compared with the open repair. OHs are not associated with specific symptoms and signs; thus, they constitute a diagnostic challenge, requiring a high level of clinical suspicion. Undoubtedly, CT scan of the abdomen is the gold standard diagnostic tool. Their operative repair is mandatory, with the laparoscopic approach demonstrating significant advantages over the open repair.

Uterine arteries are the main vessels supplying blood to the uterus. Mainly, they originate from the anterior trunk of the internal iliac artery. Uterine arteries play an important role in pregnancy as well as transcatheter arterial embolization for postpartum hemorrhage and uterine fibroid management. This is a review of the English literature in the PubMed database of the anatomic variety on the origin of uterine arteries and their clinical significance. Eleven studies describe the origin of the uterine arteries and their variations in the literature. In six studies, the uterine artery emerged from internal iliac artery in the majority of the cases, either as a separate branch, or as a bifurcation with the inferior gluteal artery, or trifurcation with superior and inferior gluteal artery. In two studies, the inferior gluteal artery manifested as the main source of the uterine artery, whereas in three studies, the umbilical artery posed as its main origin. Internal iliac artery is described as the most common vascular origin of uterine artery. However, this review highlights that the main vessels of origin for uterine arteries are internal iliac, umbilical and inferior gluteal artery. Nevertheless, classification and further research for this peculiar anatomic structure is fundamental in the future.

Background/Aim: The strategy for treatment of bilateral simultaneous renal pelvic and/or ureteral tumors has not been established and is dependent on individual decision. Case Report: We herein report the case of an elderly man who was examined for fatigue at the emergency department and subsequently diagnosed with bilateral ureteral cancer. The most common histologic type of ureteral cancer is urothelial (transitional epithelium) cancer and though it is rare, it can be synchronously present in the contralateral ureter. Computed tomography-urography (CTU) has very good results regarding diagnosis and surgical treatment and -though not preferred in our case-, it has shown promising results. Conclusion: We believe that conservative treatment is a viable therapeutic option for simultaneous bilateral renal pelvic and/or ureteral tumors in selected patients. Yet, this treatment has seldom been performed, although standard therapy with bilateral nephroureterectomy inevitably requires the support of hemodialysis or renal transplantation.

Objective Colchicine has been utilized safely in a variety of cardiovascular clinical conditions. Among its potential mechanisms of action is the non-selective inhibition of NLRP3 inflammasome which is thought to be a major pathophysiologic component in the clinical course of patients with COVID-19. GRECCO-19 will be a prospective, randomized, open-labeled, controlled study to assess the effects of colchicine in COVID-19 complications prevention. Methods Patients with laboratory confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection (under RT PCR) and clinical picture that involves temperature >37.5 oC and at least two out of the: i. sustained coughing, ii. sustained throat pain, iii. Anosmia and/or ageusia, iv. fatigue/tiredness, v. PaO2, Graphical abstract Image 1

We study variations of the aortic arch (AA) and its first branches, the brachiocephalic, common carotid, and subclavian arteries. Specifically, we describe anatomical variations of the left subclavian artery (LSA) and their significance in clinical practice. Such variations are commonly associated with congenital anomalies of the right-sided AA (RAA) and/or great vessels. A systematic search of the PubMed online database for studies of LSA variations and RAA, published between 2000 and 2020, produced a total of 73 articles for our study (n = 258 cases). Three of the most common variants were aberrant LSA (32.9%), RAA with mirror-image branching (49.6%), and isolated LSA (17.4%). Although RAA and LSA variations are rare, they may give rise to symptoms during the first stages of life or adulthood and may require surgical repair. Patients can remain asymptomatic, but incidental findings on imaging studies may lead to surgical interventions in areas of the neck or thorax. In such cases, planning the surgical procedure can be challenging, and possible implications must be considered.

Objective. The aim of our paper is to present a rare variation of the suprascapular vein, its incidence and clinical significance. Case Report. A rare case of a double suprascapular vein was observed in a digi­talized human cadaver on Anatomage Table 5.0. The vein divided into two branches, one passing over the tr ansverse scapular ligament, while the other one coursed underneath the ligament, inside the notch. Conclusion. This variation has major clinical impor­tance as it is associated with the appearance of Supra­scapular nerve entrapment syndrome.

Background: Stage IIIA non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is a heterogeneous group of patients, often requiring variable and individualized approaches. The dilemma to operate or not frequently arises, since more than 75% of the cases of NSCLC are diagnosed in advanced stages (IIIA). The main objective of this study was to assess whether the benefits outweigh surgical risks for the T 4 N 0–1 M 0 subgroup. Methods: Data from 857 patients with locally advanced T4 NSCLC were retrospectively collected from two different institutions, between 2002 and 2017. Clinical data that were retrieved and analyzed, included demographics, comorbidities, surgical details, neoadjuvant or/and adjuvant therapy and postoperative complications. Results: Twelve patients were in the cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) group and thirty in the non-CPB. The most common types of lung cancer were squamous cell carcinoma (50.0%) and adenocarcinoma (35.7%). The most frequent invasion of the tumor was seen in main pulmonary artery and the superior vena cava. Significantly more patients of the CPB group underwent pneumonectomy as their primary lung resection (P=0.006). In all patients R0 resection was achieved according to histological reports. The overall 5-year survival was 60%, while the median overall survival was 22.5 months. Analysis revealed that patient age (P=0.027), preoperative chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) (P=0.001), tumor size (4.0 vs. 6.0 cm) (P=0.001), postoperative respiratory dysfunction (P=0.001) and postoperative atelectasis (P=0.036) are possible independent variables that are significantly correlated with patient outcome. Conclusions: We suggest that in patients with stage IIIA/T4 NSCLC, complete resection of the T4 tumor, although challenging, can be performed in highly selected patients. Such an approach seems to result in improved long-term survival. More specific studies on this area of NSCLC probably will further enlighten this field, and may result in even better outcomes, as advanced systemic perioperative approaches such as modern chemotherapy, immunotherapy and improvements in radiation therapy have been incorporated in daily practice.

Σκοπός της παρούσας διατριβής είναι η μελέτη των μεταβολών του μονοξειδίου του αζώτου, της συνθάσης του NO, της οξειδάσης της ξανθίνης και της αντιοξειδωτικής ικανότητας σε εγκαυματίες ασθενείς, και η διερεύνηση των παθοφυσιολογικών μεταβολών και των διαγνωστικών και θεραπευτικών δυνατοτήτων. Υλικό-Μέθοδος: Χρονική διάρκεια μελέτης, 5 έτη. Υλικό: 25 ασθενείς (μέγεθος εγκαύματος, 5-64% ΟΕΣ). Οι ασθενείς χωρίστηκαν σε 2 ομάδες (Ομάδα Α, έγκαυμα 20% ΟΕΣ). Ελήφθησαν δείγματα αίματος έως και την 16η ημέρα, με βάση συγκεκριμένο πρωτόκολλο, και μετρήθηκαν οι ειδικές παράμετροι με λουμινόλη εξαρτώμενη χημειοφωταύγεια και ενζυμική κινητική. Αποτελέσματα: Όλες οι προς μελέτη παράμετροι είναι αυξημένες σε σχέση με τις φυσιολογικές. Μεταξύ των δύο ομάδων ανευρίσκονται σε συγκεκριμένες χρονικές στιγμές στατιστικά σημαντικές διαφορές, οι οποίες αναφέρονται λεπτομερώς στη μελέτη. Συμπεράσματα: (α) Η μείωση της παραγωγής του NO το πρώτο 24ωρο είναι εικονική, διότι αντιδράς με το Ο₂ προς σχηματισμό ΟΝΟΟ, (β) Η τοξική αναιμία του εγκαύματος οφείλεται εν μέρει στο ΟΝΟΟ, (γ) Το NO έχει ευεργετική δράση στην επούλωση, αν και στην αρχή μπορεί να συμβάλλει στην ιστική βλάβη (διττός ρόλος), (δ) Η αντιοξειδωτική ικανότητα εξαρτάται από τις μεταγγίσεις πλάσματος, (ε) Η ΝΟ-συνθάση είναι ευαίσθητο ένζυμο και μπορεί να εκκρίνεται και απρόσφορα, (στ) Η οξειδάση της ξανθίνης παράγεται όψιμα και εξαρτάται από τη δράση του θερμικού αιτίου, της λοίμωξης και των δερματικών μοσχευμάτων, (ζ) Τα εγκαύματα 20%, (η) Τα οξειδωτικά δεν έχουν ρόλο μόνο τις πρώτες ημέρες όπως πιστεύεται αλλά και στη συνέχεια.