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Background: Urolithiasis (Mutrakricchra) is an age-old disorder which has multi-factorial etiological as well as associated with re-occurrence. It is standout among the most troubling disorders related to urinary tract. Acharya Sushruta, a pioneer in the art of surgery, described the root causes and management of urolithiasis (Mutrakricchra). In present day restorative practice, a lot of the management/treatment choices are available which begins from the utilization of uresis-elevating specialist to dietary or nourishing enhancement consumption. Amalgamating the Ayurvedic principle/concept with current medicinal practice is a promising methodology used for the management of urolithiasis (Mutrakricchra) now a days. Objective: To prepare apamarg kshar and evaluate its potential against Urolithiasis (Mutrakrichra) by In-vitro technique. Materials and Methods: Apamarg kshar were prepared as per the methodology mentioned in Rasatarangni and the prepared Kshar is compressed in tablet dosage form. Various parameters of apmarg kshar tablets were evaluated. Results: Physicochemical and stability studies have not shown any remarkable variations with prepared tablet dosage form. In-vitro studies shows that 82 % of crystal inhibition at 550 µg/ml. Conclusion: The prepared tablet dosage form of Apamarg Kshar does not have remarkable variation during physicochemical and stability studies. The developed dosage form produces promising result in vitro against Urolithiasis (Mutrakrichra).

Simvastatin (SIM) is known to lower cholesterol levels and is speculated in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease. In this study, the bioanalytical method of SIM SNEDDS was developed and validated for the estimation of SIM in the rat's plasma using reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography. C-18 reverse-phase octadecylsilyl column was used to validate the method. Atorvastatin (ATV) was used as an internal standard. Gradient elution was performed using acetonitrile and water in a ratio of 90:10 with a flow rate of 1 mL/min. The chromatogram of these both compounds SIM and ATV was detected at a wavelength of 238 and 244 nm. The drugs were extracted from the plasma samples using the protein precipitation method. The retention time of SIM and ATV was found to be 3.720 and 8.331 min, respectively. The developed method was found to be linear in the range between 50 and 250 ng/mL, with a regression coefficient (r

Ativishadi churna is a traditional classical formulation pioneered by the science of Ayurveda. The very first reference regarding the formulation was documented in the Charka Samhita under title Ativishadi Yoga. The main indication of this formulation is to cure diarrhoea due to pitta dosha vitiation. It contains an equal part of powdered and dried Ativisha roots, Kutaj bark and Indrayava (dried Kutaj seeds). The polyherbal formulations comprise a wide range of bioactive compounds and the standardization of such formulations is a great concern these days. Hence, the present study evolves around standardizing Ativishadi Churna, for this purpose physicochemical parameters were performed of individual drugs by keeping the values of API as a standard. A complete pharmacognostic profile of ingredients has been validated to authenticate plant materials and to confirm the absence of any adulterants or impurities in the formulation. The preliminary phytochemical tests, Pharmacognostic and phytochemical standardization of the formulation were performed as a part of an SOP development. The formulation besides has been proven to possess antimicrobial properties against pathogens responsible for common infectious diseases in humans. The recent concern lies in the fact that some traditional medicines have been claimed to possess heavy metals. For this purpose, the heavy metal content has also been determined which shows that the formulation is devoid of heavy metals that may cause toxicity. The pharmacognostic and phytochemical study of this formulation would be very important for establishing standards in the future.

Background: Tribulus species spread in the warm, temperate regions and prevalent in zone where hot summers and dry soil present. Tribulus species comprises of more than 25 species. Tribulus terrestris L. (Zygophyllaceae) consists of ripe, dried, whole fruit and an annual herb, rarely perennial that grows worldwide, particularly in the temperate regions. It is used as traditional medicines in India, China, South Africa, Bulgaria and many other countries. It is used for strengthening (balya), nutritive (brimhan), rejuvenator (rasayan), diuretic (mutral), anti-inflammatory (shothahara), renal calculi (ashmari) and urolithiasis (Mutrakrichra). Objective: To prepare Gokshur tablet and evaluate its potential against Urolithiasis (Mutrakrichra) by in vitro technique. Materials and Methods: Gokshur kvatha churna was prepared as per the methodology mentioned in Sharandhar samhita and ghan was prepared by evaporating the watery portion from prepared kvatha. Prepared ghan was compressed into tablet, and quality of tablets were evaluated. Results: Physicochemical and stability studies have not shown any remarkable variations with prepared tablet dosage form. In vitro studies showed 58.24% of crystal inhibition at 650µg/ml. Conclusion: The prepared tablets of Gokshur ghan did not have remarkable variation during physicochemical and stability studies. The prepared tablets were able to show remarkable in vitro activity against Urolithiasis (Mutrakrichra).

Background: Urolithiasis (Mutrakricchra) is an age-old disorder which has multi-factorial etiological as well as associated with re-occurrence. It is standout among the most troubling disorders related to urinary tract. Acharya Sushruta, a pioneer in the art of surgery, described the root causes and management of urolithiasis (Mutrakricchra). In present day restorative practice, a lot of the management/treatment choices are available which begins from the utilization of uresis-elevating specialist to dietary or nourishing enhancement consumption. Methodologies created by amalgamating the Ayurvedic principle/concept with current medicinal practice are a promising methodology and even effectively used for the management of urolithiasis (Mutrakricchra). Objective: To prepare a poly herbal formulation and evaluate its potential against Urolithiasis (Mutrakrichra) by In-Vitro technique. Materials and Methods: Trikantakadi kvatha was prepared as per the methodology described in Ayurveda Sar Samgraha. Prepared Trikantakadi kvatha was converted in ghan by evaporating the watery portion and Trikantakadi kvatha ghan vati (TKGV) were prepared by adding excipients in prepared ghan. Various parameters performed for physicochemical and phytochemical characterization of raw material (crude herbs) and prepared tablet dosage form. Results: Physicochemical and phytochemical investigations are not shown any remarkable variations with prepared tablet dosage forms when compared with Trikantakadi kvatha churn. Prepared tablet (TKGV) shows crystal inhibition with passage of time the percentage of crystal inhibition also varied accordingly in the drug concentration (1000 µg/ml) showed the maximum 76.25% crystal inhibition. Conclusion: The prepared dosages forms were not exhibited any remarkable variation during physicochemical, phytochemical and thin-layer chromatography studies. However, the Trikantakadi kvatha ghan vati (TKGV) developed dosage forms are more stable than kvatha (Decoction) and produces promising result against Urolithiasis (Mutrakrichra).

Acne is one of the most common problem faced by today’s youth and is listed in eighth position in the prevalence. It is affecting almost 9.4% of the global population in the world. This skin ailment is mostly occurring in the teenagers. There is no medicine is available in the market which can cure acne. And also, there are some limitations to these available management therapies as well as side effects are associated with them. The overcome these drawbacks of the available therapies a herbal formulation can a better choice due to the easily availability, synergistic activity, better bioavailability and less side effects of phytoconstituents. For our study we have selected Raphanus sativum (Mulak), Piper nigrum (Marich) and Allium sativum (Rason) due to its uses and availability. We have estimated the chemical constituents and phytochemicals present in these plants and their activity against Propionibacterium acne. We have also prepared a formulation using all the three plants and tested them for their activity and drug release with the time. In the case of permeation study, after the 12 h study the percentage of drug release is calculated 76.65%. Finally, we are concluding that the prepared formulation and the herbs used both have the anti-acne activity and the skin penetration is good.

"Malaria is one among the premier dangerous illness conditions in the world. Ayurvedic Physicians are treating malaria since antiquated occasions". Portrayal concerning aetiopathogenesis, clinical features and line of the board are unmistakable under "Vishamajvara". Malaria could even be a preventable and treatable infection. The essential goal of therapy is to make sure total fix, that is the fast and full disposal of the Plasmodium parasite from the patient's blood, so on forestall movement of straightforward malaria to serious ailment or passing, and to forestall incessant disease that prompts malaria related to anaemia. Considering its wide force and making drug affirmation from intestinal sickness parasite, CCRAS has built up a polyherbal non-toxic, threatening to malarial solution through wide pharmacological, toxicological and clinical appraisals. This has been named AYUSH-64. Ayush-64 contains four Ayurvedic herbs which are Alstonia scholaris (aqueous bark extract), Picrorhiza kurroa (aqueous rhizome extract), Swertia chirata (aqueous extract of whole plant) and Caesalpinia crista (fine-powdered seed pulp), developed and patented by CCRAS in India around 38 years ago. Present review highlights the Ayurvedic and herbal drugs combination of malaria which provides the new directions of traditional medicines for treating malaria.

Poor aqueous solubility and gastrointestinal lability of drugs meant for oral administration are consistent challenges for formulation scientists and regulatory authorities. In view of this, several endeavors have been made in the past, including development of nanosuspension, complexes, solid dispersions, and nanocrystals, to improve oral bioavailability of these drugs. Self-nanoemulsifying drug delivery systems (SNEDDS) have been extensively explored to improve the dissolution rate limited bioavailability of drugs. The ease of manufacture, use of inexpensive excipients, thermodynamic stability, and permeation of drugs in the nano range through the lymphatic route has made them unique nanocarriers for oral delivery of poorly soluble drugs. The current chapter discusses composition, preparation techniques, characterization, and applications of SNEDDS.

Objective: The present study highlights the development of a method to synthesize copper nanoparticles (CuNPs).Methods: CuNPs were developed using 0.01 M copper penta sulfate and 0.11 M of ascorbic acid (AA) and 0.03 M of cetyl trimethyl ammonium bromide solution. The synthesized CuNPs were differentiated through filtration and washed by water (deionized). CuNPs were kept in dialysis bag 70 KD in a 250 mL glass beaker along with distilled water. The assembly was kept on a magnetic stirrer for 24 h at 500 rpm. Then, the dialysis bag containing CuNPs solution was filtered by a filter assembly with 0.2 μm nylon filter. The filtered CuNPs were spray dried with the help of spray drier.Results: The prepared CuNPs were found to be 440 nm with zeta potential of −10 mV and polydispersity index 0.314.Conclusion: The investigation deciphers the promising and material technique to synthesis of CuNPs by methods for synthetic reduction utilizing strategy using AA (0.2 M) and sodium hydroxide (1 M), and Syloid 244FP.

Objective: The aims of the present investigation were to develop the herbal and/or herbomineral formulations of Hinguleswara rasa and to compare their anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities, in vitro, with that of standard drug samples.Methods: This study was an interventional investigation in three samples: In the first sample, Hinguleswara rasa (HR1) was prepared as per methodology described in Rasatarangini using Shuddha Hingula (10 g), Shuddha Vatsanabha (10 g), and Pippali (10 g). In the second and third sample, respectively, Hinguleswara rasa was prepared by replacing Shuddha Hingula with Kajjali where Kajjali made from Hingulotha parada and Sodhita parada constitutes two varieties of Hinguleswara rasa, i.e. HR2 and HR3. In vitro antioxidant activity was studied using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl, and the absorbance was recorded at 517 nm. For evaluating the in vitro anti-inflammatory studies, the inhibition of albumin denaturation technique was performed.Results: The results showed that the formulation of Hinguleswara rasa has shown dose-dependent activity which was observed in 100 μg concentration. HR1, HR2, and HR3 showed 36.11, 17.22, and 16.11% radical scavenging activity.Conclusion: It could be concluded that the changes made in the formulations did not affect the in vitro anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects of the herbomineral formulations.

Objectives: The study was aimed to investigate the effects of particle size, vessel used, and extraction time in the preparation of Phaltrikadi kwath.Methods: The particle size of Kwath dravya (solute) was cut into the size of 0.5 cm, 1 cm, 1.5 cm, 2 cm, and coarse powder (pass 60#). The ratios of solvent (water) were 16 times of solute and boiling was done till 1/4th part of the solvent was remain. The provided extraction time was also varied 5.5 to 6 h at temperature range 23C–90°C. Phaltrikadi kwath was prepared as per formula mentioned in “Sharngadhar samhita” Madhyam khand 2/77.Results: Total 15 samples of Phaltrikadi kwath were prepared and analyzed for physicochemical and phytochemical parameters, from obtained value, it was confirmed that extraction procedure with varied particle size significantly affected the yield of active pharmaceutical ingredients in prepared Phaltrikadi kwath. Coarse particle sizes can produce a higher yield. Moreover, a longer extraction time produces a higher yield.Conclusion: Kwath (decoction) prepared by particle size 1.5 cm and 2.0 cm may be more therapeutically effective, as it has total solid content more than 6%, it proves that “Yavakuta” phenomena of Ayurvedic classics.

Objectives: The objectives of this study were to formulate and analyze the physicochemical properties of hajral yahud pishti and its in vitro evaluation for antiurolithiatic effect.Methods: Hajral yahud pishti was prepared using chandan arka, nagarmotha arka, and jala (water), respectively, as bhawana dravya. Physicochemical parameters were carried out using standard methods mentioned in official compendium of Ayurveda. In vitro antiurolithiatic activity of the prepared hajral yahud was done on artificially prepared urine.Results: No significant variation was observed in the physicochemical analysis of all prepared samples in different concentrations, i.e., 100, 200, 400, 800, and 1000 μL of the hajral yahud pishti showed dose-dependent antiurolithiatic activity in prepared artificial urine 1000 μL concentration exhibited 74.47% protection.Conclusion: The prepared hajral yahud pishti gave protection against urolithiasis.

Objective: The present study aimed to prepare Panchaguna taila (PGT) and its development in various dosage forms, i.e. ointment, gel, cream, and physiowax to exemplify the characteristic parameters according to pharmaceutical standards.Methods: PGT is polyherbal medicated oil used externally for treating wounds, cut, and burn and used for massaging in rheumatoid arthritis, muscular pain, sprains, and joints pain. Prepare the decoction using Haritaki, Vibhitaki, Amalaki, Nimba, Sambhalu and prepare paste (kalka) from Madhuchishta, Gandhaphiroja, Shilarasa, Rala, and Guggulu. Mix all the ingredients and heat till watery portion not evaporated from the oil with constant stirring then filter it. Add eucalyptus oil, turpentine oil, and kejoputi oil at the end and stir it well. Prepare various dosage forms like ointment, gel, cream, and physiowax using suitable base for the better and improved therapeutic application. Analytical standards for PGT such as acid value, saponification value, iodine value, and peroxide value were performed, and obtained results were appeared under the prescribed limit of the official monograph. Various physicochemical parameters such as homogeneity, spreadability, pH, and melting point were performed for PGT ointment, PGT gel, PGT cream, and PGT physiowax. Stability study of PGT was done for 3 days under the accelerated conditions.Results: In PGT, various physicochemical parameters were performed on the interval of 24, 48, and 72 hrs, and no significant variation found in their physicochemical properties when observed values were compared. PGT ointment, PGT gel, PGT cream, and PGT physiowax containing PGT as active pharmaceutical ingredient with various suitable excipients and base are easy to formulate and convenient to apply over the affected area. Rf observed between the ranges 0.21 to 0.84 as given in the standard monograph. In PGT, PGT ointment and PGT physiowax, 10 spots were found, and in PGT gel and PGT cream, 7 spots were found. 0.11, 0.15, and 0.34 spots were found in the PGT gel, PGT cream, and PGT physiowax, respectively, that can be given by the excipients or base used for their preparation.Conclusion: It is possible to make other dosage form of PGT which can be more convenient to the customers. Hence, the issues related to the PGT like staining and sticking can be resolved by developing or converting the PGT into various convenient dosages.

Objective: The present work is aimed to formulate Ashwagandha kalpa and evaluate the impact of fermenting agent.Methods: A. kalpa is a marketed patent proprietary Ayurvedic product prepared by adopting the Ayurvedic principles of madya sandhana and it belongs to the class of formulations known as Sandhana kalpana. It is given to the patients suffering from hypertension, insomnia, paralysis, loss of concentration, etc. In the preparation of madya sandhana, the sandhana dravya (fermenting agents) play a key role. The present study was taken up to see the effect of three different sandhana dravya (fermenting agents), i.e., Dhataki pushpa (DAK), Madhuka (MAK), and yeast (YAK) on the formulation characterization of A. kalpa.Results: The prepared samples were tested for their physicochemical parameters, i.e., total solid, pH, specific gravity, sugar content, alcohol content, refractive index, phytochemical screening, quantitative assay for secondary metabolites, and high-performance thin-layer chromatography (HPTLC) fingerprinting. The findings of phytochemical evaluation, quantitative assay, and HPTLC fingerprint show marked variation among three different prepared samples of A. kalpa. The preliminary phytochemical estimation for the detection of secondary metabolites was done. The study revealed the presence of highest percentage of alkaloids in YAK, tannins in DAK and saponins in YAK. Total solid content was found to the highest in MAK. Physicochemical parameters such as pH, total solid content, refractive index, alcohol content, and specific gravity also showed marked variation. Alcohol content for the DAK and YAK was found same.Conclusion: sandhana dravya (fermenting agent) causes variations in different physicochemical and phytochemical parameters in the formulation and development of A. kalpa.

An age-old syndrome which possesses not only multifactorial etiological origins but also often associated with high rate of remission-rebound frequency during its management time is kidney stone (termed as urolithiasis). In Ayurveda, this syndrome is called as mutrakricchra and it is one of the most distressing syndromes among the group of urinary disorder conditions attached to human beings till today. Even Acharya Sushruta, a pioneer in the art of surgery, described the root causes and management of urolithiasis. In modern medical practice, plenty of management/treatment options are available which starts from the use of uresis-promoting agent to dietary or nutritional supplement intake. Approaches developed by amalgamating the ayurvedic concept/principle with modern medical practice is a promising strategy and even welcome addition for urolithiasis management. This review provides a comprehensive insight on how the amalgamation of ayurvedic concept with modern medical practice helps in urolithiasis management.