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Peternak harus mengenal jenis pakan yang biasa diberikan kepada ternak supaya menghasilkan produksi yang baik. Pakan berupa hijauan, leguminosa, dan konsentrat umumnya diberikan kepada ternak kambing perah. Tujuan pengabdian adalah memberikan pengetahuan tentang pakan kambing perah di Kelompok Peternak Roudhatul Ghonam Sidamulih Pangandaran. Pengabdian ini telah dilaksanakan di kelompok ternak Roudhatul Ghonam Kecamatan Sidamulih Kabupaten Pangandaran yang diikuti oleh peserta berjumlah 30 peserta dengan berbagai tingkatan usia. Metode pelaksanaan dengan cara memberikan penyuluhan kepada para peternak dengan pengenalan berbagai pakan untuk kambing perah. Tahapan dimulai dengan sebaran kuisioner pre test sebelum kegiatan dilakukan dengan 10 pertanyaan yang diajukan, pemaparan materi pengenalan pakan, penyebaran kuisioner post test kepada peserta dan diakhiri dengan sesi tanya jawab peserta dan narasumber. Kemudian mengenalkan pakan berupa hijauan seperti rumput gajah, raja, gamal, kaliandra dan ampas tahu yang bisa diberikan dengan potensi ketersediaan diwilayahnya, konsentrat serta teknologi pakan hasil fermentasi berupa silase. Hasil menunjukkan bahwa pengetahuan tentang pakan meningkat di tingkat peternak berdasarkan pre test dan post test sehingga diharapkan dengan ilmu dan pengetahuan tersebut produktivitas ternaknya tinggi dengan pemberian pakan yang terbaik.Abstract: Farmers must know the types of feed that are usually given to livestock to produce good production. Feed in the form of forage, legume, and concentrate is generally given to dairy goats. This service aims to provide knowledge about dairy goat feed in the Roudhatul Ghonam Farm Sidamulih Pangandaran. This service was carried out in the Roudhatul Ghonam farm, Sidamulih District, Pangandaran Regency, where 30 participants of various ages attended. The implementation method is by providing counseling to breeders with the introduction of various feeds for dairy goats. The stages began with the distribution of pre-test questionnaires before the activity was carried out with ten questions being asked, presentation of feed introduction material, distributing post-test questionnaires to participants, and ended with a question and answer session between participants and resource persons. Then introduce feed in the form of forages such as elephant grass, king grass, Gamal, calliandra, and tofu dregs that can be provided with potential availability in the region, concentrate and fermented feed technology the form of silage. The results showed that knowledge about feed increased at the farmer level based on the pre-test and post-test. It is expected that with this knowledge and knowledge, the productivity of livestock is high by providing the best feed

The body weight (BW, in kg) of sheep can be estimated by measuring the body length (BL, in cm) and chest circumference (C C , in cm). The study aimed to conduct a novel formula to predict BW of Garut ewes based on its BL and C hest Circumference CC . The accuracy of the novel formula is then compare d to the commonly used Schrool and Winter Arjodarmoko formulas. The materials of the study w ere taken from the 1 to 7 certified data of adult Garut ewes with a total of 118 heads from three different reg ions : Bandung (73 ewes ), Sumedang (22 ewes ) and Garut (23 ewes ). The observed variables were Body Weight ( BW ) , Body Length ( BL ) , and C hest Circumference (CC) . The data showed that the average adult Garut ewes BW was at 44.05 ± 10.65 kg, BL at 62.35 ± 5.34 kg, and C C at 83.89 ± 6.25 kg. The novel f ormula regression analaysis for BW estimation was ( -91.1+ 0.575 ( BL ) + 1.18 ( CC ) with R 2 = 81.0%. Moreover, BL and CC showed highly significant correlation (P

The utilization of low-input paddy straw hay PSH for fattening lambs should be incorporated with a high-quality concentrate HQC in which green tea dust GTD rich in tannins can be added as a natural feed additive. Completely randomized design was used to compare 5 doses of GTD inclusions dry matter, DM basis at 0% GTD-0 , 0.5% GTD-0.5 , 1% GTD-1 , 1.5% GTD-1.5 , and 2% GTD-2 in an HQC as the main diet of PSH-fed fattening lambs on average daily gain ADG, g/head/day , dry matter intake DMI, g/head/day , and nutrient digestibility % using 6 replicates. The results showed that GTD-1.5 resulted in higher P < 0.05 ADG for the lambs compared with GTD-0 as a control diet during 69 days of a feeding trial, while GTD-0.5, GTD-1, and GTD-2 provided a nonsignificant increase in ADG for the lambs in comparison with GTD-0. There was no difference P > 0.05 in nutrient digestibility of the lambs for all GTD treatments, but GTD-1.5 resulted in better nutrient digestibility. Proper GTD inclusion in an HQC and PSHbased diet can therefore increase the performance of fattening lambs without any harmful effects on feed consumption and nutrient digestibility. GTD inclusion in an HQC as the main diet of feedlot lambs is recommended at 1.5%.

Turmeric extract (Curcuma longa L.) has the potential to be a natural anthelmintic and alternative to commercial deworming drugs for naturally-infected local sheep. A completely randomized design was used to compare the effect of 5 different oral treatments of turmeric extract tablets at 0 (TET-0), 200 mg (TET-200), 400 mg (TET-400), 800 mg (TET-800), and commercial Oxfendazole 225mg (Oxfen-225) on reducing endoparasites (fecal egg counts, FEC) of naturally-infected local yearling ewes at day-0 (before treatments), day-7, day-14, and day-21 (after treatments) using 4 replicates (n = 4). At day-0, all experimental ewes were naturally infected by FEC Strongyles nematode ranging from 85.0 ± 32.8 to 638 ± 230 eggs/g. Meanwhile, FEC Fasciola spp. and Paramphistomum spp. (Trematode), Monieza spp. (Cestode), dan Eimeria spp. (coccidia) were found a little in a small number of ewes. Therefore, further analysis focused on FEC Strongyles. On day-7, only Oxfen-225 and TET-800 treatments reduced (P0.05) FEC Strongyles by 100% and 64%, respectively. There was no difference (P0.05) in the increased or reduced percentages of FEC Strongyles infections among group treatments during day-14 and day-21 although only Oxfen-225 treatment showed a constant decrease. It seems that orally administering turmeric extract tablet at 800 mg have the potential to reduce FEC Strongyles in sheep by 64% although its anthelmintic potential is still weaker than commercial oxfendazole 225 mg. (Pengaruh Ekstrak Kunyit (Curcuma longa L.) sebagai Antelmintik terhadap Penurunan Endoparasit pada Domba yang Terinfeksi secara Alami) ABSTRAK. Ekstrak kunyit (Curcuma longa L.) mempunyai potensi sebagai antelmintik alami pengganti obat cacing komersial pada domba lokal yang terinfeksi cacing. Rancangan acak lengkap digunakan untuk membandingkan pengaruh 5 perbedaan perlakuan ekstrak kunyit dalam bentuk tablet dengan dosis: 0 (TET-0), 200 mg (TET-200), 400 mg (TET-400), 800 mg (TET-800), dan Oxfendazole komersil 225mg (Oxfen-225) terhadap penurunan jumlah telur cacing pada feses (Fecal egg counts, FEC) domba betina muda yang terinfeksi cacing secara alami pada hari ke-0 (sebelum perlakuan), hari ke-7, hari ke-14, dan hari ke-21 setelah perlakuan menggunakan 4 ulangan (n = 4). Pada hari ke-0, semua domba eksperimen terinfeksi secara alami oleh nematoda Strongyles sebanyak 85.0 ± 32.8 sampai 638 ± 230 telur/gram feses. Sedangkan FEC Fasciola spp. dan Paramphistomum spp. (Trematoda), Monieza spp. (Cestoda), dan Eimeria spp. (Koksidia) hanya ada di beberapa domba saja dalam jumlah yang sedikit. Sehingga Analisa selanjutnya difokuskan kepada FEC Strongyles. Pada hari ke-7, hanya perlakuan Oxfen-225 dan Cur-800 yang dapat mengurangi (P0.05) persentase FEC Strongyles sebanyak 100% dan 64%, secara berurutan. Tidak ada perbedaan (P0.05) pada peningkatan atau penurunan persentase FEC Strongyles pada semua perlakuan selama hari ke-14 dan hari ke-21 walaupun perlakuan Oxfen-225 memperlihatkan pengurangan persentase FEC Strongyles secara konstan. Ekstrak kunyit dalam bentuk tablet pada dosis 800 mg mempunyai potensi menurunkan infeksi FEC Strongyles sekitar 64% pada minggu pertama, tetapi kemampuan antiparasitiknya masih di bawah oxfendazole 225 mg.

Tujuan penelitian ini untuk mengukur seberapa besar pengaruh minyak ikan yang sudah terenkapsulasi terhadap kolesterol darah dan performa pada Domba. Penelitian telah dilakukan di Sub Unit Pelayanan Pengembangan Pembibitan Ternak Domba dan Kambing (SUPPPTDK) Bunihayu, Subang pada tanggal 20 Januari 2020 sampai 27 Maret 2020. Sebanyak 18 ekor domba Ekor Tipis jantan dengan bobot 15,99±0,98 kg dialokasikan ke dalam 3 perlakuan secara acak. Domba tersebut diberi ransum perlakuan yang disuplementasi dengan mikroenkapsulasi minyak ikan sebanyak 0% (P0), 2,5% (P1), dan 5% (P2). Data yang terkumpul dilakukan analisis ragam dan bila hasil berbeda nyata maka dilanjutkan dengan uji Duncan. Hasil menunjukkan bahwa mikroenkapsulasi minyak ikan dapat menurunkan kolesterol darah (P0,05), namun tidak berpengaruh nyata terhadap pertambahan bobot badan, konsumsi dan konversi ransum (P0,05). Penurunan kadar kolesterol terjadi pada kelompok domba dengan perlakuan mikroenkapsulasi sebanyak 2,5% (P1) dan mikroenkapsulasi 5% (P2). Kadar kolesterol darah masing-masing perlakuan berturut-turut adalah 100,70 mg/dl (P0); 96,20 mg/dl (P1); dan 78,76 mg/dl (P2). Rataan yang terbaik pada pertambahan bobot badan, konsumsi bahan kering harian, dan konversi ransum terdapat pada P2 yaitu 63,96 g/hari, 574,13 g/hari, dan 9,08. Hasil penelitian dapat disimpulkan bahwa mikroenkapsulasi minyak ikan dapat menurunkan kolesterol darah, dengan penurunan tertinggi pada pemberian 5%. (The impact of microencapsulation fish oil in feed on blood cholesterols and performance on sheep) ABSTRAK. This study measured the effect of encapsulated fish oil on blood cholesterol and sheep performance. The study was conducted at the Bunihayu Sheep and Goat Breeding Services Bunihayu, Subang on January 20, 2020 to March 27, 2020. A total of 18 male thin-tailed sheep 15.99±0.98 kg were allocated randomly into 3 treatments. The sheep were given feed supplemented with fish oil microencapsulation of 0% (P0), 2.5% (P1), and 5% (P2). The data were collected and analyzed by analysis of variance and, if the result is significantly different, continued by Duncan's test. The results showed that fish oil microencapsulation decreased blood cholesterol levels (P0.05). However, it did not affect body weight gain, consumption, and feed conversion (P0.05). Decreased levels of cholesterol occurred in the group of sheep with 2.5% microencapsulation (P1) and 5% microencapsulation (P2). Blood cholesterol levels of each treatment were 100.70 mg/dl (P0); 96.20 mg/dl (P1); and 78.76 mg/dl (P2), respectively. Averagely, the highest body weight gain, dry matter intake and feed conversion were found in P2 as much as 63.96 g/day, 574.13 g/day, and 9.08, respectively. The results can be concluded that microencapsulation of fish oil can reduce blood cholesterol, with the highest decrease at the level of 5%.

Pemberian pakan yang cukup secara kuantitas maupun kualitas akan memberikan performa terbaik pada ternak. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh pemberian jerami padi terfermentasi dan green tea dust sebagai pakan aditif terhadap panjang badan, lingkar dan lebar dada. Metode yang digunakan adalah metode eksperimental menggunakan Rancangan Acak Lengkap (RAL) dengan tiga perlakuan dan enam ulangan, sehingga jumlah ternak sebanyak 18 ekor domba Priangan umur sebelas bulan hingga tiga belas bulan dengan bobot badan rata-rata 15 Kg dengan koefisien variasi 14,89% dan dipelihara dalam kandang individual. Perlakuan yang di gunakan adalah imbangan jerami padi terfermentasi, konsentrat dan green tea dust yaitu P0 (80% jerami padi terfermentasi + 20% konsentrat), P1 (80% jerami padi terfermentasi + 19,25% konsentrat +0,75 % green tea dust) dan P2 (80% jerami padi terfermentasi + 18,50% konsentrat + 1,50% green tea dust). Variabel yang diamati terdiri dari panjang badan, lingkar dada dan lebar dada. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan pemberian jerami padi terfermentasi, konsentrat dan green tea dust tidak memberikan pengaruh terhadap lingkar dada namun memberikan pengaruh terhadap panjang badan dan lebar dada domba priangan betina.

Research about Heryaki probiotic powder as a feed supplement in ruminant diets has been done since 2018. Since changing its form from colloid to powder, there are several advantages of the probiotic powder such as being handled, distributed and utilized easier. This change in the form has followed consumer requirements who feel less practical to use the colloid form of Heriyaki probiotic and spending more time to produce feed since it was mixed using spray pump to distribute liquid probiotic to concentrate or ensiled forage. The procedure of making Heryaki probiotic powder uses a single ribbon mixer of 150 kg capacity with a pump to distribute the liquid. Operationally, Heryaki probiotic powder production starts with turning on the mixer machine at 15 rotations speed per minute until the machine runs stable. Then, the 10% molasses was added into 20% of Heryaki probiotic liquid and mixed until homogenized (solution A). Then, the rice bran was put into the mixer machine (70% of the total amount of powder to be made) and the mixer lid is closed. Solution A is pumped and distributed into rice bran inside the mixer and mix them properly for about 15 minutes. Remove mixed probiotic powder from the mixer machine and put it into drums prior to be compacted (to make anaerobic condition) and kept in anaerobic conditions for minimum 5 days. The probiotic powder is ready to be used or distributed. During laboratory observation, the pH of Heryaki probiotic powder was 3.6 and contained 24.8% of water, 16.8% of ash, 6.8% of protein, 0.52% of lipids, 30.7% of fiber, and 45.18% of nitrogen-free extract. It also contained 2.0×1010 total viable microbes, 1.21×1010 total fungi, and 1.87x1010 total lactobacillus. Several identified microbes were Candida ethanolica, Bacillus subtilis and Monascus fumeus.

Penelitian bertujuan untuk membandingkan model pendugaan total digestible nutrient (TDN) dan proteintercerna pada domba Garut betina. Dua puluh ekor domba diberi berbagai jenis ransum dengan kandungan TDN danprotein berbeda, lalu diukur nilai TDN dan protein tercerna. Untuk mengukur hubungan TDN dan protein tercernain vivo dengan berbagai model pendugaan dilakukan dengan menggunakan analisis regresi, sedangkan tingkatkeakuratan model pendugaan digunakan perhitungan ratio prediction to deviation (RPD). Hasil menunjukkanbahwa model pendugaan TDN Sutardi dan model pendugaan protein tercerna Beenson lebih akurat dengan nilaiRDP sebesar 24,20 dan 4,51. Masing-masing memiliki nilai korelasi (r) 0,9 dan 0,7 serta koefesien determinasisebesar 0,81 dan 0,49.

This research aimed to study the effect of protein and energy on Diet Use Efficiency of female Garut sheep. Four different treatments diets of different protein to TDN (energy) ration such as R1=11.53%:63.13%; R2=10.78%:70.06%; R3=13.54%:63.18%; and R4=13.67%:69.18% were allocated to 20 heads of female Garut sheep with 7-8 months old and average body weight 15.72 ± 1.33 kg. Completely randomized design was used and collected data was analyzed with Duncan’s test. The results showed that highest diet use efficiency and protein consumption (P

Penelitian bertujuan untuk memanfaatkan filtrat abu sekam padi (FASP) untuk mengurangi lignin dalam tongkol jagung. Penelitian menggunakan rancangan acak lengkap (RAL) menggunakan empat macam perlakuan, yaitu R1 = Tongkol jagung dengan hidrolisis FASP konsentrasi 0,05 b/v, R2 = Tongkol jagung dengan hidrolisis FASP konsentrasi 0,10 b/v, R3 = Tongkol jagung dengan hidrolisis FASP konsentrasi 0,15 b/v, R4 = Tongkol jagung dengan hidrolisis FASP konsentrasi 0,20 b/v. Setiap perlakuan diulang sebanyak empat kali. Berdasarkan hasil analisis statistik menunjukkan bahwa semakin tinggi abu yang dilarutkan air akan semakin tinggi nilai pH FASP yang diikuti dengan semakin menurunnya kandungan lignin (P

Pemberian pakan yang cukup secara kuantitas maupun kualitas akan memberikan performa terbaik pada ternak. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui Pengaruh Pemberian Jerami Padi Terfermentasi dan Green Tea Dust sebagai Pakan Aditif terhadap Dalam Dada Lingkar Pinggang dan Lebar Panggul Domba Priangan. Metode yang digunakan adalah metode eksperimental menggunakan Rancangan Acak Lengkap (RAL) dengan tiga perlakuan dan enam ulangan. Ternak percobaan sebanyak 18 ekor domba priangan betina, umur sebelas hingga tiga belas bulan dengan bobot badan 12-20 kg dengan koefisien variasi bobot badan 14,89%. Perlakuan yang digunakan adalah imbangan jerami padi terfermentasi, konsentrat, dan green tea dust yaitu : P0 (80% jerami padi terfermentasi + 20% konsentrat), P1 (80% jerami padi terfermentasi + 19,25% konsentrat + 0,75% green tea dust ) dan P2 (80% jerami padi terfermentasi + 18,50% konsentrat + 1,50% green tea dust). Variabel yang diamati terdiri dari dalam dada, lingkar pinggang dan lebar panggul. Hasil penelitian menunjukan pemberian jerami padi terfermentasi dan green tea dust sebagai pakan aditif tidak memberikan pengaruh terhadap dalam dada, lingkar pinggang dan lebar panggul domba priangan

Potensi tongkol jagung sebagai pakan ruminansia sangat besar, namun dibatasi penggunaannya karena kadar ligninnya yang tinggi. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menguji dan mengetahui hubungan antara kandungan lignin dan serat kasar tongkol jagung yang direndam dengan berbagai konsentrasi filtrat abu jerami padi (FAJP). Penelitian menggunakan rancangan acak lengkap (RAL) dengan empat macam perendaman, yaitu R1 = Tongkol jagung dengan hidrolisis FAJP konsentrasi 5%, R2 = Tongkol jagung dengan hidrolisis FAJP konsentrasi 10%, R3 = Tongkol jagung dengan hidrolisis FAJP konsentrasi 15%, R4 = Tongkol jagung dengan hidrolisis FAJP konsentrasi 20%. Setiap perlakuan diulang sebanyak empat kali. Hasil menunjukkan bahwa FAJP berpengaruh nyata terhadap penurunan kadar lignin dan serat kasar pada tongkol jagung (p

The chemical composition, mineral profile and in vitro fermentation characteristics of maize (MZ), high sugar forage sorghum (HS) and forage sorghum (FS), and silages made from each forage type were measured. The MZ and MZ silage (MZS) had higher crude protein, starch and ether extract contents than both sorghum forages and sorghum silages. HS had higher ash and water-soluble carbohydrate concentrations than FS and MZ. MZ, MZS, HS and HS silage (HSS) had lower neutral detergent fibre, acid detergent fibre and acid detergent lignin than FS and FS silage (FSS). FSS had higher dry matter (DM) and pH than MZS and HSS. HSS contained higher concentrations of P and K than FSS and MZS. MZS and HSS had higher in vitro dry matter and organic matter digestibility, CH4 production, total volatile fatty acids, acetate and propionate than FSS. pH was higher for FSS than for HSS, and ammonia was lower for HSS than for MZS and FSS. HSS had higher gas production than MZS and FSS after 2, 4, 6 and 8 h incubation. MZS had higher gas production than HSS and FSS after 26 and 28 h of incubation. The results indicate that HS may substitute for MZ to make good quality silage. However, animal studies are needed to assess the acceptability and feeding values of HSS vs. MZS for ruminant production.

An economics experiment to study the values of Income over Feed Cost at various market prices of fattening sheep has been done at Sheep Experimental House of The Faculty of Animal Husbandry, UniversitasPadjadjaran. About 63 heads of Garut growing lambs were fattened for 90 days and fed by corn silage and concentrate. Feed consumption and average daily gain (ADG) were measured and Income over Feed Cost was analyzed at different selling prices: 40,000 IDR/kg live weight at general market, 60,000 IDR/ kg live weight at Aqiqah Market, and 80,000 IDR/kg live weight at Qurban Market. The result showed that ADG of lambs was 122 g/head/day resulting in selling prices of 4,882 IDR/head/day for general market, 7,323 IDR/head/day for Aqiqah market, and 9,764 IDR/head/day for Qurban market. If average feed cost was 3,508 IDR/head/day, its Income over Feed Cost was 1.374 IDR/head/day for general market, 3,825 IDR/head/day for Aqiqah market, and 6,256 IDR/head/day for Qurban market. At non-feed cost of 1,921 IDR, there was a potential loss of 547 IDR/head/day if selling price was only 40,000 IDR/kg live weight. Breakeven point could be reached at selling price of 44,500 IDR/kg live weight. It is concluded that fattened lambs is not profitably sold to general market but can be profitably sold to Aqiqah and Qurban markets.

We used HPLC to examine the bioactive compounds such as alkaloids and polyphenols in green and black tea powders and their use as potential additives in ruminant diets. Caffeine was the highest alkaloid in both green and black teas. Green tea had significantly higher concentrations of alkaloids and catechins but lower theaflavins than black tea. Epigallocatechin gallate, epicatechin gallate and epigallocatechin were the major catechins in green tea while theaflavin-3, 3’-digallate and theaflavin-3-gallate were the major theaflavins in black tea. Tea powders in ruminant diets decreased in vitro rumen ammonia and methane production without affecting volatile fatty acid profiles and the degradability of the diets. The tea powders containing variable amounts of alkaloids, catechins and theaflavins can potentially be used to decrease rumen ammonia and methane productions without any detrimental effect on rumen functions in vitro and perhaps ruminant productive efficiency.

This paper reports the use of probiotic and sodium bicarbonate in the diet of feedlot sheep. Probiotics from Heriyaki powder can function as forge preservative and sodium bicarbonate as an artificial rumen buffer that helps to stabilize pH levels in sheep’s stomach. The objectives of this formulation is to improve the rumen function, feed efficiency and reduce the risk of acidosis leading to a significant increase of average daily gain (ADG, gram/head/day) of feedlot sheep. Heriyaki probiotic liquid was prepared by fermenting beans mixed with sugarcane molasses while Heriyaki powder was obtained by mixing the Heriyaki probiotic liquid with rice hull powder and additional molasses sugarcane in anaerobic condition for 5 days. The powder was then applied for preparing whole maize silage 0.5 wt% in anaerobic condition for 7 days before feeding. Meanwhile, the feed concentrate contained acid buffer of sodium bicarbonate powder at different doses and sizes [0.35 wt% commercial size (T1), 0.18 wt% mesh -400 (T2) and 0.35 wt% mesh -400 (T3)]. The diet treatment was a total mixed ratio containing 1 kg silage and 700 g concentrate. The experiment was conducted to compare the effect of 3 different treatments (T1, T2 and T3) on dry matter intake (DMI, g/day), ADG and feed conversion ratio (FCR) of feedlot sheep for 2 months fattening, where each treatment was applied into a flock colony for 6 heads of sheep with three flock replications involving 54 heads of sheep in total for all the treatments. The results showed no difference (P>0.05) in DMI, ADG and FCR of feedlot sheep confirming the use of low-dose and finer sodium bicarbonate powder in T2 yield a targeted ADG of > 110 g but being more efficient than other treatments.

This research aimed to investigate the potential use of banana peels waste for sheep feeding. Completely randomized design was used to compare the chemical, phenol, and tannin compositions between raw and ripened banana peels from 4 different varieties (Ambon, Muli, Nangka, Kapas). Moreover, a 2x4 factorial design was used to test the main effects of ripening stages (raw, ripened) and doses (10, 20, 30, 40%) of Ambon banana peels on in vitro dry matter and organic matter digestibility (DMD and OMD, %), ammonia (NH3, mM), volatile fatty acids (VFA, mM), pH, and total gas production (TGP, ml). Raw banana peels contained less (P0.05). Based on in vitro assessments, raw Ambon banana peels had lower (Pin vitro assessments.

This study characterized the chemical composition of green and black teas as well as their spent tea leaves (STL) following boiling in water with different tea-to-water ratios. The green and black tea leaves had statistically similar (g/kg dry matter (DM), unless stated otherwise) DM (937 vs 942 g/kg sample), crude protein (240 vs 242), and ash (61.8 vs 61.4), but green tea had significantly higher (g/kg DM) total phenols (231 vs 151), total tannins (204 vs 133), condensed tannins (176 vs 101), and total saponins (276 vs 86.1) and lower neutral detergent fiber (254 vs 323) and acid detergent fiber (211 vs 309) than the black tea leaves. There was no significant difference between the green and black tea leaves for most mineral components except Mn, which was significantly higher in green tea leaves, and Na and Cu, which were significantly higher in black tea leaves. A higher tea-to-water ratio during extraction significantly reduced the loss of soluble compounds into water and hence yielded more nutrient-rich STL. On the basis of these analyses it appears that the green and black tea leaves alongside their STL have the potential for use as sources of protein, fiber, secondary metabolites, and minerals in ruminant diets. The presence of high levels of plant secondary metabolites in either tea leaves or their STL suggests that they may have potential for use as natural additives in ruminant diets.

Tea leaves are a rich source of plant secondary metabolites such as tannins and saponins that have the potential to manipulate rumen fermentation and to lessen methane (CH 4 ) production.Samples of green tea (GTL), black tea (BTL), their spent leaves after water extraction (SGTL and SBTL), ryegrass hay (RH), ryegrass silage (RS), paddy straws (PS), barley straws (BS), and wheat straws (WS) were compared for their rumen in-vitro organic matter degradability (IVOMD, g/kg DM), pH, ammonia (NH 3 , mg/L), total volatile fatty acids (tVFA, mmol/L), total gas production (tGP, L/kg OM), and methane output (CH 4 ,L/kg OM) after 28h incubation with buffered rumen fluid under anaerobic conditions at 39 o C in glass syringes. One-way ANOVA on Minitab 16 was used to examine differences between products at P