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In patients with Legg-Calve-Perthes (LCP), the Catterall and Herring classifications based on standard hip radiographs are frequently used. In this study, the compatibility of classification systems in hip radiographs and MR images of LCP patients was examined among specialist working in the departments of Orthopedics and Radiology, and the reliability was investigated. In this study, which included 37 Perthes patients, two separate presentations were prepared in which the radiological imaging of the patients was determined by drawing lots. Six experienced specialists were selected as observers, three of whom were radiologist and three of pediatric orthopedists. Each presentations were sent to the observers one month apart. They were asked to categorize visual data. Data were evaluated with percent agreement (PA) and Gwet's AC1 method. In the Catterall classification, agreement among pediatric orthopedists decreased in MRI examination, while an increase was observed among radiologists. In the Herring classification, while pediatric orthopedists remained at a similar level, radiologists' inter-observer reliability increased. When the intra-observer reliability was examined, it was observed that the radiologists in the Catterall classification and the orthopedists in the Herring classification were more stable in the evaluations made with MRI. The usability of both classification systems, which provide prognostic prediction, in MRI examinations is a crucial unknown. It is fruitful that both radiologists and pediatric orthopedists work together in novel classification systems to be created using MRI. [Med-Science 2022; 11(4.000): 1507-10]

Objective: It was aimed to evaluate the changes in the dietary habits of adult individuals during the Coronavirus disease-2019 pandemic. Methods: The research was conducted on 970 adults, aged 18-65 years. An online questionnaire form including questions about socio-demographic characteristics and healthy lifestyle behaviors (smoking and alcohol consumption, exercising at least 150 minutes a week) was performed. Results: The mean age of the individuals was 24.75+-7.82 years. It was determined that the rate of those who did not exercise for at least 150 minutes a week before the pandemic (56.4%) increased during the pandemic (70.4%) (p

Purpose: The research was conducted to examine the obesity status, nutritional knowledge and behaviors, physical activity and selfefficacy levels of children aged 7-9 years. Materials and Methods: The research was carried out with 183 students in a primary school in September-December 2017. Anthropometric measurements of the students were taken. “Nutrition Knowledge Level Determination Form”, “Nutrition Behavior Determination Form”, “Anthropometric Measurement Monitorization Form”, “Self-Efficacy Scale-Child Form” and “Child Physical Activity Questionnaire” were used in data collection. SPSS package program version 25 was used for data analysis. Results: The mean age of the students was 7.94±0.4 years. According to the body mass index of the students, 17.2% were overweight and 16.7% were obese. 13.5% of the students had high body fat (85-97 percentile), 11.1% were obese (≥97 percentile). The mean score of the Self-Efficacy Scale was 44.76±3.86, and the mean score of the Child Physical Activity Questionnaire was 3.01±0.6. While the fiber and potassium intakes of the students were insufficient according to their needs, their sodium intake was determined to be high. When the energy ratios obtained from protein, fat and carbohydrates were examined, the energy obtained from fat was found to be high in both genders. Conclusion: It was determined that the body weight of one out of every three students was above average. In the light of these findings, the possibility of children being obese during adolescence and adulthood and the increase in the burden of disease that will happen if comprehensive interventions are not taken should be perceived as a clear warning by health professionals and school administrators. It is recommended that studies should be carried out by multidisciplinary team members in school health studies to provide children positive nutritional behaviors.

Although the written physical education curriculum is the same throughout the country, the implementation phase in schools differs from each other. Hence the purpose of this study is to examine the implementation process of the 5th-grade physical education and sports curriculum (2018) in different school contexts. Case study pattern was used. The participants of the study are two physical education teachers in Eskisehir. The data collection process consisting of observations, interviews, and field notes was completed in the fall semester of the 2018-2019 academic year. As a result of the analysis, the implementation process of the curriculum sub-theme which is related to the main theme of "taught curriculum", was reached. In conclusion, it can be said that the implementation process in schools is mostly teacher-centred, including the teaching of sports techniques and evaluating the psychomotor domain. It was observed that the game-based and student-centred structure of the updated curriculum was not sufficiently implemented by the teachers in the study. Also, it can be stated that the sufficiency of physical education course materials and the suitability of the areas used in physical education lessons are important factors in the implementation process of the curriculum.

Many people do not possess the necessary savings to deal with unexpected financial events. People’s biases play a significant role in their ability to forecast future financial shocks: they are typically overoptimistic, present-oriented, and generally underestimate future expenses. The purpose of this study is to investigate how varying risk information influences people’s financial awareness, in order to reduce the chance of a financial downfall. Specifically, we contribute to the literature by exploring the concept of ‘nudging’ and its value for behavioural changes in personal financial management. While of great practical importance, the role of nudging in behavioural financial forecasting research is scarce. Additionally, the study steers away from the standard default choice architecture nudge, and adds originality by focusing on eliciting implementation intentions and precommitment strategies as types of nudges. Our experimental scenarios examined how people change their financial projections in response to nudges in the form of new information on relevant risks. Participants were asked to forecast future expenses and future savings. They then received information on potential events identified as high-risk, low-risk or no-risk. We investigated whether they adjusted their predictions in response to various risk scenarios or not and how such potential adjustments were affected by the information given. Our findings suggest that the provision of risk information alters financial forecasting behaviour. Notably, we found an adjustment effect even in the no-risk category, suggesting that governments and institutions concerned with financial behaviour can increase financial awareness merely by increasing salience about possible financial risks. Another practical implication relates to splitting savings into different categories, and by using different wordings: A financial advisory institution can help people in their financial behaviour by focusing on ‘targets’, and by encouraging (nudging) people to make breakdown forecasts rather than general ones.

This study, aiming to reveal preschool children's mental models of their environment, was carried out with the participation of 225 children aged 36-72 months attending 8 different preschool education institutions. It is based on qualitative research designed around a case study. The Word Association Test and Drawing were used as the data collection tools. In the study, it was observed that 36-48-month-old children mostly focused on the visuals they saw in the park (garden) and traffic in their environmental drawings, and in addition to these visuals, 49-60-month-old children included the forest in their environmental drawings, and 61-72-month-old children included home and school in their environmental drawings. The most prominent environments/elements observed with both data collection tools were the house, traffic, park, and sky for the 3648-month-old children; house, traffic, park, sky, and rural-village for the 49-60-month-old children; and house, traffic, park, sky, rural-village, forest and nearby settlement (market, store, etc.) for the 61-72-month-old children. The common elements that children associate with the environment in their mental models are the concepts of house, traffic, park, and sky.

This study aims to determine the perceptions of fine arts high school music department students about the concept of "instrument training" through an alternative measurement and evaluation technique "Word Association Test (WAT)". In this study, the survey model, one of the qualitative research methods, was used. The study group of the research consisted of 110 students studying at Nevit Kodalli Fine Arts High School Music Department in the 2021-2022 academic year. The data were obtained by applying the "Word Association Test (WAT)". Firstly, WAT was explained for informative purposes during the application. Then, the students were asked to write the first 5 words that they thought were related to the key concept of "instrument training" within 1 minute. Afterwards, they were asked to make a sentence related to these answer words. The obtained answer words were analysed by content analysis technique. As a result of the analysis, the answer words that the students associated with the key concept of "instrument training" were grouped under 9 categories (teaching materials, performance anxiety, motivation for the instrument, social skills, attitude towards the instrument, technical skills, student capacity, education and training). According to the order of these categories, the most frequently associated answer words with instrument education were instrument, etude, excitement, working, cooperation, happiness, note, talent and teacher. Under the category of performance anxiety and motivation related to the instrument, the students showed a negative distribution on the word "tiring". It was observed that the students had a positive cognitive structure in all categories.

The use of phonetic symbols in language teaching classrooms, as a bottom-up approach to pronunciation instruction, has been debated. This study investigates the perspectives of Turkish instructors of English as a foreign language on their use of phonetic symbols for teaching pronunciation at tertiary-level institutions. To explore this issue, semistructured interviews were conducted with six instructors of English as a foreign language from a higher education institution. The qualitative findings reveal that while most instructors recognize the importance of phonetic symbols, they express various teacher-related and student-related concerns that lead to their avoidance and offer recommendations for improvement. The participants also emphasize the importance of teacher training, student self-monitoring as an assessment tool, and technology integration, as essential components for effective pronunciation instruction using phonetic symbols.

This study analyzes Turkish studies on web-based instruction in the field of science education using the meta-synthesis method with the aim of determining the general trends of the analyzed studies. A total of 20 studies published between 2006 and 2022, including 7 doctoral dissertations, 11 master theses, and 2 journal articles, were analyzed with a qualitative research design. These studies were identified using the databases of the YÖK National Thesis Center, EBSCO, Google Scholar, and ProQuest. The studies were analyzed using a coding form that included ten categories: year of publication, type of publication, purpose of the research, method, data collection tools, data analysis method, grade level, sample size, learning domain, and outcome of the research. The obtained data were interpreted according to the specified categories. It was concluded that a significant portion of the analyzed studies were conducted with the aim of examining web-based instruction and Web 2.0 tools, mixed research designs and semi-structured interview forms were most often used, most studies were conducted with students in the 6th and 7th grades, and web-based instruction was generally found to be more effective than traditional instruction. This study provides an overview of research on webbased instruction in the field of science education, serves as a resource for future research, and offers new ideas and suggestions for researchers in this field.

The problem the study addresses is how teacher candidates acquire knowledge, skills, and techniques regarding cultural competence over time. We conducted interviews with three teachers, three teacher educators, and six university professors in Florida over a 12-month period. After coding the data, we generated 26 categories. Data indicate that teacher candidates increase their understanding of CRE when they are explicitly taught about the cultural contexts of society. The findings suggest that conducting assignments on diverse school cultures can enhance teacher candidates' cultural responsiveness. Our study contributes to the literature by providing concrete examples of what CRE looks like in practice.

In this qualitative study, we examined how prospective mathematics teachers' instructional visions align with their instructional practices through an approximation of practice opportunity. Namely, we employed scripting tasks to understand how prospective teachers complete a scripting task and respond to students' misconceptions, and we compared their instructional visions with their responding practices. The 81 prospective mathematics teachers who were taking the "Misconceptions in Mathematics Teaching" course at two different state universities comprised the participants. Data was obtained from the instructional vision questionnaire and two scripting tasks in fractions. We analyzed the data using the content analysis technique. Our findings indicate that the majority of the participants' instructional visions were aligned with ambitious instruction, while their responding practices were mostly inconsistent with their visions. Our findings suggest that while their instructional visions were highly reform based, prospective mathematics teachers still need to be oriented in an ambitious instructional direction in their practices.

This scoping review fills the gap on key characteristics of interventions and trainings for direct support workforce (DSW) of adults across disabilities and aging adults. We included quantitative and qualitative studies examining the impact of interventions in home and community-based settings in the United States or internationally and published in English since 1990. We initially identified 2,551 titles and completed final data extraction on 65 articles. Most of the studies were quantitative. The interventions reviewed were diverse, including Active support, Positive Behavior Support, and DSW stress reduction. We concluded that there is a need to conduct high-quality research focused on DSW well-being and their feeling of being valued to inform the field on how to best select and retain them.

Improving the scope of environmental education given in schools and establishing environmental awareness among students are the most important steps to be taken to transfer this awareness to the next generations. The aim of this study is to examine the knowledge, emotions and behaviours of secondary school students ranging from 11 to 13 for environmental health and environmental protection. The study was carried out in the district of Karaköprü, a metropolitan settlement in Sanliurfa for the 2020-2021 academic year, regarding environmental health and environmental protection, which has decreased with the effect of the pandemic. In this study, a questionnaire was applied to students and their attitudes were evaluated according to a 5-point Likert scale. The attitudes of the students were detailed on the basis of 'gender' and 'mother education level' factors. It was found that the male students in the study group had more knowledge about environmental health and protection compared to the female students. However, no relationship was detected between students' environmental awareness and their mothers' educational levels.

INTRODUCTION: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the correlation between myocardial iron deposition and cardiac functions along with the correlations between myocardial iron deposition, hepatic iron deposition and serum ferritin levels in beta thalasemia major patients. METHODS: 145 beta thalasemia major patients (85 males and 60 females age between 9-53 years) between March 2016 and September 2018 and were retrospectively evaluated. T2* calculations were done for the heart and the liver. For functional evaluation of the heart, left ventricular ejection fraction calculation and wall motion analysis were done. The serum ferritin levels between 20-250 ng/ml were accepted as normal. The correlation between myocardial iron deposition and cardiac functions as well as the correlations between myocardial iron deposition, hepatic iron deposition and serum ferritin levels were statistically evaluated. RESULTS: The statistical analysis revealed a significant correlation between cardiac functional abnormalities and the severity of myocardial iron deposition. A statistically significant correlation was also found between myocardial iron deposition and serum ferritin levels in regard of both the presence and severity. Similarly, hepatic iron deposition and serum ferritin levels were found to be correlated. On the other hand, no statistically significant correlation was detected between hepatic and cardiac iron accumulations. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: MRI is an accurate tool to quantatively evaluate hepatic and myocardial iron deposition in thalasemia major patients. The periodical follow up of patients with MRI examinations for hepatic and myocardial iron deposition in addition to serum ferritin levels may help to modify the treatment in patients with transfusion dependent anemias.

ABSTRACT In the present study, the importance of laboratory parameters and CT findings in the early diagnosis of COVID-19 was investigated. To this end, 245 patients admitted between April 1st, and May 30th, 2020 with suspected COVID-19 were enrolled. The patients were divided into three groups according to chest CT findings and RT-PCR results. The non-COVID-19 group consisted of 71 patients with negative RT-PCR results and no chest CT findings. Ninety-five patients with positive RT-PCR results and negativechest CT findings were included in the COVID-19 group; 79 patients with positive RT-PCR results and chest CT findings consistent with COVID-19 manifestations were included in COVID-19 pneumonia group. Chest CT findings were positive in 45% of all COVID-19 patients. Patients with positive chest CT findings had mild (n=30), moderate (n=21) andor severe (n=28) lung involvement. In the COVID-19 group, CRP levels and the percentage of monocytes increased significantly. As disease progressed from mild to severe, CRP, LDH and ferritin levels gradually increased. In the ROC analysis, the area under the curve corresponding to the percentage value of monocytes (AUC=0.887) had a very good accuracy in predicting COVID-19 cases. The multinomial logistic regression analysis showed that CRP, LYM and % MONO were independent factors for COVID-19. Furthermore, the chest CT evaluation is a relevant tool in patients with clinical suspicion of COVID-19 pneumonia and negative RT-PCR results. In addition to decreased lymphocyte count, the increased percentage of monocytes may also guide the diagnosis.

INTRODUCTION: There is no established current algorithm of treatment and clinical follow-up in children with coronary artery anomalies. We analysed the clinical characteristics, diagnosis treatment options of children and adolescents identified with coronary artery anomalies METHODS: In this retrospective study, 4000 children who attended to our clinic were included between January 2016 and January 2018 at paediatric cardiology department. We reviewed the medical records of 12 patients who had suspicion of coronary-artery anomalies by transthoracic echocardiography. RESULTS: Twelve cases were detected to have coronary artery anomalies. All patients were children-adolescent with a mean age at the time of diagnosis of 10.7+-5 years. None of the patients had cardiac ischemia symptoms. Most common anomaly (5 patients) was the left circumflex coronary artery (Cx) originating from the right coronary artery (RCA). Surgical therapy is recommended in two of 12 patients with interarterial course of coronary artery anomaly. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: Echocardiography is an important diagnostic tool in childhood due to acoustic window quality. It is crucial to identify children, particularly children with anomalous origin of coronary arteries who will participate competitive sports. Additional imaging tools including computer tomography angiography, magnetic resonance angiography and coronary angiography are needed to confirm the definite diagnosis.

Preschool teachers and primary school teachers must work in harmony and carry out consistent practices with each other in the process of teaching literacy. This study aims to determine the practices of preschool teachers in the literacy preparation process and the opinions of primary school teachers on the level of readiness of students from preschool education for the literacy process. In the study, the descriptive research method was used. The study group consisted of 21 primary schools and 27 preschool teachers working and volunteering in kindergarten and primary school institutions affiliated with the Directorate of National Education in Kastamonu province of Turkey. The study applied two separate interview forms to preschool and primary school teachers as a data collection tool. Results showed that preschool teachers have deficiencies in preschool education curriculum, early literacy studies, and primary school curricula. It was also revealed that preschool teachers carry out wrong practices, especially in helping students feel the sounds. As for the results of primary school teachers about the drawbacks of preschool education, it was determined that preschool teachers teach letters, and students who start the first grade have problems holding pencil. It was revealed that the expectations of primary school teachers from preschool teachers were focused on helping students feel and differentiate sounds instead of teaching letters and developing small muscle skills and pencil-holding skills. According to the research results, it was determined that preschool teachers do not collaborate with primary school teachers.

Previous studies have presented discrepant findings of e-stories' contribution to children's narrative comprehension, which can be attributed to not only the variation of multimedia features among studies but also to learner and text features. The main goal of the present study was to expand understanding of the effect of e-stories on children's narrative skills and reading attitudes for poor and good story comprehenders. A quasi-experimental factorial design was employed to explore the effect of book type and group level on children's narrative skills and reading attitudes. The participating children were pre-readers. The printed version of The Red Winged Owl was read aloud to small groups of 4-5 children. Participants included 41 good and 40 poor comprehenders (age range 59-68 months) who were identified based on narrative comprehension scores. The experimental group was exposed to four e-stories on an iPad, while the control group listened to readings of the printed versions of the same storybooks. Data were collected by administering pre- and post-tests and the preschool reading attitudes scale and by asking narrative comprehension questions. Children's retellings were audio-recorded. The findings revealed that: (a) the poor and good comprehender groups had higher narrative comprehension in the short text e-story condition; (b) there was a significant interaction effect for the narrative comprehension of poor and good comprehenders in longer texts; and (c) children's post-reading attitude scores did not differ by group level.

The aim of this study was to assess vitamin D serum levels in autoimmune thyroid disease, Hashimato thyroiditis in the Turkish population. The subjects with Hashimato thyroiditis (HT, n=67, mean age 45.1±10.9,F/M-61/6), control subjects (mean age 42.1±15.7, n=29, F/M-26/3) were recruited for the study. Thyroid function tests, thyroid antibodies (AntiTg, AntiTPO, TSHRAb), ultrasound features, demographic and antropometric variables were recorded. Vitamin D level was not different between the HT and the control groups (53.1±24.7 nmol/L and 54.1±19.8 nmol/L, as mean, respectively, p = 0.482) In the HT group, 35.8% of subjects had vitamin D insufficiency, only 16.4% of subjects with HT were vitamin D sufficient. There was no significant difference between the HT and the control groups according to the vitamin D classification status (p = 0.666). Vitamin D levels were significantly higher in the subjects who were taking replacement compared to subjects who were not (58.7 ± 26.0 vs. 46.0 ± 23.3, as mean, respectively, p = 0.033). There was no significant correlation between vitamin D levels and TgAb and TPOAb levels in HT group (p = 0.754 r = -0.039, p = 0.134 r = -0.290, respectively). In both HT and control groups, vitamin D levels were significantly correlated only with the fT4 levels (p [Med-Science 2019; 8(1.000): 109-12]