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Amaç: Bu çalışma, bazı aspir çeşitlerinin verim, verim unsurları ve bazı kalite özelliklerini araştırmak amacıyla 2021 (Mart- Ağustos) yılında Gümüşhane ilinin Kelkit ilçesinde yürütülmüştür.Materyal ve Yöntem: Tesadüf blokları deneme desenine göre 3 tekrarlamalı olarak yürütülen bu araştırmada 5 farklı aspir çeşidi; Balcı, Dinçer, Göktürk, Hasankendi ve Koç bitki materyali olarak kullanılmıştır.Araştırma Bulguları: Araştırmada; çıkış süresi, ilk çiçeklenme süresi, olgunlaşma gün sayısı, bitki boyu, ilk dal yüksekliği, dal sayısı, tabla sayısı, tabla çapı, tabla ağırlığı, tablada tane sayısı, tane verimi, bin tane ağırlığı, ham yağ oranı, ham yağ verimi ve ham protein oranı ele alınmıştır. Sonuç: Araştırma sonucuna göre en yüksek değerler; tane verimi Dinçer çeşidinden (128.06 kg da-1), bin tane ağırlığı Dinçer çeşidinden (44.13 g), ham yağ oranı Balcı çeşidinden (%30.92), ham protein oranı ise yine Dinçer çeşidinden (%15.43) elde edilmiştir. Aspir çeşitlerinin tane verimi ile incelenen karakterler arasındaki korelasyon katsayıları bakımından; bitki boyu (r=0.640**), tabla sayısı (r=0.759**), ham yağ verimi (r=0.875**), ilk dal yüksekliği (r=0.517*), tabla ağırlığı (0.533*), tablada tane sayısı (r=0.520*), bin tane ağırlığı (r=0.582*) ve ham protein oranı (r=0.525*) arasında önemli ve pozitif bir ilişki görülürken; tane verimiyle çıkış gün sayısı (r= -0.298) ve dal sayısı (r= -0.231) ile negatif fakat önemsiz bir ilişki olduğu saptanmıştır., Objective: This study was carried out in Kelkit district of Gümüşhane province in 2021 (March-August) in order to investigate the yield, yield components and some quality characteristics of some safflower cultivars conditions of Gumushane.Materials and Methods: This study was designed as randomized complete block model with 3 replications and 5 different safflower varieties (Balcı, Dinçer, Göktürk, Hasankendi and Koç) were used as plant materials.Results: In this study; the period of emergence, the first flowering time, physiological maturation, plant height, first branch height, branch number, head number, head diameter, weight of head, number of seed in head, seed yield, 1000 seed weight, crude oil ratio, crude oil yield and crude protein ratio were evaluated.Conclusion: According to the results, the highest seed yield was determined from Dinçer (128.06 kg da-1), also the highest 1000 seed weight (44.13 g) and crude protein ratio (15.43%) was obtained from the same varieties. On the other hand, Balcı varieties has the highest crude oil ratio (30.92%). Coefficient of correlation between seed yield of safflower varieties and plant height (r=0.640**), branch number (r=0.759**), crude oil yield (r=0.875**), first branch height (r=0.517*), weight of head (r=0.533*), number of seed in head (r=0.520*), 1000 seed weight (r=0.582*) and crude protein ratio (r=0.525*) as analyzed characters are statistically significant and positive. In terms of seed yield, period of emergence (r= -0.298) and branch number (r= -0.231) are negative coralation but insignificant.

Sağlıklı beslenme sağlıklı yaşam için bir gereklilik olmasının yanı sıra temel bir insan hakkıdır. Günümüzde, beslenme ile ilgili farklı sorunlar yaşanmaktadır. Dünyada yaygın görülen yetersiz beslenme sorunları arasında kavrukluk, bodurluk, zayıflık ve mikrobesin eksiklikleri yer almaktadır. Küresel düzeyde iki milyardan fazla insanda mikrobesin eksikliği vardır. Önlenebilir bir halk sağlığı sorunu olan mikrobesin eksikliklerine yönelik önemli müdahalelerden birisi gıda zenginleştirilmesi uygulamasıdır. Aynı zamanda uzun vadeli toplumsal bir halk sağlığı müdahalesi olan gıda zenginleştirilmesinin amaçları toplumun tamamı ya da özel bir grubunda bir ya da daha fazla besin eksikliğinin engellenmesi veya düzeltilmesi, gıdalarda hazırlama ve saklama sırasında kayba uğrayan besin öğelerinin eklenmesi ve aşırı alıma yol açmadan, mikrobesin eksiklikleri açısından risk grubu olan toplumlardaki bireylerin çoğunda (%97,5) etki gösterilmesi yer alır. Bu makalenin amacı gıda zenginleştirilmesi kavramının tanımının, tarihsel süreçteki gelişiminin ve yöntemlerin açıklanmasıdır. Makalede konuya ilişkin öneriler de sunulmuştur. Her ne kadar gıda zenginleştirilmesi mikrobesin eksikliklerinin önlenmesi için önemli bir müdahale aracı olsa da, mikrobesin eksikliklerinin önlenmesinde en kalıcı çözüm yeterli ve dengeli beslenmenin bütün toplumlar için sağlanabileceği sağlıklı beslenme, gıda ve tarım politikalarının geliştirilmesidir.

Publications on vaccine hesitancy and the novel coronavirus disease 2019 in the scientific literature are increasing every day. An examination of their content will help to eliminate the existing negativity related to vaccine hesitancy through scientific methods. Hence, a systematic approach to the prevention of vaccine hesitancy worldwide can be developed. This article aims to survey how vaccine hesitancy is addressed in the PubMed articles about "vaccine hesitancy" over the novel coronavirus disease, for which the MeSH criteria have been published; to understand their recommendations for the prevention of vaccine hesitancy; to evaluate any related research described as "cross-sectional," "case-control," and "cohort" according to Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology criteria; and to contribute to the current literature on the subject.This study is planned to use a systematic review format and STROBE checklist was used to evaluate the articles accessed from PubMed database. Microsoft Excel was used as the data calculation tool.Sixty-five (81.3%) of the 80 articles investigated in the scope of this study mention "vaccine." While 64 articles (80%) discuss the determination of vaccine hesitancy, 57 (71.3%) articles address its prevention. The keyword "COVID-19" is used in 61 articles (79.2%). The second most frequently used keyword is "vaccine hesitancy" (n = 37, 48.1%), followed by "vaccine" (n = 25, 32.5%). Twenty-nine (48%) of the reviewed articles originate from the WHO American Continents. The second most represented region of research is the European Region (n = 21, 35%), followed by the South East Asian Region (n = 5, 8%).This study illustrates the recent situation for the coronavirus disease 2019 vaccine and reveals the presence of a vaccine hesitancy. Vaccine hesitancy is a risk factor that could prevent herd immunity. The systematic review of scientific articles should continue with improvements in order to tackle the problem as exemplified by the present study. Other checklists as well as STROBE checklist are recommended to be used in similar studies to have more objective conclusions.

Beslenme ile ilgili eşitsizliklerin giderilmesinde, politika yaklaşımları en etkili ve maliyet etkinliği yüksek nüfus temelli araçlar olduğu için, beslenmeye bağlı halk sağlığı problemleri olan Türkiye gibi ülkeler, bireyi ve toplumu bir arada bütüncül ve kapsayıcı çevre odaklı beslenme politikalardan daha fazla istifade edecektir. Gelecek vadeden politika araçlarından olan mevzuat düzenlemelerinin güncellenmesi, eğitim/rehber oluşturma, vergilendirme gibi ekonomik stratejiler, besin zenginleştirmesi ve örselenebilir gruplara yönelik gıda yardımı sağlama süreçlerinin, Türkiye’deki gıda sistemini daha besleyici, sürdürülebilir, adil ve güvenli hale getirmek için, daha etkin kullanılmasını gerektirmektedir. Bu makalenin amacı; Türkiye’nin beslenme ile ilişkili politikalarını derlemek, analiz etmek ve ülkeye özgü öneriler sunmaktır. Beslenme ile ilişkili halk sağlığı politika analizinin odaklandığı temel konular ve bileşenleri; yaşam sürecindeki dönemlere göre programlar, özel dönem ve gruplara göre programlar, yeterli, dengeli ve sağlıklı beslenmeye yönelik genel programlar, risklerin önlenmesine yönelik özel programlar, eğitim programları ve izleme ve değerlendirme çalışmalarıdır.

Objective: We aimed to explain the details of the “We, as well, are in the Fight Against Novel Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19)!” “online” Social Responsibility Project as a model to be used in medical education in the COVID-19 fight. The Project has been developed as a part of Phase 1 Medicine and Social Responsibility Program at Hacettepe University, Faculty of Medicine in Turkey, and aimed to increase the social responsibility, awareness and sensitivity of the students in COVID-19 pandemic days. Material and Methods: All project phases were developed in collaborative work with Faculty Dean’s Office, Project Coordination Team, facilitators, and project groups student representatives. The Project was conducted online in May 2020 in 33 student groups, each of which comprised 10-15 students and an academic staff of the Faculty. All materials were shared simultaneously via the official website of Hacettepe University Faculty of Medicine. Results: Various types of materials like reminders, infographics, videos, and other visuals have been prepared for the Project. Students shared all these materials via social media such as Instagram, Facebook, WhatsApp groups. International students translated some materials into different languages to share the materials in their home-countries. The materials were prepared by Project Coordination Team by having the opinions and suggestions of the faculty members and students. Conclusion: Social Responsibility Project is thought to facilitate improving the sensitivity of the students in COVID-19 crisis. The Project has also contributed to improve the students’ capacity in the management of infodemic and accessing to the community.

Yeni Koronavirüs Hastalığı (COVID-19) ile ilgili toplumda zihinlerde karışıklığa neden olan ve sağlık davranışlarını olumsuz yönde etkileyen bazı yanlış bilgiler mevcuttur. Bu yazı kapsamında COVID-19 ile ilgili toplumda var olan yanlış bilgilerin yayılmasının önlenmesi için önerilerin sunulması amaçlanmıştır. Çalışma sürecinde COVID-19 ile ilgili yazılı ve görsel medya, gündem izlenmiştir. Yanlış bilginin yayılmasında sağlığın belirleyicileri de dâhil olmak üzere birden çok faktör bulunmaktadır. Yanlış bilgi, bireylerde yanlış davranışın oluşmasına neden olmaktadır. Dolayısıyla, sistematik bir şekilde önleme yaklaşımları gerekmektedir.

Prof John M. Last halk sağlığı bilimi ve öğretimine önemli katkılar yapmış bir bilim insanıdır. Halk sağlığı alanında çalışanlarda eleştirel düşünce biçiminin yerleşmesine çok büyük katkı sağlamıştır. Hazırladığı yazılı kaynaklar dünyanın birçok üniversitesinde ders kitabı ve temel başvuru kaynağı olarak kullanılmıştır. Zaman içinde halk sağlığı öğretmenliği niteliği aynı zamanda önemli bir halk sağlığı düşünürlüğüne evrimleşmiştir. Prof. Last, gerçek bir halk sağlığı eylemcisi ve kadın hakları savunucusuydu., Prof John M. Last is a scientist who has made significant contributions to public health science and teaching. He has greatly contributed to the establishment of critical thinking among those working in the field of public health. The written sources he prepared have been used as textbooks and fundemental reference sources in many universities around the world. Over time, his qualification of public health teacher has also evolved into an important public health thinker. Prof. Last was a true public health activist and women's rights advocate.

Heart failure (HF) is a disease associated with poor quality of life. Peritoneal dialysis (PD) can be an alternative in the treatment of these patients to overcome fluid overload. The objective of this study is to observe the effects of PD in refractory HF patients.We conducted an observational study including 10 patients with refractory congestive HF. PD started solely for fluid overload. Patients' baseline parameters were compared with follow-up parameters.Median age was 57.5 (44.8-64.3) years. Median left ventricular ejection fraction was 20% (18.8-31.3), and all patients had right ventricular dysfunction. Median estimated glomerular filtration rate was 51.2 (43.8-101.3) ml/min/1.73 mPD significantly reduced NYHA functional class, number and days of hospitalization for HF. It could be a reasonable option in chronic treatment of patients with refractory HF.

WOS: 000468613100013 PubMed ID: 30238284 Purpose Obesity is among the known risk factors for obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS). In this study, our aim was to investigate the correlation of waist-to-height ratio, an indicator of central obesity, with presence and severity of OSAS; to compare the use of this ratio with the use of waist circumference and body mass index (BMI); and to determine OSAS-related cutoff values. Methods The patient records were retrospectively analyzed for whom a polysomnography was conducted at our sleep. Sex, age, Apnea-Hypopnea Index (AHI), waist circumference, height, and BMI values of those patients were recorded. AHI scores were used to classify severity of OSAS. Results The study included 437 OSAS patients and 72 control cases. Out of the patient group, OSAS was severe in 208 (47%) patients, moderate in 124 (28%), and mild in 105 (24%) of them. In the group of OSAS patients, waist-to-height ratio, waist circumference, and BMI were higher compared to the control group with a further difference of all three parameters among severe, moderate, mild OSAS, and controls both in males and females. Cutoff values for OSAS of females were 95.5cm for waist circumference, 0.595 for waist-to-height ratio, and 27.75 for BMI whereas the cutoff values of males were 100.5cm, 0.575, and 27.75, respectively. Conclusions A high value of waist circumference, waist-to-height ratio, and BMI is associated with the presence and severity of OSAS. We have determined the cutoff values of the studied anthropometric measurements in both sexes for OSAS and severe OSAS.

WOS: 000435398900004 Objective: Restless Legs syndrome (RLS) is a frequent neurological disease. Levetiracetam (LEV) is an effective and broad-spectrum anticonvulsant drug. The aim of this study is to investigate the frequency of RLS in patients diagnosed with epilepsy who took LEV monotherapy. Materials and Methods: Two neurologists were reviewed the files of 1680 patients, who were followed in epilepsy outpatient clinic. One hundred seven patients under LEV monotherapy for at least six months and 120 healthy controls were included in the study. The criteria for the International Restless Legs Syndrome Study Group were taken into consideration for the assessment of RLS. Results: The mean age of patient group was 38.26 +/- 17.39 years, while the mean age of healthy controls was 39.17 +/- 16.12 years. There were no statistically significant differences in terms of age and sex between each two groups. The mean duration of LEV usage was 28.34 months. The LEV usage dose was between 500-3000 mg/day. RLS was seen in 7 (5.83%) healthy controls, whereas 4 patients (3.73%) had RLS in patient group before LEV treatment. The symptom of RLS in two patients disappeared after LEV treatment started and this rate decreased to 1.87%. The biochemical parameters were normal in all patient groups, after LEV treatment, peripheral neuropathy was detected in one patient whose symptoms were not relieved. Conclusion: LEV may have therapeutic effect on RLS. It may be preferred especially in comorbid situations where epilepsy and RLS are seen together. Longitudinal and prospective studies are needed to manifest better the therapeutic effects of LEV on RLS.

18th National Sleep Medicine Congress - OCT 26-29, 2017 - Bodrum, TURKEY Saruhan, Ercan/0000-0001-6416-1442 WOS: 000495454200003 Objective: Although the presence of a systemic inflammatory response is known in obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS), there have not been adequate investigations on the association of such a response with the predominance of apneas either in rapid eye movement (REM) or in the non-REM (NREM) phase. In this study, we compared interleukin-23 (IL-23) concentrations, a marker of systemic inflammatory process, in individuals with sleep apnea syndrome, whose apneas where predominant in the REM or NREM phase. Methods: Fifty-four patients aged over 18 years who were diagnosed as having OSAS based on polysomnography were included in the study. The apnea-hypopnea index (AHI) was used to divide patients into groups of AHI(REM)>AHI(NREM) and AHI(NREM)>AHI(REM). In the blood samples drawn from the patients, IL-23 concentrations were measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Results:The study included patients with OSAS aged 28-65 years, of whom 29 were AHI(REM)>AHI(NREM) and 25 were AHI(NREM)> N-REM. The AHI(REM) >AHI(NREM) OSAS group had no sex-based variance (14 males, 15 females), but the AHI(NREM) >AHI(REM) group was substantially composed of males (21 males, 4 females). The average AHI( )of the AHI(NREM) >AHI(REM) group (43.34 +/- 21.40) was significantly higher than in the AHI(REM) >AHI(NREM) Nifm group (26.79 +/- 17.32). IL-23 concentrations were higher in patients with AHI(REM) >AHI(NREM) sleep apnea (225.38 +/- 77.29) compared patients with AHI(NREM) >AHI(REM), sleep apnea (183.68 +/- 78.49). Conclusion: In AHI(REM) >AHI(NREM )sleep apnea, the systemic inflammatory response may be more dramatic. Taking the AHI(REM) value into consideration along with the average AHI value seems to be important for treatment modalities.

The refugee problem has become a global concern with multidimensional characteristics. Monitoring migration flows over time and comparing the situation with a number of indicators can give clues on how to manage the problem.In this study, the global refugee issue was discussed by focusing on such data including the potential factors causing crises in the most affected countries.In this ecological study, the analysis was completed for the countries that either "host" or "source" refugees between 2005 and 2015. Excel-dataset was formed for United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), World Bank and United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) datasets and were converted to SPSS-23.0. Mapping was done via pixelmap.In 2005, Pakistan, Islamic Republic of Iran, and the United States of America were the first three on the hosting country list, while Germany ranked 8th and China 9th. In 2015, Turkey ranked first as hosting country while previously it was not even in the top 10 countries. Geographical proximity plays a crucial role during displacement. Countries differ from each other according to the values of selected indices.Global solutions integrated with local precautions to reduce the worldwide burden of migration are required.نظرة عامة عالمية حول اللاجئين: مقارنة بين بيانات عامي 2005 و 2015 في البلدان العشرة الأكثر تضررًا.رنا كافوزوجلو، غمزة أكتونا، إكين كوتش، ديلك أصلان، مروة عثمان.أصبحت مشكلة اللاجئين مصدر قلق عالمي ذي خصائص متعددة الأبعاد. ويساعد رصد تدفق المهاجرين على مدار الزمن ومقارنة الوضع باستخدام عدد من المؤشرات على معرفة الطريقة (الطرق) المناسبة لكيفية إدارة المشكلة.تمت مناقشة مشكلة اللاجئين العالمية في هذه الدراسة من خلال التركيز على هذه البيانات، بما في ذلك العوامل المحتملة المُسببة للأزمات في البلدان الأكثر تضررًا.في هذه الدراسة الإيكولوجية، تم استكمال التحليل للبلدان «المستضيفة» أو «المصدرة» للاجئين بين عامي 2005 و 2015. وتم إنشاء مجموعة بيانات باستخدام برنامج (إكسل) تضم مجموعات بيانات برنامج الأمم المتحدة الإنمائي والبنك الدولي ومفوضية الأمم المتحدة السامية لشؤون اللاجئين، وتم تحويلها إلى برنامج 23.0 – SPSS. وجرى رسم الخرائط باستخدام برنامج pixelmap.في عام 2005 ، تصدرت باكستان وجمهورية إيران الإسلامية والولايات المتحدة الأمريكية المراكز الثلاثة الأولى في قائمة البلدان المستضيفة، بينما أتت ألمانيا في المركز الثامن والصين في المركز التاسع. وفي عام 2015 ، صُنفت تركيا في المركز الأول للبلدان المستضيفة، بينما لم تكن ضمن البلدان العشرة الأوائل فيما مضى. ويؤدي القرب الجغرافي دورًا بالغ الأهمية عند النزوح. وتختلف البلدان عن بعضها البعض من حيث قيم المؤشرات المحددة.يجب وضع حلول عالمية وإدماجها في التدابير الاحتياطية المحلية بهدف تخفيض العبء العالمي من المهاجرين.Aperçu mondial sur la situation des réfugiés : comparaison des données de 2005 et 2015 pour les dix pays les plus touchés.Le problème des réfugiés est devenu une préoccupation mondiale aux caractéristiques multidimensionnelles. Le suivi des flux migratoires dans le temps et la comparaison de la situation avec un certain nombre d’indicateurs peuvent donner des indices sur la manière de gérer le problème.Dans la présente étude, la question mondiale des réfugiés a été examinée en se concentrant sur ces données, y compris les facteurs potentiels à l’origine des crises dans les pays les plus touchés.Dans cette étude holistique, l’analyse a été complétée pour les pays qui « accueillaient » des réfugiés ou « étaient source » de réfugiés entre 2005 et 2015. Un fichier Excel a été créé pour les jeux de données du Programme des Nations Unies pour le développement (PNUD), de la Banque mondiale et du Haut-Commissariat des Nations Unies pour les réfugiés (HCR) et a été converti au format SPSS-23.0. La cartographie a été réalisée via pixelmap.En 2005, le Pakistan, la République islamique d’Iran et les États-Unis d’Amérique étaient les trois premiers sur la liste des pays hôtes, tandis que l’Allemagne et la Chine venaient en huitième et neuvième positions respectivement. En 2015, la Turquie occupait le premier rang en tant que pays hôte, alors qu’elle ne figurait même pas parmi les 10 premiers pays auparavant. La proximité géographique joue un rôle crucial lors des déplacements. Les pays diffèrent les uns des autres en fonctions des valeurs des indices sélectionnés.Des solutions mondiales intégrées comprenant des précautions locales pour réduire le fardeau mondial des migrations sont nécessaires.

Amaç: Adolesan dönemi sağlık sorunları, ihmal edilen ve sıklıkla önlem alınmayan durumlardır. Bu sorunlar bireylerin şu anki sağlık düzeylerini etkilediği gibi yetişkinlik döneminde meydana gelebilecek hastalıkların da temelini oluşturmaktadır. Bu çalışmada adolesan dönemde 2009 ve 2016 yılları arasında meydana gelen ölüm nedenleri incelenmiş, ölümlerin yıllar içindeki değişimleri değerlendirilmiştir. Gereç ve Yöntem: Türkiye’de 2009-2016 yıllarına ait adolesan ölüm nedenlerini inceleyen tanımlayıcı tipteki bu araştırma için gerekli veriler Türkiye İstatistik Kurumu’ndan yazılı başvuru ile elde edilmiştir. Adolesan dönem ölüm nedenlerinin boyutunu değerlendirmek amacıyla; yaşa-özel ve yaşa-nedene-özel ölüm hızları ile ölüm nedenlerinin tüm ölümler içerisindeki yüzdeleri ölçüt olarak kullanılmıştır. Bulgular: Adolesan yaş grubunda 2009 yılında yüz binde 22.4 olan yaşa-özel ölüm hızı 2016’da yüz binde 29.2’ye çıkmıştır. 2016 yılında adolesan yaş grubunda birinci ölüm nedeni “dışsal yaralanma nedenleri ve zehirlenme kaynaklı ölümler”’dir. Bu nedene bağlı ölüm hızı adolesan yaş grubunda 2009’dan (yüz binde 6.8) 2016 yılına (yüz binde 12.7) artış göstermiştir. Dışsal yaralanma nedenleri ve zehirlenme kaynaklı ölümler içerisinde en büyük paya sahip olan taşıma kazalarına bağlı ölümler de 2009’dan (yüz binde 3.0) 2016 yılına (yüz binde 5.1) artış göstermiştir. Sonuç: Ölüm nedenlerinde meydana gelen değişimlerin düzenli olarak değerlendirilmesi önemlidir. Bu değerlendirmeler alınacak olan önlemleri etkileyebilmektedir. Bu nedenle benzer değerlendirmelerin yapıldığı bilimsel zeminli çalışmaların sürdürülmesi önerilmektedir.

Novel Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) raised many questions needing answers in order to overcome the disease burden globally. Uncertainty about COVID-19 contributes to the complexity of the burden on the health, social, economic, and cultural influences of COVID-19. In this context, all related disciplines are working together to mitigate the negative influences of the disease. In particular, health promotion, a discipline of public health, matters to the pandemic as it may address the threats at different levels. Health promotion strategies mostly use solution-oriented efforts with inter- and multidisciplinary approaches. Nevertheless, as the COVID-19 burden has many time-critical determinants, these approaches cannot be sufficient to overcome the problem. A transdisciplinary approach in its broader sense using almost all inputs to synthesize and produce an integrative solution may be extremely helpful. In this paper, the importance of transdisciplinary approaches in health promotion to combat COVID-19 has been discussed.

Introduction Public health practices of medical training should be modifiable according to the needs of the population. Turkey has been facing with the refugee problem since 2011. In this regard, new requirements are arising for medical professionals starting from the medical faculties. In this paper, a new elective course introduced for medical students on migration and health will be defined. Materials and Methods ”Migration and Health” in Public Health Perspective Course was proposed for the first phase medical students at Hacettepe University, Faculty of Medicine. The proposal was approved by the official mechanisms of the medical faculty after a detailed assessment. The aim of the approved Course was to gain information and increase awareness on health aspect of migration based on good medical practices. Results The Couse was held between October 2019 and January 2020 once a week for two hours. Fifteen Turkish and other international students completed the Course. Interactive training techniques were used during the Course. Feedbacks of the students were regularly taken after each class once a week. Reflections of the students were also recorded both at the beginning and at the end of the Course. The students were successful in achieving the aims of the Course. Additionally, another achievement was gained which was not proposed at the beginning of the Course. The “positive” attitude of the medical students refusing discrimination against refugees was the secondary and may be a more worthy outcome of the Course. All students were able to look at the refugee problem with good medical values and based on the basic rights of the humanity. Conclusions The students reported their satisfaction about the Course. As the Course was applied for the first time, it is open for revision according to the feedbacks received during of the Program. The Content, the methods will be overviewed before the next year. Key messages Medical students’ curricula could have been updated due to the new and the dynamic developments in the population. Refugee issue needs a global perspective which the medical students need to learn.

Amac: Dunya genelinde ya da bir bolgedeki saglik verilerinin incelenmesi ve karsilastirilmasi, guncel durumun global olcude izlenebilmesi ve ozellikle karar vericilerin onceliklerini belirlemesine katki sunabilir. Yaslilik global duzeyde “istenen” bir gelisme olup bazi acilardan degerlendirme ve karsilastirmalarin yapilabilmesi bu konuda gelecege yonelik yol haritasi cikarmada yararli olacaktir. Bu temel gerekce ile bu makalede Dunya Saglik Orgutu Avrupa Bolgesi’nde yer alan 53 ulkenin yasam beklentisi ve yaslilikla ilgili secilmis olcutler incelenmis, ulkeler arasinda karsilastirmalar yapilmis ve yasliligi ilgilendirdigi dusunulen bazi degerlendirmeler yapilmistir. Gerec ve Yontem: Arastirmada 53 ulkenin dogusta beklenen yasam sureleri, 65 yas ve uzeri nufusun toplam nufus icindeki paylari temel olcutler olarak degerlendirilmistir. Bunlara ek olarak; genel butceden sagliga ayrilan pay, Insani Kalkinma Indeksi, toplumsal cinsiyet esitsizligi gibi diger bazi olcutler de degerlendirilmistir. Veriler Dunya Saglik Orgutu ve Birlesmis Milletler Kalkinma Programi (UNDP) web sitelerinden elde edilmistir. Olcutlerin ulkelere gore karsilastirilmasi icin tablo, grafik ve haritalar kullanilmistir. Ileri analiz asamasinda korelasyon ve regresyon analizleri de yapilmistir. Bulgular: Avrupa Bolgesi, Dunya Saglik Orgutu’nun alti cografi bolgesi icinde yasli nufusu en fazla olan bolge iken, dogusta beklenen yasam suresinde ikinci sirada yer almaktadir. Bolge ulkelerinin cogunun gelismislik gostergelerinde dunya ortalamasinin uzerinde yer aldigi gorulmektedir. Ancak bolge kendi icinde farkliliklari barindirmaktadir. Bati ve Orta Avrupa ulkelerinin; Balkanlar, Dogu Avrupa ve Orta Asya ulkelerine gore daha uzun dogusta beklenen yasam suresine sahip olmasi, yasli nufusun toplam nufustaki payinin ve Insani Kalkinma Indeksi’nin daha yuksek olmasi farkliliklardan bazilaridir. Sonuc: Bolge icindeki esitsizliklerin giderilmesi icin politik duzeyde calismalara gereksinim bulunmaktadir. Sagligin temel belirleyicilerini dikkate alan ve bilimsel zeminde gelistirilmis mudahale programlari ozellikle orta ve uzun vadede planlanmalidir. Bu tur bilimsel calismalarin yapilmasi icin de guclu, dogru ve surekliligi olan veri tabaninin olusturulmasi bir ihtiyactir. Anahtar Sozcukler : Yaslilik, Esitsizlik, Kuresellesme, Kalkinma

Bu çalışmada yaş ayrımcılığı kavramının tanımlanması, belirleyicilerinin ve sonuçlarının değerlendirilmesi amaçlanmıştır. Çalışma kapsamında dünyadaki ve Türkiye’deki güncel durum incelenmiş olup yaş ayrımcılığına bağlı olarak ortaya çıkan toplumsal ve bireysel problemler ele alınmıştır. Bu değerlendirmelerin sonucunda ise küresel ve ulusal seviyede uygulanmaya çalışılan güncel çözüm yolları ve bunlara ilişkin öneriler incelenmiştir. Yaşlı bireyler, 65 yaş ve üzerindeki bireyler olarak tanımlanmaktadır. Bu popülasyonun tüm dünyada göstermekte olduğu sürekli artış; bir sorun olarak toplumsal yaşamı ve bireylerin sağlık düzeylerini olumsuz etkilemektedir. Bu demografik değişime hazır olmayan toplumlarda zaman içerisinde daha fazla sayıda yaşlı bireyin savunmasız duruma düşmesi beklenmektedir. Bu süreçte yaş ayrımcılığının anlaşılması ve yaş ayrımcılığına yönelik farkındalığın arttırılması büyük önem göstermektedir. Yaşlı ayrımcılığına yönelik uluslararası mücadelenin desteklenmesi; hükümetler düzeyinde ise üretilen politikaların bu bireylerin toplumsal yaşama katılımını arttıracak şekilde düzenlenmesi gerekmektedir. Bireylerin yaşlanmaya ve yaşlı bireylere yönelik gerçek olmayan olumsuz düşüncelerinin önüne geçilmesi; nesiller arasında iletişimin arttırılarak yaşlanmaya ve yaşlı bireylere yönelik olumlu tutumların geliştirilmesi sağlanmalıdır., This study aims to define age discrimination concept and to assess the determinants and consequences. Within the extent of the study, current situation in the world and social and individual problems arising due to age discrimination in Turkey have been discussed. Suggestions for the problems are proposed. Aged individuals are defined as 65 and older people. Continuously increasing trend in the numbers of the aged population all over the world affects the social life and the health conditions of individuals negatively. The societies are not ready for this demographic change. Therefore, more older individuals are expected to become vulnerable over time. In this regard, understanding ageism and improving awareness on age discrimination is becoming more important. The international struggle to prevent ageism should be supported and policies produced at state level should be arranged in a way to increase the participation of older age in social life. Interaction among generations and positive attitudes towards old age should be improved in order to prevent the negative thoughts towards aging and older individuals.

“Bilgelik” ya da “ikinci çocukluk” olarak da adlandırılan yaşlılık dönemi bireylerde fizyolojik, psikolojik, sosyolojik vb. değişimler açısından önemli bir dönemdir. Bireylerin bu dönemi sağlıklı geçirebilmeleri için yaşamlarının çok erken evrelerinden itibaren önleyici davranışları içselleştirmeleri gerekir. Ülkemizde ve dünyada yaşlı birey sayısının artma eğiliminde olduğu dikkate alındığında, bütün toplumların yaşlılık konusunda sistem temelli değişiklikler yapma gereksinimleri öne çıkmaktadır. Yaşlıların heterojen bir grup olduğu bilinmektedir. Dolayısıyla, yaşlılık döneminde sağlık ve diğer gereksinimler de birbirinden farklılaşabilmektedir. Bütün bu nedenlerle yaşlılar için planların ve programların bireylerin ve toplumun öncelikli gereksinimlerine göre yapılması uygun olur. Bu yazı kapsamında; yaşlanınca nelerin değiştiği ve özellikle sağlık/hastalık durumlarındaki farklılıklar incelenmiştir. Bu inceleme sırasında yaşlılığın kavramsal olarak tanımı, geçmişten bugüne kavramlardaki değişimler, sağlık/hastalık konularında öne çıkanlar, sağlıklı bir yaşlanma için öneriler üzerinde durulmuştur. Hastalık yükünün azaltılmasının yanı sıra yaşam kalitesinin iyileştirilmesi için koruyucu ve sağlığın korunması yaklaşımlarının geliştirilmesi önerilmektedir.

The aim of this article is to discuss what the prominent tactics of the food industry which could have influenced “health” and “wellbeing” negatively and how to address the preventive strategies in this regard in public health approach. Food industry is resorting to a variety of "tactics" to increase its activities on the market. The similarity of the combination of food and beverage and tobacco industry and the "tactics" they use is remarkable. The ethical violations used within these "tactics" may have the risk to affect certain groups including children and young people. Industrial tactics in the scientific literature include introduction of harmful products, misleading marketing campaigns, targeting of children and other vulnerable groups, corporate lobbying, material contributions, and negative approaches to informatics/scientists.Prevention or elimination of the activities of the food industry which could have a negative impact on the individual/community health is crucial. Based on public regulations, all responsible components should act in accordance with the precautionary principle of public health. Bu yazinin amaci gida endustrisindeki “saglik” ve “iyilik” halini olumsuz etkileyebilecek one cikan taktiklerin neler olabilecegini tartismak ve bu olumsuz etkilere yonelik olarak alinabilecek onlemleri halk sagligi yaklasimi ile ele almaktir. Gida endustrisi, piyasadaki etkinliklerini arttirmak icin cesitli “taktiklere” basvurmaktadir. Yiyecek, icecek ve tutun endustrisinin birlikteligi ve kullandiklari ‘’taktiklerin/oyunlarin’’ benzerligi dikkat cekmektedir. Kullanilan bu “taktikler” de etik ihlaller cocuklarin ve genclerin icinde oldugu bazi ozel gruplari etkilemektedir. Bilimsel literaturde yer alan endustri taktikleri arasinda; zararli urunlerin tanitimi, yaniltici pazarlama kampanyalari, cocuklarin ve diger hassas gruplarin hedef alinmasi, sirket lobiciligi, maddi katkilar ve bilime/bilim insanlarina yonelik olumsuz yaklasimlar yer almaktadir. Gida endustrisinin sagligi olumsuz yonde etkileyecek faaliyetlerinin onlenmesi ya da ortadan kaldirilmasi birey ve toplum icin son derece onemlidir. Kamusal duzenlemeler zemininde sorumlulugu olan tum bilesenler, halk sagliginda ihtiyatlilik ilkesi geregince hareket etmelidirler.

Background Evidence suggests that advice from motivated physicians to their smoking patients is effective in promoting smoking cessation. Yet, detection rate of smokers is often low and, the proportion of smokers receiving special advice to quit varies. This study aimed to detect how frequently European physicians enquire about their patients' smoking status, and to compare and contrast how (if any) smokers benefit from physicians' enquiry and/or advice about smoking cessation. Methods The study was based on secondary analysis of data from six European countries that conducted Global Adult Tobacco Survey, namely, Greece, Poland, Romania, Russia, Turkey and Ukraine. Results Out of Global Adult Tobacco Survey participants who were smoking 12 months preceding the survey and had 'at least one visit to a physician' before the survey, half were asked by their physicians about their smoking status and only 37.7% got a brief advice from their physicians to quit smoking. Remarkably, 25% of current smokers did not get any advice from their physicians to quit even when the smoking status was enquired. The adjusted odds ratio was found as 1.55 (95% confidence interval=1.29-1.87) for the association between physician's enquiry about smoking status of a patient and his/her attempt to quit smoking. Conclusion Even a simple enquiry of the physician about smoking status of a patient could be effective in smoking cessation, yet, enquiry and advice rates are still far below expected. Regardless of the reason for admission, each contact with a patient should be used as an opportunity to combat smoking-related health risks.

Issue/background Public health values transdisciplinary, multidisciplinary, and interdisciplinary perspectives. This background always advocates solidarity which usually finds its positive reflections in the society with the support of many institutional bodies including Non-governmental organization (NGO) movements. which move up solidarity. Globally, NGOs are represented by societies and associations. Turkey is one of the countries which NGO movement is frequent. Turkish NGOs in (public) health may vary on their vision(s) and mission(s). Such variety seems to be “good”; thus, complexity and duplications may occur when a strong systematic ground is not provided. In this paper, a systematic on the functionality of NGOs will be proposed to make the NGO movement more inclusive, accessible, transparent, and auditable in order to support solidarity using the experience of a local case. Results The number of the societies is high in Turkey and they have a wide range of working area including health. Officially they are recorded in the Turkish Ministry of Internal Affairs (MoIA) and can be accessed via the website of the MoIA. There are about 300 000 societies which 116 000 of them are active. The majority of them are founded in big cities. Societies working on health focuses on different areas including professionalism, prevention, rehabilitation, etc. Such varieties may have the potential to create difficulty to follow up their work in a systematic manner. Lessons As NGO/civil society movement is crucial for public health, the proposed steps may contribute to improve/support solidarity on any advocative work on health: To maintain transparency, and auditabilityTo develop methods to prevent duplicative workTo develop accessible “common” platforms to share experiencesTo improve adaptation capacity in the face of new requirementsTo improve networking among NGOsTo improve the global perspective as well as the local one Key messages Solidarity in public health can be achieved with the help of systematic and powerful NGO/civil society movement. Global needs and changes influence civil society dynamics and NGOs should be open to be updated in the face of new requirements.

Methylation is a key epigenetic modification of DNA and regarding its impact on epilepsy, it is argued that "DNA methylation may play an important role in seizure susceptibility and maintenance of the disorder". DNA methylation status of KCC2 (SCL12A5) and NKCC1 (SCL12A2) associated with refractory temporal lobe epilepsy was investigated in our study.Thirty-eight patients with temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) who were diagnosed by video EEG monitoring and 32 healthy control subjects were included in the study. Twenty-three patients in TLE group were men and the remaining 15 were women. Among them, 27 had unilateral temporal focus (9 with right; 18 with left) and 11 patients had bilateral TLE. We analyzed promoter region methylation status of the KCC2 (SCL12A5) and NKCC1 (SCL12A2) genes in the case and control groups. Gene regions of interest were amplified through PCR and sequencing was accomplished with pyro-sequencing.We found a significant relationship between TLE and methylation on the NKCC1. However, there was no association between TLE and methylation on the KCC2 gene. Also, we found no association between right or left and unilateral or bilateral foci of TLE. There was no relationship between TLE and methylation on the NKCC1and KCC2 genes in terms of mesial temporal sclerosis in cranial MRI, head trauma or febrile convulsions.The methylation of NKCC1 can be a mecha-nism of refractory temporal lobe epilepsy. There are limited findings about DNA methylation in TLE. Therefore, further studies with large sample sizes are necessary.A metiláció kulcsfontosságú a DNS epigenetikai módosítása során. Az epilepsziában fontos a metiláció szerepe, olyannyira, hogy az is felmerül: a DNS-metiláció közreműködik a rohamokra való fogékonyság kialakulásában, továbbá a betegség fenntartásában is. Vizsgálatunkban elemeztük a refrakter temporalis epilepsziával asszociált KCC2 (SCL12A5) és NKCC1 (SCL12A2) gének metilációs státuszát.38, video-EEG-monitorral diagnosztizált temporalis epilepsziában szenvedő beteget és 32 egészséges kontrollszemélyt vontunk be a vizsgálatba. A 38 betegből 23 volt férfi, 15 nő; 27-en unilaterális temporalis epilepsziában (9 jobb oldali, 18 bal oldali), 11-en kétoldali temporalis epilepsziában szenvedtek. A vizsgálati és a kontrollcsoportban egyaránt elemeztük a KCC2 (SCL12A5) és NKCC1 (SCL12A2) gének promoter régióinak metilációs státuszát. A kérdéses régiókat PCR-rel amplifikáltuk és piroszekvenálással elemeztük.Szignifikáns kapcsolat mutatkozott a temporalis epilepszia és az NKCC1 metilációja között. Mind­azonáltal, nem volt kapcsolat a temporalis epilepszia és a KCC2 gén metilációja között, továbbá nem találtunk össze­függést az epilepto­gén fókusz elhelyezkedése (jobb vagy bal oldali unilaterális, il­let­ve kétoldali temporalis epilepszia), valamint a metilációs státusz között sem. Nem mutatkozott kapcsolat a temporalis epi­lep­szia, a KCC2, NKCC1 gének metilációs státusza, valamint a koponya-MRI-n ábrázolódó mesialis halántéki sclerosis, a fejet ért trauma vagy a lázgörcs között sem.A refrakter temporalis epilepszia hátterében az NKCC1 metilációja állhat. További nagy esetszámú vizsgálatokra van szükség, mivel korlátozott adattal rendelkezünk a DNS metilációjával kapcsolatosan refrakter temporalis epilepszia esetében.

Objectives Food-related issues, which directly concern all societies and are closely related to the management of limited resources, are always high up on the world agenda. In this context, we addressed healthy nutrition and sustainable food matters using different methods within the scope of Towards Inclusive Research Programming for Sustainable Food Innovations, one of the projects of the 7th Framework Programme. This study presents the opinions of representatives from different sectors towards innovative approaches to healthy nutrition and sustainable food in Turkey. Methods Three European Awareness Scenario Workshops were organised to apply the qualitative research method to group activities like brainstorming and the study of scenarios. This study considers and descriptively analyses the subjects that came into focus among the results of the workshops. Results Considering the topics discussed in the workshops, it is clear that food policies, food and nutrition themed research, healthy nutrition, rational distribution and use of resources, and food safety practices were the most prominent approaches to creating food sustainability. Conclusions As a result of the activities organised during this project, participants found that most food sustainability problems are widespread and commonly encountered. Thus, the relevant sectors must work together to eliminate visible and invisible obstacles between the consumer and healthy food and to ensure the performance of duties and responsibilities by relevant parties in food manufacturing, transportation, etc.