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Dimetridazole (DMZ) is a broad-spectrum anti-anaerobic and antiprotozoal drug extensively used for the control of blackhead disease in poultry (especially turkeys). The presence of DMZ and its metabolites in animal food poses potential risks to human health. In this study, we developed a high-performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC/MS-MS) method for the precise detection of DMZ and its metabolite 2-hydroxymethyl-1-methyl-5-nitroimidazole (HMMNI). Our results demonstrate a strong linear relationship (r² > 0.99) between the concentrations of DMZ and HMMNI in tissues and egg within the range of 1~100 ng/g. The limits of detection (LOD) were determined to be 0.5 ng/g, with corresponding limits of quantification (LOQ) at 1.0 ng/g. Furthermore, average recoveries in tissues and egg fell within the range of 84.90% to 103.01%, with coefficients of variation below 15% for both intra-day and inter-day analyses. To investigate the residue elimination pattern of DMZ and HMMNI, diets containing 500 mg/kg DMZ were fed to healthy SanHuang chicken and Hy-line Gray laying hens for 10 consecutive days. The results indicated that the concentration of HMMNI consistently exceeded that of DMZ during the same period, in both broiler tissues and egg. Sebum showed the slowest elimination of DMZ and HMMNI, becoming undetectable after 168 h of withdrawal. In egg, residues of both substances peaked on the first day after drug withdrawal, followed by slow elimination with half-lives of 0.45 days for DMZ and 0.66 days for HMMNI. Based on these findings, WT1.4 software was used to calculate a withdrawal time of 11 days for broilers and an egg abandonment period of 14 days after withdrawal for laying hens, providing a scientific basis for the safe and rational use of DMZ in poultry farming. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, we established a method for the determination of metronidazolem, dimetridazole and ronidazole in honey by ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS). The analytes were extracted from samples, purified using a cation exchange cartridge, separated on a C18 (3.0 mm × 100 mm, 1.7 μm) chromatographic column, detected in the multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) mode, and quantitated by an internal standard method. Metronidazolem, dimetridazole and ronidazole were separated well and their calibration curves were linear in the concentration range of 1.0–100.0 ng/mL. The relative standard deviation for replicate determinations was 1.6%–3.7% (n = 6), and the average recoveries for spiked samples ranged from 95.0% to 101.4%. This method has the advantages of low matrix interference, simple operation and high accuracy, an is suitable for the determination of the residues of metronidazolem, dimetridazole and ronidazole in honey.

Dimetridazole (DMZ), a nitroimidazole derivative, is a notable antibiotic that has garnered growing interest in the medical community owing to its noteworthy pharmacological and toxicological properties. Increasing interest is being directed toward developing high-performance sensors for continuous monitoring of DMZ in food samples. This research investigated an electrochemical sensor-based nano-sized ErVO4 attached to a sheet-like g-CN-coated glassy carbon electrode to determine dimetridazole (DMZ). The chemical structure and morphological characterization of synthesized ErVO4@g-CN were analyzed with XRD, FTIR, TEM, and EDS. Irregular shapes of ErVO4 nanoparticles are approximately 15 nm. Cyclic voltammetry (CV) and differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) were followed to examine the electrochemical performance in pH 7 phosphate buffer solution for higher performance. This electrochemical sensor showed a low detection limit (LOD) of 1 nM over a wide linear range of 0.5 to 863.5 µM. Also, selectivity, stability, repeatability, and reproducibility studies were investigated. Furthermore, this electrochemical sensor was applied to real-time milk sample analysis for the detection of analytes.

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Dimetridazole (DMZ) is commonly used as a veterinary drug, resulting in high emissions and environmental pollution and DMZ residues are carcinogenic, genotoxic, and mutagenic to humans. Therefore, it is essential to construct a fast, sensitive and simple sensor to monitor DMZ. In this study, samarium molybdate nanosheets modified multi-walled carbon nanotube composites (SmM/MWCNT) were synthesized to modify GCE for detecting DMZ. The SmM/MWCNT material was also characterized by various analytical and spectroscopic techniques, such as FE-SEM, HRTEM, FT-IR, Raman spectroscopy, XRD, elemental mapping and XPS, to demonstrate the successful synthesis of the composite. Besides, the electrochemical behavior of SmM/MWCNT/GCE for DMZ was also investigated using CV and DPV, and the modified electrode showed good electrochemical sensing performance for DMZ with a low detection limit (0.08 μM), a wide linear range (0.1∼1000 μM), and excellent selectivity. Finally, the SmM/MWCNT/GCE was successfully applied to detect DMZ in environmental and biological samples, and satisfactory recoveries (95%∼105%) were obtained. To the best of our knowledge, the synthesis of SmM/MWCNT and its application in electrochemical sensors are reported for the first time, which demonstrates that it can provide a new route for real-time monitoring of environmental pollutants. [Display omitted] • Rare earth binary metal oxide-modified MWCNT synthesized by hydrothermal method. • The proposed sensor exhibits excellent analytical performance for DMZ detection. • The SmM/CNT/GCE for detecting DMZ in real samples confirms its practical value. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pseudomonas aeruginosa relies on its complex cellular regulatory network to produce a series of virulence factors and to cause various acute and chronic infections in a wide range of hosts. Compared with traditional antibiotics which frequently accompany with widespread antibiotic resistance, crippling the virulence system of bacteria is expected to be a promising anti-infective strategy. In this study, Dimetridazole and Ribavirin, which had poor antibacterial activities on P. aeruginosa reference isolate PAO1 in nutrient medium but significantly inhibited the growth of P. aeruginosa PAO1 in M9-adenosine, were selected from 40 marketed compounds with similar core structure (furan, benzofuran, or flavonoids) to the acyl-homoserine lactone signals of P. aeruginosa quorum sensing (QS) system. The production of QS-controlled proteases, pyocyanin, and biofilm formation of P. aeruginosa PAO1 and the clinical isolates were significantly decreased by the presence of Dimetridazole or Ribavirin. Correspondingly, the majority of QS-activated genes in P. aeruginosa, including the key regulatory genes lasR, rhlR, and pqsR and their downstream genes, were significantly inhibited by Ribavirin or Dimetridazole, as determined by RNA-sequencing and quantitative PCR. Furthermore, the susceptibilities of drug-resistant P. aeruginosa isolates to polymyxin B, meropenem, and kanamycin were remarkably promoted by the synergistic application of Dimetridazole or Ribavirin. Finally, the treatment of Ribavirin or Dimetridazole effectively protected Caenorhabditis elegans and mice from P. aeruginosa infection. In conclusion, this study reports the antivirulence potentials of Dimetridazole and Ribavirin on P. aeruginosa and provides structural basis and methodological reference for the development of anti-pseudomonal drugs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dimetridazole (DMZ) is a broad-spectrum antibiotic effective against bacterial and protozoan infections in humans and poultry farms. However, excessive DMZ intake leads to harmful effects. Thus, minimizing its environmental presence is crucial for sustaining daily life. This study presents an innovative approach to construct flower-like SnS particle decorations on a nickel metal-organic framework (Ni-MOF@SnS) as an electrocatalyst for DMZ detection. The Ni-MOF@SnS/GCE sensor exhibits exceptional electrocatalytic behavior, including a significantly reduced detection limit of 1.6 nM, extensive linear ranges from 0.01 μM to 60 μM and from 60 μM to 231 μM at lower and higher DMZ concentrations, respectively. It also shows enhanced sensitivity (0.139 μA μM−1 cm−2) and remarkable selectivity for DMZ detection using differential-pulse voltammetry (DPV). Furthermore, the proposed sensor demonstrates good recovery results with actual food samples. • Ni-MOF@SnS composite was prepared using a hydrothermal route. • Ni-MOF@SnS/GCE sensor was used to detect DMZ. • The Ni-MOF@SnS/GCE showed an LOD value of 1.6 nM from the DPV analysis. • The fabricated sensor was used to detect DMZ in egg and milk samples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dimetridazole (DMZ) is a broad-spectrum anti-anaerobic and antiprotozoal drug extensively used for the control of blackhead disease in poultry (especially turkeys). The presence of DMZ and its metabolites in animal food poses potential risks to human health. In this study, we developed a high-performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC/MS-MS) method for the precise detection of DMZ and its metabolite 2-hydroxymethyl-1-methyl-5-nitroimidazole (HMMNI). Our results demonstrate a strong linear relationship (r 2  > 0.99) between the concentrations of DMZ and HMMNI in tissues and egg within the range of 1~100 ng/g. The limits of detection (LOD) were determined to be 0.5 ng/g, with corresponding limits of quantification (LOQ) at 1.0 ng/g. Furthermore, average recoveries in tissues and egg fell within the range of 84.90% to 103.01%, with coefficients of variation below 15% for both intra-day and inter-day analyses. To investigate the residue elimination pattern of DMZ and HMMNI, diets containing 500 mg/kg DMZ were fed to healthy SanHuang chicken and Hy-line Gray laying hens for 10 consecutive days. The results indicated that the concentration of HMMNI consistently exceeded that of DMZ during the same period, in both broiler tissues and egg. Sebum showed the slowest elimination of DMZ and HMMNI, becoming undetectable after 168 h of withdrawal. In egg, residues of both substances peaked on the first day after drug withdrawal, followed by slow elimination with half-lives of 0.45 days for DMZ and 0.66 days for HMMNI. Based on these findings, WT1.4 software was used to calculate a withdrawal time of 11 days for broilers and an egg abandonment period of 14 days after withdrawal for laying hens, providing a scientific basis for the safe and rational use of DMZ in poultry farming., Competing Interests: The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2024 Mo, Wei, Bai, Long, Liu and Ding.)

The objective of this paper is to evaluate and optimize the experimental parameters of the electro-deposition of silver atom nuclei on a graphite carbon paste to elaborate an electrochemical sensor. The electro-deposition process was performed using the cyclic voltammetry. The electrochemical studies show that the deposited silver micro-particle array offers an excellent electro-catalytic activity towards the NO2 attractor group of the dimetridazole side chain. SEM morphological analysis of the silver deposits indicates the presence of a large number of Ag micro-particles on the graphite carbon with good nucleation. The size of the Ag micro-particles is of the order of 19,7621 μm and their distribution is normal over the entire range of the pulp. DRX analysis of the deposit also indicates that the microcrystalline structure of the silver microcrystals in the deposit is face-centered cubic. The electrochemical behavior of dimetridazole is totally irreversible, the transfer process is controlled by diffusion phenomena on the surface of the electrode covered by a silver deposit realized μAg@CPE. The analytical performance of the constructed electrode shows a good selectivity. Calibration curves for the detection of dimetridazole have been drawn in the concentration range of 3,5 × 10−4 mol/L to 10−6 mol/L using cyclic voltammetry method, with a detection and quantification limits of 6.565 × 10−7 mol/L and 2.216 × 10−6 mol/L respectively. The applicability of the constructed electrode has been tested in real samples including orange juice, tomato juice, tap water. The results obtained show a recovery rate above 94%, which is very satisfactory.

The electro-catalytic detection of the anti-protazaire Dimetridazole was performed using the carbon paste electrode modified with μAg@CPE silver micro-particles which demonstrate excellent catalytic activity towards the –NO2 attractor groups of the side chain of Dimetridazol molecules which is converted to –NHOH. The results obtained confirmed that the Dimetridazole reduction reaction is diffusion controlled. The electrochemical behavior is completely irreversible. The effect of the pH of the PBS solution on the Dimetridazole reduction reaction revealed that the number of protons and electrons were equal., the μAg@CPE electrode shows a wide range of concentration linearity with current, the detection limit and the quantitation limit were estimated respectively LOD ​= ​2,01 ​× ​10−7 ​M and LOQ ​= ​7,83 ​× ​10−7M, according to the cyclic voltammetry method. The morphology and chemical composition of the manufactured electrode paste were characterized by SEM and X-ray diffraction. Suggesting the formation of silver micro-particles on the carbon sheets. The size of the silver micro-particles synthesized at 200 ​°C was of the order of 2 ​μm. The electrochemical parameters diffusion coefficient (D) and catalytic rate constant (k) were calculated respectively Ddiff ​= ​1,335 ​× ​10−4 cm2/s and kcat ​= ​5, 214 ​× ​103 ​mol ​l−1 ​s−1. The proposed sensor was successfully tested for the determination of Dimetridazole in real samples like clearly commercial milk, tomato juice and human urine; the results found were very satisfactory.

In this experiment, a highly effective electrochemical sensor based on a molecularly imprinted polymer has been developed for ultrasensitive detection of dimetridazole. The sensor was made by incorporating of dimetridazole as a template molecule during the electropolymerization of poly-arginine on a glassy carbon electrode. The modified electrode GCE/P-Arg@MIP was characterized by voltammetric and microscopic techniques. Differential pulse voltammetry method was used to detect target analyte under the optimum condition. The DPV response to dimetridazole was linear at 0.1 × 10−9 to 10 × 10−6 mol L−1 (R 2 = 0.996), with a method detection limit (S/N = 3) of 0.1 × 10−9 mol L−1. Moreover, the proposed sensor shows satisfactory recovery ranges for the determination dimetridazole in commercially available egg, milk and honey samples. Image 1 • Highly effective electrochemical MIP sensor developed for ultrasensitive detection of dimetridazole. • GCE/P-Arg@MIP electrode was fabricated via electrochemical deposition technique. • The proposed sensor exhibited a wide linear detection range with an LOD of 0.1 nM. • The GCE/P-Arg@MIP sensor was applied to detect analyte in egg, milk and honey. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effect of surface chemistry and morphology of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) on their adsorption capacity towards dimetridazole (DTZ) and metronidazole (MNZ) antibiotics from water solutions was investigated in this work. The CNTs studied were single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs), CNTs doped with nitrogen (N-CNTs), multiwalled CNTs (MWCNTs), and MWCNTs functionalized with carboxylic groups (MWCNT-COOH). The experimental adsorption equilibrium data were best interpreted with the Redlich–Peterson (R-P) isotherm model. At T of 25 °C and pH of 7, the capacities of adsorption decreased as follows: SWCNT > MWCNT > N-CNT ≈ MWCNT-COOH, and the maximum capacities of SWCNT towards MNZ and DTZ were 101 mg/g and 84 mg/g, correspondingly. The SWCNT had the highest adsorption capacity because SWCNT presented the largest surface area, and was the only nanomaterial with a basic surface. The adsorption of both antibiotics on the CNTs was predominantly ascribed to the π-π stacking. The basic groups promoted the π-π stacking interactions and favored the adsorption capacity towards MNZ and DTZ. The capacity of SWCNT for adsorbing MNZ was lessening substantially by reducing the pH from 11 to 2, and the electrostatic interactions caused this trend. The Sheindorf–Rebuhn–Sheintuch adsorption model interpreted the data for the competitive adsorption of DTZ and MNZ on SWCNT adequately. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Two new Ni(II)-based complexes synthesized and used as an efficient photocatalyst for antibiotics photodegradation. [Display omitted] Two new Ni(II) complexes having compositions [Ni(phen)(HL)(H₂O)] (1) and [Ni 2 (phen) 2 (H₂L) 2 (H₂O) 6 ·2H₂L] (2) (H 3 L = 4′-(3,4-dicarboxylphenyloxy)-4-biphenyl carboxylic acid; phen = 1,10-phenanthroline), have been successfully synthesized solvothermally and characterized by microanalyses, FTIR and single crystal X-ray diffraction. The single crystal X-ray diffraction analyses revealed that both 1 and 2 possess distorted octahedral geometry and displayed varied types of non-covalent interactions to stabilize their solid state frameworks. Further, these complexes have been used as photocatalysts for the photodegradation of antibiotics. The photocatalysis experiments reveal that 1 is relatively a better photocatalyst than 2 for photo-decomposing dimetridazole (DTZ) upto 92.5 % in time spans of 45 min. Additional investigation on 1 suggests that it retains its photocatalytic activity after six catalytic cycles indicating its efficient catalytic activity and reusability. The plausible photocatalytic mechanism have been addressed with the help of density of states plots and Hirshfeld surface analyses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dimetridazole (DMZ), a nitroimidazole derivative, is a notable antibiotic that has garnered growing interest in the medical community owing to its noteworthy pharmacological and toxicological properties. Increasing interest is being directed toward developing high-performance sensors for continuous monitoring of DMZ in food samples. This research investigated an electrochemical sensor-based nano-sized ErVO 4 attached to a sheet-like g-CN-coated glassy carbon electrode to determine dimetridazole (DMZ). The chemical structure and morphological characterization of synthesized ErVO 4 @g-CN were analyzed with XRD, FTIR, TEM, and EDS. Irregular shapes of ErVO 4 nanoparticles are approximately 15 nm. Cyclic voltammetry (CV) and differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) were followed to examine the electrochemical performance in pH 7 phosphate buffer solution for higher performance. This electrochemical sensor showed a low detection limit (LOD) of 1 nM over a wide linear range of 0.5 to 863.5 µM. Also, selectivity, stability, repeatability, and reproducibility studies were investigated. Furthermore, this electrochemical sensor was applied to real-time milk sample analysis for the detection of analytes.

In the present work, a cobalt molybdate (CoMoO 4 ) hollow spheres-incorporated graphitic carbon nitride (g-CN) composite is prepared for the electrochemical detection of dimetridazole (DZ). The synergistic effect between the hollow-structured CoMoO 4 and g-CN nanosheets facilitates the transportation of electrons through kinetic barriers, thereby providing a high electrical conductivity with increased electroactive sites. The proposed CoMoO 4 @g-CN-modified electrode displayed a wide linear range (0.001-492.77 μM) and a lower detection limit (LOD: 0.4 nM) for the determination of DZ through the amperometry (i-t) method. In addition, the CoMoO 4 @g-CN-modified electrode achieved good operational stability, anti-interfering ability (five-fold excess amount of co-interfering compounds) and reproducibility. These results demonstrate the increased electrocatalytic activity of CoMoO 4 @g-CN modified glassy carbon electrode (GCE) towards the detection of DZ in food samples with satisfactory recovery ranges., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2023 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

In this study novel tetra furfurylamide substituted metal phthalocyanine (M=Co, Cu, Ni & Zn) were synthesized and characterized by elemental analysis, Ultra-violet, Fourier transfer infrared spectroscopy, mass spectroscopy and powder X-ray diffraction analysis. The cobalt (II) tetra furfurylamide phthalocyanine (CoTfurNH2Pc) tailored GCE was constructed by drop covering technique. The fabricated electrode was subjected for electrochemical investigation of oxidizable species such as dopamine (DA), uric acid (UA) and reducible moiety like dimetridazole (DMZ). It was noticed that CoTfurNH2Pc/GCE exhibits admirable electrochemical performance for dopamine, uric acid oxidation and dimetridazole reduction in PBS pH 7.0. The sensor exhibits sensitivity for DA (CV 0.179, DPV 0.333, CA 0.486 µA µM-1cm-2), for UA (CV 0.517, DPV 0.374, CA 0.129 µA µM-1cm-2), for DMZ is (CV - 8.55, DPV -13.73, CA -0.393 µA µM-1cm-2) respectively (S/N=3). Biomolecules present in same solution can be sensed by constructed electrode with peaks resolution of 348 millivolts and 318 millivolts for dopamine-dimetridazole and dimetridazole-uric acid respectively. The CoTfurNH2Pc fabricated electrode has various useful properties like high repeatability, quick response and steadiness. Further DPV and chronoamperometric of titled compound has been studied. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Graphical abstract Highlights • Adsorption characteristics of dimetridazole on TiO 2 crystal surface have been studied by DFT. • We found that the possibility of degradation of dimetridazole on the surface of TiO 2. • Our results show that TiO 2 (1 0 1) crystal surface can effectively use visible light under acidic and alkaline conditions. Abstract In this paper, the adsorption characteristics of dimetridazole on anatase TiO 2 (1 0 1) and (0 0 1) crystal surfaces has been studied by using density functional theory. Adsorption structures of dimetridazole on anatase TiO 2 (1 0 1) and (0 0 1) crystal surfaces have been optimized under vacuum, water, acidic and alkaline conditions, respectively. The optimum adsorption site, adsorption energy and the electronic structure of the stable adsorption model were calculated. By analyzing the optimal adsorption site, we found that the possibility of degradation of dimetridazole on the surface of TiO 2 and reaction site of degradation were the opening ring of C N bond on the imidazole ring. By comparing the adsorption characteristics of dimetridazole on two different crystal planes of TiO 2 under acidic and alkaline conditions, we found that the adsorption wavelengths of electron transition between conduction bands and valence bands of dimetridazole on anatase TiO 2 (1 0 1) crystal plane are within the range of visible wavelength. The results show that TiO 2 (1 0 1) can effectively utilize visible light and catalyze the adsorption and degradation reaction of dimetridazole on TiO 2 (1 0 1) surface. Our results show that TiO 2 (1 0 1) crystal surface can effectively use visible light under acidic and alkaline conditions. Our conclusion can explain the experimental result that the use of visible light on TiO 2 (0 0 1) face is greatly affected by the environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

1,2-Dimethyl-5-nitroimidazole (dimetridazole, dimet) is a compound that belongs to a class of nitroimidazole drugs that are effective at inhibiting the activity of certain parasites and bacteria. However, there are few reports that describe structures of compounds that feature metals complexed by dimet. Therefore, we report here that dimet reacts with CuCl2·H2O to yield a chloride-bridged copper(II) dimer, [Cu2Cl4(C5H7N3O2)4] or [Cu(μ-Cl)Cl(dimet)2]2. In this molecule, the CuII ions are coordinated in an approximately trigonal–bipyramidal manner, and the molecule lies across an inversion center. The dihedral angle between the imidazole rings in the asymmetric unit is 4.28 (7)°. Compared to metronidazole, dimetridazole lacks the hydroxyethyl group, and thus cannot form intermolecular O...H hydrogen-bonding interactions. Instead, [Cu(μ-Cl)Cl(dimet)2]2 exhibits weak intermolecular interactions between the hydrogen atoms of C—H groups and (i) oxygen in the nitro groups, and (ii) the terminal and bridging chloride ligands. The unit cell contains four disordered acetonitrile molecules. These were modeled as providing a diffuse contribution to the overall scattering by SQUEEZE [Spek (2015). Acta Cryst. C71, 9–18], which identified two voids, each with a volume of 163 Å3 and a count of 46 electrons, indicative of a total of four acetonitrile molecules. These acetonitrile molecules are included in the chemical formula to give the expected calculated density and F(000).

In order to alleviate the pressure on the ecological environment and human health caused by wastewater of nitroimidazole antibiotics and poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) plastic waste, we propose a strategy of using defective MIL-68(Al) (d-MIL-68(Al)) derived from waste PET plastic for dimetridazole (DMZ) capture. The resulting d-MIL-68(Al) exhibits an excellent adsorption capacity of 555.6 mg g -1 , which is three times of pristine MIL-68(Al) (181.8 mg g -1 ), demonstrating that the defective structures in d-MIL-68(Al) play a crucial role in the adsorption process. Remarkably, d-MIL-68(Al) can remove nearly 97% of DMZ in the first 10 s, and the removal efficiency reached 99% after adsorption equilibrium, affording a record kinetic rate constant k 2 (2.84 g mg -1  min -1 ). In short, d-MIL-68(Al) possesses both an ultrafast adsorption rate and outstanding adsorption capacity toward DMZ compared with reported adsorbents. Mechanism analysis reveals that the excellent DMZ adsorption performances can be ascribed to the abundant active sites caused by defective structures, as well as the π-π stacking and hydrogen bonding interactions between MOF and DMZ. Hence, d-MIL-68(Al) derived from waste PET plastic is an efficient porous adsorbent for rapid DMZ removal, which not only possesses great potential for wastewater treatment, but also reduces the harmful PET plastic waste, reflecting the concept of sustainable development., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2023 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Efficient capture of nitroimidazole antibiotics from wastewater remains a serious task for public health and environmental protection. In this report, we first propose a strategy of using highly flexible metal–organic framework for dimetridazole (DMZ) capture and excellent performance was achieved. Remarkably, MIL-53(Al) exhibits an excellent saturated adsorption capacity of 467.3 mg g −1 , surpassing all previous reported MOF-based adsorbents and various adsorbent materials like active carbons. Besides, it also shows extremely fast adsorption rate at the initial concentration of 40 mg L −1 . Over 90% of DMZ can be removed within 10 min and the adsorption kinetics will reach equilibrium after 60 min of contact. Moreover, the concrete interaction mechanism between DMZ and MIL-53(Al) was also investigated. The PXRD results show that MIL-53(Al) presents its narrow pore (NP) form in low DMZ concentration. Due to the overlap of potential energy, the van der waals interaction between DMZ and the framework of MIL-53(Al) can be significantly reinforced, leading to strong host–guest interaction and thereby excellent DMZ removal efficiency. As DMZ concentration increasing, the pore structure of MIL-53(Al) was propped open and switched to large pore (LP) form, further promoting its uptake capacity. This flexible adsorbent shows obvious advantage with higher removal efficiency and uptake capacity as compared with its rigid analogical adsorbents of MIL-68(Al) and Al-1,4-NDC. Our work therefore presents an effective adsorbent material for DMZ capture and this strategy of using flexible adsorbents may provide a new perspective for removing other nitroimidazole antibiotics from contaminated water for environmental remediation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Biochar derived from sugarcane bagasse was prepared at different pyrolysis temperatures and holding times for adsorption of dimetridazole and metronidazole from aqueous solution. The optimal pyrolysis temperature and holding time were 500 °C and 120 min, respectively. The removal efficiencies of dimetridazole and metronidazole were 98.0% and 88.8%, respectively, at biochar dosage of 4.0 g L−1 and solution temperature of 30 °C. Kinetics data were fitted by four kinetics models, and results indicated that adsorption was governed by pseudo-second-order kinetics. Adsorption is a multi-step process that involves film diffusion and pore filling. In addition, five isotherm models were employed to describe the adsorption equilibrium. Brunauer–Emmett–Teller model presented better fitting for the adsorption equilibrium, and the maximum adsorption capacities were 72.17 and 23.61 mg g− 1 for dimetridazole and metronidazole, respectively. The calculated values of ΔG0 and ΔH0 indicated the non-spontaneous and exothermic nature of the adsorption process at the range of temperature studied. Thermodynamic studies also revealed that physical and chemical adsorptions were co-action. The adsorption mechanisms of dimetridazole and metronidazole onto biochar were mainly hydrogen bonding and π–π interaction. All the results revealed that sugarcane bagasse biochar can be used as alternative to costly adsorbents for the removal of dimetridazole and metronidazole from aqueous solution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Two different electrochemical reduction processes for the removal of dimetridazole, a nitroimidazole-based antibiotic, were examined in this work. A direct electrochemical reduction was first carried out in a home-made flow cell in acidic medium at potentials chosen to minimize the formation of amino derivatives and then the formation of azo dimer. Analysis of the electrolyzed solution showed a total degradation of dimetridazole and the BOD 5 /COD ratio increased from 0.13 to 0.24. An indirect electrochemical reduction in the presence of titanocene dichloride ((C 5 H 5 ) 2 TiCl 2 ), which is used to reduce selectively nitro compounds, was then investigated to favour the formation of amino compounds over hydroxylamines and then to prevent the formation of azo and azoxy dimers. UPLC–MS/MS analyses showed a higher selectivity towards the formation of the amino compound for indirect electrolyses performed at pH 2. To confirm the effectiveness of the electrochemical reduction, a biological treatment involving activated sludge was then carried out after direct and indirect electrolyses at different pH. The enhancement of the biodegradability was clearly shown since mineralization yields of all electrolyzed solutions increased significantly. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One of the diseases that cause great damage in the pig breeding farms, Brachyspyra swine dysentery has a special importance because involve great losses both by growth failure and high mortality andsignificant costs to the prevention and control. The study was conducted in a swine farm in Timis County, where the disease was originally identified in autumn of year 2009. Cumulative adverse conditions have affected the rate of morbidity and mortality. Themost common clinical developments in the unit were usually acute and subacute. Research included: a comparative study of the effectiveness of tiamulin fumarate, hydrogenated and dimetridazole powder in sick acute and subacute forms in piglets, at the weaning period; the comparative study of efficiency in therapy of soluble tiamulin (the tiamulin fumarate-hydrogenated) and of the injection of piglets effective and the study of growth indicators: average daily gain.Experiment IGroup I consisted in 15 piglets with an average weight per lot of 7.60 kg/head (batch weight: 114kg) received p.o. dimetridazole insoluble powder (Romvac Bucharest), mixed in feed, for 5 days dose of 25 mg/kg.bw. During the observation, two mortalities were recorded, representing 13.33% of the treated lot. Other animals from the group were clinically cured, the signs of the disease gradually disappeared, and the temperature returned to normal enteric symptoms. The observation period after the 21 days of experiment, the batchweight was 114.2 kg, corresponding to growth registered 95.5 g/head/day.Group II, of 15 pigs with enteritis clinical signs, have had an average weight per lot of 7.48 kg/head, and he has undergone treatment with tiamulin product (Novartis Animal Health) soluble granules, in drinking water. Treatments were performed for 5 consecutive days at a dose of 60 mg/liter of drinking water. In this group, diarrhea symptoms decreased and general status of the animals gradually improved, no mortality was recorded five days after the treatment, no longer signs of illness being observed, all animals became normothermic. Weight gain recorded on our observation period was 29.3 kg/ lot which correspond to average daily gain of 162.7 g/day/animal.Group III, considered as control group, was at the beginning of the observation period, established with the average weight per lot, of 7.88 kg/head. In this series evolved enteritis with clear clinical manifestations (acute and subacute forms) and during the experiment did not receive any treatment. Within this lot, in the studied period have died five piglets which represent 33.33% of the group. Consequently, to avoid the unnecessary losses, in the 21 day of experiment, the 10 remaining piglets were orally treated with tiamulin (60 mg/litre drinking water). Subsequent observations have shown gradual improvement and clinical remission to the remaining piglets. In the control group, practically can’t talk about a weight gain. After the 21 day average daily gain for animals remaining batch was 45.1 g/day/animal.Experiment IIThe groups were selected from age group 35-45 days, which are each, composed of 12 heads per group.Group I was treated with soluble granules tiamulin concentration of 45 mg of active substance per litre of drinking water. Treatment was performed over a period of 5 days. During the experiment, within this group there was one death case representing 8.33%. The remaining 12 piglets were cured within two weeks. Initial weight was of 92.9 kg/ group, and after 21 days of experiment, it reached at 98.9 kg, corresponding to an average daily gain of 101.5 g/head/day. Although, there was loss of a pig, average daily gain of piglets remaining was considered positive, the group recorded an increase of 6 kg in the 21 days of study.Group II received in drinking water, soluble tiamulin at concentration of 60 mg / litre for 5 consecutive days. In this group there was no mortality, all 12 piglets to heal within 10 days (cure rate 100%). The final weight for this group was of 117.6 kg (a plus of 24.9 kg), the recorded growth being of 172.8 g/head/day.Group III was treated the injectable product Tiamutin 200 (1ml/20 kg.bw. intramuscularly for 4 days. Registered losses were 2 pigs, the remaining 10 piglets healing within 10 to 14 days. If this group, because of the recorded mortality (average daily gain 79.1 g/head/day), have not economic efficiency.Group IV - control has not received any treatment within 7 days of the experiment. During this time four piglets died (all with forms of hemorrhagic enteritis) and accounted for a proportion of 33.3% of the lot. After those seven days, in the aim to reduce the unnecessary losses, the remaining piglets were treated with tiamulin soluble dose to 90 mg/l for 5 consecutive days. Note that all the remaining 8animals treated were cured. The economic indicators showed clearly the weight declining. At the end of the experiment, there was a loss of 26 kg and four dead piglets. In conclusion, the comparative use in therapy of tiamulin and dimetridazole, preparations having effect inswine's dysentery, have shown that, both have certain therapeutic effects, but tiamulin far proved to be most effective. The results come to confirm other studies showing superior efficacy of tiamulins as preventive and curative choice in swine dysentery with Brachyspira hyodysenteriae.

In this work, we study the prospect of using biomass waste material, such as teak (Tectona grandis) leaves, as a carbon precursor in the development of new carbon material for the sustainable electrochemical (EC) sensor application. We successfully immobilized copper-palladium alloy nanoparticles decorated on a teak leaves carbon (Cu-Pd@TLC) nanocomposite via a simple microwave-carbonization process. A variety of physicochemical and EC methods were employed to characterize the morphology, structural, and EC properties of the nanocomposite. A screen-printed electrode modified with the composite (Cu-Pd@TLC/SPCE) was tested for EC sensing of dimetridazole (DMT, an anti-fungal/protozoal drug). The voltammetric signal increases linearly in the in the range of 0.15–119.4 μM; 144.4–746.9 μM, limit of detection (LOD) of 0.015 µM, and analytical sensitivity of 0.79 µA µM–1 cm–2, respectively. The sensor was successfully applied to the determination of DMT even in the presence of human real samples, including urine and serum with satisfactory recovery results. Moreover, the Cu-Pd@TLC nanocomposite exhibited an extraordinary performance for catalytic reduction of DMT with a pseudo-first order rate constant (k) of ca. 1412 s−1, as verified by UV–vis spectroscopy. The proposed nanocomposite is a suitable platform for prospective electro-catalytic and catalytic applications. [Display omitted] • Successful synthesis of Cu-Pd alloy nanostructures using a simple microwave technique. • A large active site is provided by high surface area and synergistic effects. • It exhibited a wide linear range and limit of detection with excellent cycling stability. • The practical use of DMT detection in human samples demonstrates good recovery results. • DMT drug sensing was reported using the Cu-Pd alloy composite for the first time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

1 ,2-Dimethyl-5-nitro­imidazole (dimetridazole, dimet) is a compound that belongs to a class of nitro­imidazole drugs that are effective at inhibiting the activity of certain parasites and bacteria. However, there are few reports that describe structures of compounds that feature metals complexed by dimet. Therefore, we report here that dimet reacts with CuCl2·H2O to yield a chloride-bridged copper(II) dimer, [Cu2Cl4(C5H7N3O2)4] or [Cu(μ-Cl)Cl(dimet)2]2. In this mol­ecule, the CuII ions are coordinated in an approximately trigonal–bipyramidal manner, and the mol­ecule lies across an inversion center. The dihedral angle between the imidazole rings in the asymmetric unit is 4.28 (7)°. Compared to metronidazole, dimetridazole lacks the hy­droxy­ethyl group, and thus cannot form inter­molecular O⋯H hydrogen-bonding inter­actions. Instead, [Cu(μ-Cl)Cl(dimet)2]2 exhibits weak inter­molecular inter­actions between the hydrogen atoms of C—H groups and (i) oxygen in the nitro groups, and (ii) the terminal and bridging chloride ligands. The unit cell contains four disordered aceto­nitrile mol­ecules. These were modeled as providing a diffuse contribution to the overall scattering by SQUEEZE [Spek (2015). Acta Cryst. C71, 9–18], which identified two voids, each with a volume of 163 Å3 and a count of 46 electrons, indicative of a total of four aceto­nitrile mol­ecules. These aceto­nitrile mol­ecules are included in the chemical formula to give the expected calculated density and F(000). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

LC–MS/MS assay was developed and validated according to EU guidelines for determination of nitrofuran metabolites and nitroimidazole residues in honey. Crude samples were acid-treated to liberate matrix-bound residues and a modified QuEChERS protocol was employed. Nitrofurantoin, furazolidone, furaltadone and nitrofurazone were determined via analysis of their metabolites AHD, AOZ, AMOZ and SEM, respectively while nitroimidazole residues; ronidazole (RNZ) and dimetridazole (DMZ) were determined directly. For all analytes, neat standard calibration curves, after correction for matrix effect were successfully employed. Decision limit (CC α ) and detection capability (CC β ) were below the MRPL for nitrofurans (1.00 μg kg −1 ) and the recommended concentration for nitroimidazole (3.00 μg kg −1 ), respectively. The CC α , CC β , percentage recovery and CV% ranges were 0.12–0.74 μg kg −1 , 0.21–1.27 μg kg −1 , 90.96–104.80% and 2.65–12.58%, respectively. This work is part of the national initiative for establishing a national monitoring program for drug residues in Egyptian honey. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Over the years, widely increasing overdose and improper disposal of drugs are harmful to public health and the ecosystem. Herein, the nanostructured praseodymium tungstate decorated on reduced graphene oxide (PW NPs/R-GO) composite was used for the detection of antiprotozoal drug dimetridazole (DMZ). The nanostructured PW NPs were prepared by solvent evaporation from peroxo-tungstic acid and the composite of PW NPs/R-GO was assembled through a facile ultrasonication method. Under the suitable circumstance, the fabricated PW NPs/R-GO/GCE sensor displays outstanding electrocatalytic performance towards DMZ, and significantly, provided a higher reduction response than PW NPs/GCE, R-GO/GCE, and bare GCE. This fabricated sensor achieved a nanomolar detection limit (1.2 nM) and a wide linear range (0.001–965 µM) of DMZ by using highly sensitive DPV techniques. The constructed sensor endows excellent repeatability, reproducibility, selectivity, and storage stability performance. However, the practical capability of constructed PW NPs/R-GO/GCE sensor was successfully verified in biological, and environmental fluids to achieve a good recovery result. Therefore, this work endows a new perception for real-time sensing of DMZ in biological and aquatic samples. [Display omitted] • The PW was prepared from the peroxo-tungstic acid assisted solvent evaporation method. • Nanostructured PW decorated on R-GO was prepared through ultrasonication method. • PW NPs/R-GO/GCE achieved an ultra-low detection limit (1.2 nM) of DMZ. • Real-time monitoring specifications, minimize the DMZ effects on humans and ecosystem. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Antibiotics are mainly used to treat infectious diseases caused by bacteria in human and animal bodies. Dimetridazole (DMZ) is a nitroimidazole class of antibiotic drug which is commonly used as an additive in poultry feed. The overuse of antibiotics in poultry production can transfer resistant bacteria to living organisms that cause serious side effects. Therefore, we have developed a two-dimensional (2D)/one-dimensional (1D) hybrid electrocatalyst to detect DMZ protozoan infections drug in food samples. A 2D nanoflakes-like structure of hydrogen ammonium zinc molybdate layered double hydroxides (denoted as AZnMo-LDHs), is a new class of 2D material, that was initially derived through the co-precipitation method; later, it was integrated with 1D vapor grown carbon fiber (VGCF) under ultrasonication method. This hybrid material is further characterized by different spectroscopic and microscopic techniques. Its electrocatalytic activity to DMZ was also examined by cyclic and differential pulse voltammetry methods. The AZnMo-LDHs@VGCF electrocatalyst exhibited an excellent electrochemical detection parameter such as a lower limit of detection (0.021 µM), sensitivity (1 µA µM−1 cm−2), and good linear range (0.25–570 µM) toward DMZ. It is due to the synergistic effect between the 2D nanoflakes of the LDHs and 1D VGCF conductive support. The proposed sensor further exhibited a good recovery to the determination of DMZ in real spiked samples such as egg, milk, and human urine. [Display omitted] • Novel hydrogen ammonium zinc molybdate layered double hydroxides (AZnMo-LDHs) was demonstrated. • Stable 2D nanoflakes-like morphology derived by co-precipitation and calcination-free approach. • 2D/1D (VGCF) hybrid nanostructure was obtained by the sonochemical approach. • Synergistic effect between AZnMo-LDHs and VGCF reveals smaller electrical resistance. • The AZnMo-LDHs@VGCF exhibited good sensing performance and recoveries to dimetridazole detection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Herein, we reported a facile method for preparing gold nanoparticles@molecularly imprinted polymer (Au NPs@MIP), which was coated on mesoporous carbon (CKM-3) and porous graphene (P-r-GO) modified glassy carbon electrode to construct an electrochemical sensor for the determination of dimetridazole. Firstly, Au NP was prepared by reducing HAuCl 4 with sodium citrate. Then, an ionic liquid (IL, i.e. 3-propyl-1-vinylimidazolium bromide) was added into Au NP solution to achieve Au NPs@IL by self-assembling. In succession, the Au NPs@IL was used as monomer to synthesize Au NPs@MIP. After that, the resultant Au NPs@MIP was coated on CKM-3 and P-r-GO modified electrode. Experimental conditions were carefully optimized for this assay strategy. In this case, the electrochemical sensor presented good response for dimetridazole, and its linear ranges were 2.0 × 10 −9 to 2.5 × 10 −7 mol L −1 and 2.5 × 10 −7 to 3.0 × 10 −6 mol L −1 , and its detection limit was 5.0 × 10 −10 mol L −1 . The electrochemical sensor was applied to determine dimetridazole in food samples with satisfactory results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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For the first time, a simple and highly sensitive electrochemical dimetridazole (DMZ) sensor based on a carbon paste electrode modified with core-shell aluminum doped surface molecularly imprinted siloxane has been developed and tested. Because of aluminum doping, the surface imprinting sensor exhibits higher rebinding capacity, recognition ability and affinity for DMZ in comparison with the aluminum free and the non-imprinted ones. In addition, the as-prepared sensor shows good stability and satisfactory reproducibility for the determination of DMZ. Under optimal experimental conditions, the peak currents by differential pulse stripping voltammetry were found to vary linearly with DMZ concentrations in the range from 1.0 × 10 −8 to 1.0 × 10 −6 mol L −1 and 1.0 × 10 −6 to 1.0 × 10 −4 mol L −1 , with a detection limit of 3.6 × 10 −9 mol L −1 . This sensor was successfully employed to detect DMZ in egg, milk powder, and pig feed samples with acceptable recoveries of 91.4% to 107.6%, which was verified by high performance liquid chromatography. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The depletion of three banned nitroimidazole drugs – dimetridazole (DMZ), metronidazole (MNZ) and ronidazole (RNZ) – was investigated in black tiger shrimp (Penaeus monodon) following in-water medication. The highest concentrations of residues were measured immediately after the 24-h immersion (d0). At this time, MNZ and MNZ-OH residues were measured in shrimp tissue samples at concentrations ranging from 361 to 4189 and from 0.28 to 6.6 μg kg−1, respectively. DMZ and its metabolites HMMNI ranged in concentration between 31 509 and 37 780 and between 15.0 and 31.9 μg kg−1, respectively. RNZ and HMMNI concentrations ranged from 14 530 to 24 206 and from 25.0 to 55 μg kg−1, respectively. MNZ, DMZ and RNZ were the more persistent marker residues and can be detected for at least 8 days post-treatment. MNZ-OH was only detectable on d0 following treatment with MNZ. HMMNI residues were only detectable up to d1 (0.97–3.2 μg kg−1) or d2 (1.2–4.5 μg kg−1) following DMZ and RNZ treatment, respectively. The parent drugs MNZ, DMZ and RNZ were still measureable on d8 at 0.12–1.0, 40.5–55 and 8.8–18.7 μg kg−1, respectively. The study also investigated the stability of nitroimidazole residues under various cooking procedures (frying, grilling, boiling, and boiling followed by microwaving). The experiments were carried out in shrimp muscle tissue containing both high and low concentrations of these residues. Different cooking procedures showed the impact on nitroimidazole residue concentration in shrimp tissue. Residue concentration depleted significantly, but partially, by boiling and/or microwaving, but the compounds were largely resistant to conventional grilling or frying. Cooking cannot therefore be considered as a safeguard against harmful nitroimidazole residues in shrimp. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this study was to develop a simple and effective method that optimized the high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method for determination of metronidazole, dimetridazole and ipronidazole in feeds by investigating the extraction and clean-up conditions. Samples were weighed into 50 mL polypropylene centrifuge tubes and extracted by mechanical shaking for 30 min with 15 mL ethyl acetate. After extraction, the content was centrifuged at 6 000 r.min-1 for 10 min and the extract was transferred to a new polypropylene centrifuge tube. The unsolved feed matrix was extracted again by adding 15 mL ethyl acetate and the extract was collected. Both obtained ethyl acetate extractions were combined and evaporated just to dryness with a pressure blowing concentrator(water bath at 35 °C). The residue was dissolved in 300 μL ethyl acetate and 4 mL hexane and the solution was transferred to a 10 mL polypropylene centrifuge tube first. Then 1.5 mL phosphoric acid solution(0.1 mol.L-1 )was added into the tube. After vortexing (1 min) and centrifuging (10 min, 8 000 r.min-1 ), the lower aqueous phase was collected in a 5 mL polypropylene centrifuge tube. The supernatant organic phase was extracted again by adding 1.5 mL phosphoric acid solution (0.1 mol.L-1) and both the obtained lower aqueous phases were combined. The obtained solution was purified using mixed-mode cation exchange (MCX) solid-phase extraction (SPE) column and filtered using a 0.22 μm filter. 10 μL were injected by the auto sampler and separated with UV detector 320 nm pumping at a flow rate of 0.8 mL.min-1 . The liquid chromatographic separation of the extracts was performed on a C18 bonded silica column applying a gradient of elution with water (A)and methanol (B). The total run time was 20 min. Results showed that the limit of detection of metronidazole, dimetridazole and ipronidazole was 0.01 mg.kg-1 , and the quantitation limit was 0.02 mg.kg-1 . The recoveries of the metronidazole, dimetridazole and ipronidazole for feeds samples spiked with 0.02, 0.05, 0.5, 5 mg.kg-1 were in the range of 75.3%-106.3%. The linearity was satisfactory with a correlation coefficient of 0.999 7-0.999 8 at concentrations ranging from 0.02 to 10 μg.mL-1 . The intra-day precision(n=5)for nitroimidazoles in feeds spiked at 0.02, 0.05, 0.5, 5 mg.kg-1 were in the range of 1.3%-12.4% and the inter-day precision for 3 days(n=5)was 2.4%-9.7%. Conclusion:This method was characterised simplicity of operator with accurate results, and thus could be used to determine the contents of metronidazole, dimetridazole and ipronidazole in feeds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights: [•] A novel core–shell magnetic MIP for solid-phase extraction of dimetridazole. [•] Surface imprinting technique via sol–gel process for preparing the MIP adsorbent. [•] Al3+ doping produced Lewis acid–base interactions between imprinted sites and DMZ. [•] High adsorption capacity, enhanced recognition selectivity, and favourable reusability. [•] A sensitive and cost-efficient method for detecting DMZ residue in food samples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]