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In this paper we give a polynomial time algorithm to compute $\varphi(N)$ for an RSA module $N$ using as input the order modulo $N$ of a randomly chosen integer. The algorithm consists only on a computation of a greatest common divisor, two multiplications and a division. The algorithm works with a probability of at least $1-\frac{C}{N^{1/2}}$.

Let $F/\mathbb{Q}$ be any totally real number field and $\frak{N}$ an ideal of its ring of integers of norm $N$ and define, for every even $n$, the $[F:\mathbb{Q}]$-dimensional multiweight $\textbf{n}=(n,...,n)$. We prove that for a non CM Hilbert cuspidal Hecke eigenform for $F$, say $f\in S_{\textbf{k}}(\Gamma_0(\frak{N}))$ with $k>2$ even, and a prime $p>\max\{k+1,6\}$ totally split in $F$ such that $p\nmid N$ and such that the residual mod $p$ representation $\overline{\rho}_f$ satisfies that $\mathrm{SL}_2(\mathbb{F}_p)\subseteq \mathrm{Im}(\overline{\rho}_f)$, there exists a lift $\rho_g$ associated to a Hilbert modular cuspform for $F$, say $g\in S_{\textbf{2}}(\frak{N}p^2,\epsilon)$ for some Nebentypus character $\epsilon$ which is supercuspidal at each prime of $F$ over $p$. We also observe that our techniques provide an alternative proof to the corresponding statement for classical Hecke cuspforms already proved by Khare \cite{khare} with classical techniques. Finally, we take the opportunity to include a corrigenda for \cite{dieulefait} which follows from our main result, which provides a congruence that puts the micro good dihedral prime in the level., Comment: This is a generalisation of main result in our the former version to Hilbert modular forms of parallel weight to (with p totally split in F)

In 2000, Darmon described a program to study the generalized Fermat equation using modularity of abelian varieties of $\mathrm{GL}_2$-type over totally real fields. The original approach was based on hard open conjectures, which have made it difficult to apply in practice. In this paper, building on the progress surrounding the modular method from the last two decades, we analyze and expand the current limits of this program by developing all the necessary ingredients to use Frey abelian varieties for new Diophantine applications. In particular, we deal with all but the fifth and last step in the modular method for Fermat equations of signature $(r,r,p)$ in almost full generality. As an application, for all integers $n \geq 2$, we give a resolution of the generalized Fermat equation $x^{11} + y^{11} = z^n$ for solutions $(a,b,c)$ such that $a + b$ satisfies certain $2$- or $11$-adic conditions. Moreover, the tools developed can be viewed as an advance in addressing a difficulty not treated in Darmon's original program: even assuming `big image' conjectures about residual Galois representations, one still needs to find a method to eliminate Hilbert newforms at the Serre level which do not have complex multiplication. In fact, we are able to reduce the problem of solving $x^5 + y^5 = z^p$ to Darmon's `big image conjecture', thus completing a line of ideas suggested in his original program, and notably only needing the Cartan case of his conjecture., Comment: This is the first volume of a series of papers. The second volume is available at arXiv:2308.07062 . The former appendix by Filip Najman will appear separately and is available at arXiv:2307.14131

The purpose of this short note is to present a simplified proof of Serre's modularity conjecture using the strong modularity lifting results currently available. This second version includes extra details on definitions and proofs than the previous one., Comment: 11 pages

We prove that for a Hecke cuspform $f\in S_k(\Gamma_0(N),\chi)$ and a prime $l>\max\{k,6\}$ such that $l\nmid N$, there exists an infinite family $\{k_r\}_{r\geq 1}\subseteq\mathbb{Z}$ such that for each $k_r$, there is a cusp form $f_{k_r}\in S_{k_r}(\Gamma_0(N),\chi)$ such that the Deligne representation $\rho_{f_{k_r,l}}$ is a crystaline and potentially diagonalizable lift of $\overline{\rho}_{f,l}$. When $f$ is $l$-ordinary, we base our proof on the theory of Hida families, while in the non-ordinary case, we adapt a local-to-global argument due to Khare and Wintenberger in the setting of their proof of Serre's modularity conjecture, together with a result on existence of lifts with prescribed local conditions over CM fields, a flatness result due to B\"ockle and a local dimension result by Kisin. We discuss the motivation and tentative future applications of our result in ongoing research on the automorphy of $\mathrm{GL}_{2n}$-representations in the higher level case.

In this paper we address two different problems related with the factorization of an RSA module N. First we can show that factoring is equivalent in deterministic polynomial time to counting points on a pair of twisted Elliptic curves modulo N. Also we settle the malleability of factoring an RSA module, as described in [9], using the number of points of a single elliptic curve modulo N, and Coppersmith's algorithm.

In this paper we prove new cases of the asymptotic Fermat equation with coefficients. This is done by solving remarkable $S$-units equations and applying a method of Frey-Mazur.

In this paper we prove a level raising theorem for some weight $2$ trivial character newforms at almost every prime $p$. This is done by ignoring the residue characteristic at which the level raising appears., Comment: 13 pages

Counting the number of Galois orbits of newforms in $S_k(\Gamma_0(N))$ and giving some arithmetic sense to this number is an interesting open problem. The case $N=1$ corresponds to Maeda's conjecture (still an open problem) and the expected number of orbits in this case is 1, for any $k \ge 16$. In this article we give local invariants of Galois orbits of newforms for general $N$ and count their number. Using an existence result of newforms with prescribed local invariants we prove a lower bound for the number of non-CM Galois orbits of newforms for $\Gamma_0(N)$ for large enough weight $k$ (under some technical assumptions on $N$). Numerical evidence suggests that in most cases this lower bound is indeed an equality, thus we leave as a Question the possibility that a generalization of Maeda's conjecture could follow from our work. We finish the paper with some natural generalizations of the problem and show some of the implications that a generalization of Maeda's conjecture has., Comment: 26 pages

We provide several extensions of the modular method which were motivated by the problem of completing previous work to prove that, for any integer $n \geq 2$, the equation \[ x^{13} + y^{13} = 3 z^n \] has no non-trivial solutions. In particular, we present four elimination techniques which are based on: (1) establishing reducibility of certain residual Galois representations over a totally real field; (2) generalizing image of inertia arguments to the setting of abelian surfaces; (3) establishing congruences of Hilbert modular forms without the use of often impractical Sturm bounds; and (4) a unit sieve argument which combines information from classical descent and the modular method. The extensions are of broader applicability and provide further evidence that it is possible to obtain a complete resolution of a family of generalized Fermat equations by remaining within the framework of the modular method. As a further illustration of this, we complete a theorem of Anni-Siksek to show that, for $\ell, m\ge 5$, the only solutions to the equation $x^{2\ell} + y^{2m} = z^{13}$ are the trivial ones., Comment: Several modifications after the referees' comments. To appear in Publicacions Matem\`atiques

In this paper, we give a resolution of the generalized Fermat equations $$x^5 + y^5 = 3 z^n \text{ and } x^{13} + y^{13} = 3 z^n,$$ for all integers $n \ge 2$, and all integers $n \ge 2$ which are not a multiple of $7$, respectively, using the modular method with Frey elliptic curves over totally real fields. The results require a refined application of the multi-Frey technique, which we show to be effective in new ways to reduce the bounds on the exponents $n$. We also give a number of results for the equations $x^5 + y^5 = d z^n$, where $d = 1, 2$, under additional local conditions on the solutions. This includes a result which is reminiscent of the second case of Fermat's Last Theorem, and which uses a new application of level raising at $p$ modulo $p$., Comment: Post-publication revised version. No modifications in the numbering compared to the published version (Trans. Amer. Math. Soc. 371 (2019), no. 12, 8651--8677). Fixed some typos. Expanded proofs of Proposition 6, Theorem 7, and Lemma 10. Updated bibliography. Fixed some mistake (coming from the code) in the proof of Theorem 2

In this paper we establish a new case of Langlands functoriality. More precisely, we prove that the tensor product of the compatible system of Galois representations attached to a level-1 classical modular form and the compatible system attached to an n-dimensional RACP automorphic representation of GL_n of the adeles of Q is automorphic, for any positive integer n, under some natural hypotheses (namely regularity and irreducibility), and a mild restriction on the level of the n-dimensional representation., Comment: 56 pages. At the suggestion of the anonymous referee, we expanded Section 4 of the paper, providing a complete description of the chain of congruences between modular forms, and improved the exposition at several points

Here we follow on the proposed generalization of Maeda's conjecture made in [2]. We report on computations that suggest a relation between the number of local types and the number of non-CM newform Galois orbits. We extend the conjecture into spaces with non-trivial Nebentypus and provide a formula for the number of non-CM orbits for all levels and trivial Nebentypus. We also provide some numerical evidence towards further generalizations of this conjecture to totally real fields as well as further strengthening of it by proposing a structure for the corresponding Galois groups., Comment: A version 2 will soon appear with the computations of the number of local types being included

By making use of Langlands functoriality between GSp(4) and GL(4), we show that the images of the Galois representations attached to "genuine" globally generic automorphic representations of GSp(4) are "large" for almost every prime. Moreover, by using the notion of (n,p)-groups (introduced by Khare, Larsen and Savin) and generic Langlands functoriality from SO(5) to GL(4) we construct automorphic representations of GSp(4) such that the compatible system attached to them has large image for all primes., Comment: Revised version - referees' comments added. The final version is to appear in Ann. Scuola Norm. Sup. Pisa Cl. Sci. (5)

We prove a diophantine result on generalized Fermat equations of the form $x^p + y^p = z^r$ which for the first time requires the use of Frey abelian varieties of dimension $\geq 2$ in Darmon's program. For that, we provide an irreducibility criterion for the mod $\mathfrak{p}$ representations attached to certain abelian varieties of $\text{GL}_2$-type over totally real fields.

Let $f$ be a newform of weight $2$ on $\Gamma_0(N)$ with Fourier $q$-expansion $f(q)=q+\sum_{n\geq 2} a_n q^n$, where $\Gamma_0(N)$ denotes the group of invertible matrices with integer coefficients, upper triangular mod $N$. Let $p$ be a prime dividing $N$ once, $p\parallel N$, a Steinberg prime. Then, it is well known that $a_p\in\{1,-1\}$. We denote by $K_f$ the field of coefficients of $f$. Let $\lambda$ be a finite place in $K_f$ not dividing $2p$ and assume that the mod $\lambda$ Galois representation attached to $f$ is irreducible. In this paper we will give necessary and sufficient conditions for the existence of another Hecke eigenform $f'(q)=q+\sum_{n\geq 2} a'_n q^n$ $p$-new of weight $2$ on $\Gamma_0(N)$ and a finite place $\lambda'$ of $K_{f'}$ such that $a_p=-a'_p$ and the Galois representations $\bar\rho_{f,\lambda}$ and $\bar\rho_{f',\lambda'}$ are isomorphic., Comment: 8 pages Added references. Corrected typos. Revised arguments in section 3. Main theorem is weaker now

In this note we give a self-contained proof of the following classification (up to conjugation) of subgroups of the general symplectic group of dimension n over a finite field of characteristic l, for l at least 5, which can be derived from work of Kantor: G is either reducible, symplectically imprimitive or it contains Sp(n, l). This result is for instance useful for proving "big image" results for symplectic Galois representations., Comment: 17 pages. This manuscript is extracted from an old version of our paper arXiv:1203.6552

Let $\rho_1$ and $\rho_2$ be a pair of residual, odd, absolutely irreducible two-dimensional Galois representations of a totally real number field $F$. In this article we propose a conjecture asserting existence of "safe" chains of compatible systems of Galois representations linking $\rho_1$ to $\rho_2$. Such conjecture implies the generalized Serre's conjecture and is equivalent to Serre's conjecture under a modular version of it. We prove a weak version of the modular variant using the connectedness of certain Hecke algebras, and we comment on possible applications of these results to establish some cases of Langlands functoriality., Comment: 18 pages; To appear in Arithmetic Geometry: Proceedings of the trimester organized at the Hausdorff Institute during 2013

Let E be an elliptic curve over a real quadratic field K and F/K a totally real finite Galois extension. We prove that E/F is modular., Comment: added a short proof of Proposition 2.1 and a few more small changes to improve readability

In this paper we construct families of Hilbert modular newforms without exceptional primes. This is achieved by generalizing the notion of good-dihedral primes, introduced by Khare and Wintenberger in their proof of Serre's modularity conjecture, to totally real fields., Comment: Revised version - referees' comments added. The final version is to appear in Mathematische Zeitschrift

This article is the third and last part of a series of three articles about compatible systems of symplectic Galois representations and applications to the inverse Galois problem. This part proves the following new result for the inverse Galois problem for symplectic groups. For any even positive integer n and any positive integer d, PSp_n(F_{l^d}) or PGSp_n(F_{l^d}) occurs as a Galois group over the rational numbers for a positive density set of primes l. The result is obtained by showing the existence of a regular, algebraic, self-dual, cuspidal automorphic representation of GL_n(A_Q) with local types chosen so as to obtain a compatible system of Galois representations to which the results from Part II of this series apply., Comment: Minor modifications. 17 pages

We prove that for any m > 1 given any m-tuple of Hecke eigenforms $f_i$ of level 1 whose weights satisfy the usual regularity condition there is a self-dual cuspidal automorphic form $\pi$ of $\GL_{2^m}(\Q)$ corresponding to their tensor product, i.e., such that the system of Galois representations attached to $\pi$ agrees with the tensor product of the ones attached to the cuspforms $f_i$., Comment: some details (concerning ordinary representations) added to the proof of Theorem 2.1

Let $k$ and $N$ be positive integers with $k\ge2$ even. In this paper we give general explicit upper-bounds in terms of $k$ and $N$ from which all the residual representations $\bar{\rho}_{f,\lambda}$ attached to non-CM newforms of weight $k$ and level $\Gamma_0(N)$ with $\lambda$ of residue characteristic greater than these bounds are "as large as possible". The results split into different cases according to the possible types for the residual images and each of them is illustrated on some numerical examples.

We prove a slight generalization of Theorem 4.2.1 of [BLGGT10], which weakens the assumption that $l\ge 2(n+1)$ to an adequacy hypothesis., Comment: This is appendix B to Dieulefait's paper, arXiv:1208.3946. 2 pages

We prove that for any Hecke eigenform f of level 1 and arbitrary weight there is a self-dual cuspidal automorphic form $\pi$ of $GL_6(\Q)$ corresponding to $\Symm^5 (f)$, i.e., such that the system of Galois representations attached to $\pi$ agrees with the 5-th symmetric power of the one attached to f. We also improve the base change result that we obtained in a previous work: for any newform f, and any totally real number field F (no extra assumptions on f or F), we prove the existence of base change relative to the extension $F/\Q$. Finally, we combine the previous results to deduce that base change also holds for $\Symm^5(f)$: for any Hecke eigenform f of level 1 and any totally real number field F, the automorphic form corresponding to $\Symm^5 (f)$ can be base changed to F., Comment: 55 pages. Appendices A and B not included (cf. ArXiv preprints 1208.4128, 1209.5105, respect.). We have improved the exposition following the referee's suggestions. Some diagrams showing the congruences involved have been added at some steps for the reader's convenience. The proof of base change in Section 5 has been simplified

This article is the first part of a series of three articles about compatible systems of symplectic Galois representations and applications to the inverse Galois problem. In this first part, we determine the smallest field over which the projectivisation of a given symplectic group representation satisfying some natural conditions can be defined. The answer only depends on inner twists. We apply this to the residual representations of a compatible system of symplectic Galois representations satisfying some mild hypothesis and obtain precise information on their projective images for almost all members of the system, under the assumption of huge residual images, by which we mean that a symplectic group of full dimension over the prime field is contained up to conjugation. Finally, we obtain an application to the inverse Galois problem., Comment: 24 pages. Very minor modifications

This article is the second part of a series of three articles about compatible systems of symplectic Galois representations and applications to the inverse Galois problem. This part is concerned with symplectic Galois representations having a huge residual image, by which we mean that a symplectic group of full dimension over the prime field is contained up to conjugation. A key ingredient is a classification of symplectic representations whose image contains a nontrivial transvection: these fall into three very simply describable classes, the reducible ones, the induced ones and those with huge image. Using the idea of an (n,p)-group of Khare, Larsen and Savin we give simple conditions under which a symplectic Galois representation with coefficients in a finite field has a huge image. Finally, we combine this classification result with the main result of the first part to obtain a strenghtened application to the inverse Galois problem., Comment: 14 pages; the proof of the classification result has been significantly shortened by appealing to results of Kantor

In this paper we prove that equations of the form $x^{13} + y^{13} = Cz^{p}$ have no non-trivial primitive solutions (a,b,c) such that $13 \nmid c$ if $p > 4992539$ for an infinite family of values for $C$. Our method consists in relating a solution (a,b,c) to the previous equation to a solution (a,b,c_1) of another Diophantine equation with coefficients in $\Q(\sqrt{13})$. We then construct Frey-curves associated with (a,b,c_1) and we prove modularity of them in order to apply the modular approach via Hilbert cusp forms over $\Q(\sqrt{13})$. We also prove a modularity result for elliptic curves over totally real cyclic number fields of interest by itself., Comment: We improve the lower bound for the prime p in the exponent of the diophantine equation in the main theorem, thanks to new computations of coefficients of Hilbert newforms performed by John Voight

In this paper we apply results from the theory of congruences of modular forms (control of reducible primes, level-lowering), the modularity of elliptic curves and Q-curves, and a couple of Frey curves of Fermat-Goldbach type, to show the existence of newforms of weight 2 and trivial nebentypus with coefficient fields of arbitrarily large degree and square-free or almost square-free level. More precisely, we prove that for any given numbers t and B, there exists a newform f of weight 2 and trivial nebentypus whose level N is square-free (almost square-free), N has exactly t prime divisors (t odd prime divisors and a small power of 2 dividing it, respectively), and the degree of the field of coefficients of f is greater than B.

We solve the Diophantine equations $x^5 + y^5 = dz^p$ with $d=2, 3$ for a set of prime numbers of density 1/4, 1/2, respectively. The method consists in relating a possible solution to another Diophantine equation and solving the later by using Q-curves and a generalized modular technique as in work of Ellenberg and Dieulefait-Jimenez along with some new techniques for eliminating newforms.

We prove that the Consani-Scholten quintic, a Calabi-Yau threefold over QQ, is Hilbert modular. For this, we refine several techniques known from the context of modular forms. Most notably, we extend the Faltings-Serre-Livne method to induced four-dimensional Galois representations over QQ. We also need a Sturm bound for Hilbert modular forms; this is developed in an appendix by Jose Burgos Gil and the second author., Comment: 35 pages, one figure; with an appendix by Jose Burgos Gil and Ariel Pacetti; v3: corrections and improvements thanks to the referee

We consider a mod 7 Galois representation attached to a genus 2 Siegel cuspforms of level 1 and weight 28 and using some of its Fourier coefficients and eigenvalues computed by N. Skoruppa and the classification of maximal subgroups of PGSp(4,p) we show that its image is as large as possible. This gives a realization of PGSp(4,7) as a Galois group over $\Q$ and the corresponding number field provides a non-solvable extension of $\Q$ which ramifies only at 7.

Let F be a totally real Galois number field. We prove the existence of base change relative to the extension F/Q for every classical newform of odd level, under simple local assumptions on the field F., Comment: 27 pages. Main result improved: now there is no condition on the primes in the level of the newform (they are allowed to ramify in F)

For any elliptic curve E defined over the rationals with complex multiplication and for every prime p, we describe the image of the mod p Galois representation attached to E. We deduce information about the field of definition of torsion points of these curves, in particular we classify all cases where there are torsion points over Galois number fields not containing the field of definition of the CM., Comment: To appear in Proceeding of the American Mathematical Society

In a recent preprint of F. Gouvea and N. Yui (see arXiv:0902.1466) a detailed account is given of a patching argument due to Serre that proves that the modularity of all rigid Calabi-Yau threefolds defined over the rationals follows from Serre's modularity conjecture. In this note (a letter to N. Yui) we give an alternative proof of this implication. The main difference with Serre's argument is that instead of using as main input residual modularity in infinitely many characteristics we just require residual modularity in a suitable characteristic. This is combined with effective Cebotarev., Comment: explanations expanded. To appear in "Proceedings of the trimester on Diophantine Equations at the Hausdorff Institute", Zapiski POMI of the Steklov Math. Inst. St. Petersbourg (and J. Math. Sciences)

In this article new cases of the Inverse Galois Problem are established. The main result is that for a fixed integer n, there is a positive density set of primes p such that PSL_2(F_{p^n}) occurs as the Galois group of some finite extension of the rational numbers. These groups are obtained as projective images of residual modular Galois representations. Moreover, families of modular forms are constructed such that the images of all their residual Galois representations are as large as a priori possible. Both results essentially use Khare's and Wintenberger's notion of good-dihedral primes. Particular care is taken in order to exclude nontrivial inner twists., Comment: 17 pages

We give a classification theorem for certain four-dimensional families of geometric $\lambda$-adic Galois representations attached to a pure motive. More precisely, we consider families attached to the cohomology of a smooth projective variety defined over $\Q$ with coefficients in a quadratic imaginary field, non-selfdual and with four different Hodge-Tate weights. We prove that the image is as large as possible for almost every $\lambda$ provided that the family is irreducible and not induced from a family of smaller dimension. If we restrict to semistable families an even simpler classification is given. A version of the main result is given for the case where the family is attached to an automorphic form., Comment: A few details added in the proof of the main result

We present an algorithm to determine if the $L$-series associated to an automorphic representation and the one associated to an elliptic curve over an imaginary quadratic field agree. By the work of Harris-Soudry-Taylor, Taylor and Berger-Harcos (cf. \cite{harris-taylor}, \cite{taylorII} and \cite{berger-harcos}) we can associate to an automorphic representation a family of compatible $p$-adic representations. Our algorithm is based on Faltings-Serre's method to prove that $p$-adic Galois representations are isomorphic., Comment: 21 pages

In this paper we are interested in solving the Fermat-type equations x^5+y^5=dz^p where d is a positive integer and p a prime number $\ge 7$. We describe a new method based on modularity theorems which allows us to improve all the results in a previous paper of the first author. We finally discuss the present limitations of the method by looking at the case d=3., Comment: major revision: mistakes corrected, several new cases covered

In this article we study the behavior of inertia groups for modular Galois mod l^n representations and in some cases we give a generalization of Ribet's lowering the level result, Comment: minor changes

In a paper of P. Paillier and J. Villar a conjecture is made about the malleability of an RSA modulus. In this paper we present an explicit algorithm refuting the conjecture. Concretely we can factorize an RSA modulus n using very little information on the factorization of a concrete n' coprime to n. However, we believe the conjecture might be true, when imposing some extra conditions on the auxiliary n' allowed to be used. In particular, the paper shows how subtle the notion of malleability is.

In this survey paper we present recent results obtained by Khare, Wintenberger and the author that have led to a proof of Serre's conjecture, such as existence of compatible families, modular upper bounds for universal deformation rings and existence of minimal lifts, prime switching and modularity propagation, weight reduction (via existence of conjugates) and (iterated) killing ramification. The main tools used in the proof of these results are modularity lifting theorems a la Wiles and a result of potential modularity due to R. Taylor., Comment: Survey based on two talks I gave last summer, at the Segundas Jornadas de Teoria de Numeros (Madrid) and at the Summer School on Serre's Modularity Conjecture (Luminy)

We prove existence of conjugate Galois representations, and we use it to derive a simple method of weight reduction. As a consequence, an alternative proof of the level 1 case of Serre's conjecture follows., Comment: very minor changes

In this letter we show that for certain infinite families of modular forms of growing level it is possible to have a control result for the exceptional primes of the attached Galois representations. As an application, a uniform version of a result of Wiese on Galois realizations of linear groups over finite fields of arbitrarily large exponent is proved.