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This article discusses a study conducted on stranded sardines along the Campania coasts in Italy. The study found the presence of cyst-like structures in the abdominal cavity of the sardines, which were identified as xenomas produced by microsporidia. Histopathological examination revealed the structure of the xenomas and identified the fungus as belonging to the Class Microsporidea, Family Glugeidea. Molecular identification confirmed the presence of Glugea plecoglossi, a parasite that can cause economic loss in fish populations. The study highlights the importance of considering the impact of these parasites on both wild and farmed fish. [Extracted from the article]

Acute gastroenteritis (AGE) represents a world public health relevant problem especially in children. Enteric viruses are the pathogens mainly involved in the episodes of AGE, causing about 70.00% of the cases. Apart from well‐known rotavirus (RVA), adenovirus (AdV) and norovirus (NoV), there are various emerging viral pathogens potentially associated with AGE episodes. In this study, the presence of ten different enteric viruses was investigated in 152 fecal samples collected from children hospitalized for gastroenteritis. Real time PCR results showed that 49.3% of them were positive for viral detection with the following prevalence: norovirus GII 19.7%, AdV 15.8%, RVA 10.5%, human parechovirus (HPeV) 5.3%, enterovirus (EV) 3.3%, sapovirus (SaV) 2.6%. Salivirus (SalV), norovirus GI and astrovirus (AstV) 1.3% each, aichivirus (AiV) found in only one patient. In 38.2% of feces only one virus was detected, while co‐infections were identified in 11.8% of the cases. Among young patients, 105 were ≤5 years old and 56.0% tested positive for viral detection, while 47 were >5 years old with 40.0% of them infected. Results obtained confirm a complex plethora of viruses potentially implicated in gastroenteritis in children, with some of them previously known for other etiologies but detectable in fecal samples. Subsequent studies should investigate the role of these viruses in causing gastroenteritis and explore the possibility that other symptoms may be ascribed to multiple infections. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In a marine ecosystem, the most sensitive organisms to environmental changes, mainly to anthropic pressures, are fishes and invertebrates. Therefore, they are considered the ideal targets to indirectly evaluate the health of an entire ecosystem. Teleost fishes, particularly those that occupy the highest trophic levels, can accumulate toxic substances through their diet. In this study, we used two fish species with sedentary behavior and trophic habits, Diplodus sargus and Sarpa salpa , caught in two areas at different anthropic pressures divided into the Gulf of Naples (Na) and the Gulf of Salerno (Sa). This study aimed to correlate the pathological alterations in target organs in both species with known concentrations of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and heavy metals (lead and cadmium) to the expression of CYP1A1. Histological examination took into consideration circulatory disorders, increase in melanomacrophages (MMs) number, inflammation in kidney and hepatopancreas and gonadal stage maturation. Next, the pathological and morphological changes found were compared to immunohistochemical expression of CYP1A1 in the same samples. Chemical analysis of PCBs, based on 28, 52, 101, 138, 153, and 180 congeners, and heavy metals, were performed on hepatopancreas and muscle samples. Higher median values of PCBs concentration were detected in both species in the Salerno area (8.1 ng/g in Diplodus sargus muscles and 51.1 ng/g in Sarpa salpa hepatopancreas, respectively), although the values were consistently below the legal limits. No critical values were found for lead and cadmium. Therefore, we hypothesized that CYP1A1 and pathological alterations were more expressed in fish from Salerno area. The pathological changes showed a statistically significant difference in inflammation of the kidneys ( p < 0.0001) between S. salpa of both Gulfs. In addition, we found a statistically significant difference in the assessment of the increase in MMs/MMCs ( p = 0.0384) and circulation disorders ( p = 0.0325) of hepatopancreas in D. sargus of both Gulfs. As not all the variables considered showed statistical significance, the analysis of the results does not fully support the correlation between the highest levels of contaminants found in the Salerno area and the expression of CYP1A1. Our data could be a starting point for future studies to better correlate the role of CYP1A1 to pollutants, considering this is the first study involving two of the most common species in the Mediterranean Sea. Thus, future studies could include other species to improve and increase records.