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L’auteur presente la tendance actualisante sur la base de citations tirees des ecrits de Carl Rogers. Il interroge quelques contradictions qui relevent selon lui d’une formulation theorique optimiste qui met au defi la pratique. Il questionne le sens que peut avoir la tendance actualisante devant des comportements socialement destructifs ou lorsque des conditions defavorables empechent une croissance constructive.

The results of a reanalysis of the Bielefeld Partnership Expectations Questionnaire (BFPE) are reported. The BFPE is a tool for the operationalisation of attachment patterns of adults. In two respects it differs from other attachment questionnaires: First, attachment patterns are operationalised qualitatively as configurations of scale scores. Second, five attachment patterns were empirically found by cluster-analysis. The sample used for the reanalysis (n = 1506) is representative for the German population at the age of 18 to 50 years. Factor analysis of the items confirmed the three scales of the BFPE: "Fear of Rejection", "Readiness for Self Disclosure" and "Conscious Need for Care", which yield good psychometric properties. Cluster analysis ("Ward" and "k-means") also confirmed the five attachment patterns. Three of them ("avoiding withdrawing", "ambivalent-clinging", and "ambivalent-withdrawing") resemble the "insecure" patterns found by Bartholomew & Horowitz . Two result from a partition of the pattern, otherwise identified as "secure", one representing a primary strategy ("secure") the other ("partially secure") representing a special form of the secondary deactivating strategy following Main . The reason of such a division is theoretically discussed, and its usefulness supported by empirical findings.

The authors evaluated 617 patients at hospital admission using an interpersonal interview analyzed with the Adult Attachment Prototype Rating (Strauss, Lobo-Drost, & Pilkonis, 1999) in nine different psychotherapeutic hospitals. Attachment characteristics derived from this method served as predictors of treatment outcome. Outcome was quantified in all sites using the Symptom Checklist-90-Revised, Inventory of Interpersonal Problems, and, in a subsample, the Impairment Score (Schepank, 2003) as an observer rating. All measures were administered at patient admission and discharge. Additionally, patients completed the Bielefeld Questionnaire of Client Expectations (BQCE) at admission to assess self-reported attachment expectations toward the therapist. The study combined patients with a variety of clinical disorders (predominantly depressive and anxiety disorders, personality disorders, eating disorders) and confirmed the expected correlations of attachment characteristics with diagnoses and other c...

Based on conceptualizations and assessment instruments of adult attachment research, the development of the adult attachment scale is outlined. The AAS scale is a self report instrument reflecting attachment-related attitudes. The dimensional scales of the AAS assess to what extent a person feels close to his partner, to what extent he is able to rely on others, and how much someone is afraid of losing an intimate partner. The German version of the AAS was normed in a representative study and its psychometric properties were investigated. The reliability of all scales was satisfactory (alpha = 0.72 - 0.79), however, the scale structure only acceptable. Thus, the current version might be integrated in studies to analyze the convergence of adult attachment measures. Findings on the convergent and discriminant validity of the scales (sociodemographic data, the SOC-S, the HADS-D, the SOMS and the Whiteley-Index were included) suggest a high prognostic relevance of the scales in the fields of health psychology and psychosomatics.

This article provides an overview of developments and research on client-centered psychotherapy, beginning around the mid-1970s, within the German language region. Even then the efficacy and the effectiveness of CCT were considered established within the German research community. Considered here are mainly those studies that fulfill more stringent scientific standards. The results summarized concern diagnostics (development of measurement tools), the therapeutic process, and effects of CCT. After a slight decrease of research on CCT, an increase is observable now. The necessity of disorder-specific research involving CCT is emphasized here. Currently such studies represent only a minority of existing research.

Zusammenfassung: Die wesentlichen Methoden zur Erfassung von “Bindungsstilen” werden vor dem Hintergrund diskutiert, dass Operationalisierungen die Modellvorstellungen der zugehörigen Theorie möglichst getreu abbilden sollten. Da “Bindungsstile” als umschriebene Reaktionsmuster in bindungsrelevanten Situationen definiert sind ( Ainsworth, Blehar, Waters & Wall, 1978 ), erscheinen Prototypen im Sinne charakteristischer Konfigurationen von Merkmalen als die bestgeeignete Basis für die Operationalisierung. Eine an diesem Prinzip orientierte Clusteranalyse anhand des “Bielefelder Fragebogens zu Klientenerwartungen (BFKE)” ( Höger, 1999 ) mit den Skalen “Akzeptanzprobleme”, “Öffnungsbereitschaft” und “Zuwendungsbedürfnis” hatte fünf Bindungsmuster identifiziert: “sicher” sowie je zwei Varianten des “unsicher-ambivalenten” (“verschossen” und “anklammernd”) und des “unsicher-vermeidenden” Musters (“verschlossen” und “kooperationsbereit”). Um den Anwendungsbereich dieses Verfahrens zu erweitern, wurden die auf die Person des Therapeuten bezogenen Items auf die Partnerin/den Partner hin umformuliert und an einer Stichprobe von N = 402 überprüft. Eine Faktorenanalyse ergab zum BFKE äquivalente Resultate. Eine erste Validierung erfolgt anhand einer deutschen Übersetzung der “Adult Attachment Scale (AAS)” ( Collins & Read, 1990 ).

Ausgehend von Bindungsstilen als umschriebenen Mustern der Wahrnehmung, des Denkens, Fuhlens, der Erwartungen und der Handlungsbereitschaften in bindungsrelevanten Situationen (Bowlby 1975; Ainsworth et al. 1978; Main 1990) war es Ziel, diese Muster im Sinne ihrer ursprunglichen Definition angemessen, d.h. als spezifische Merkmalskonfigurationen zu operationalisieren. Beschreibungen der drei Bindungsstile „sicher”, „vermeidend” und „ambivalent” wurden ubersetzt in Selbstbeschreibungen von Klienten zu Beginn einer therapeutischen Beziehung. Anhand faktorenanalytischer Ergebnisse wurden drei Skalen gebildet: „Akzeptanzprobleme”, „Offnungsbereitschaft” und „Zuwendungsbedurfnis”. 374 stationare Patienten (56,3% weiblich, 43,7% mannlich) fullten zu Beginn ihrer Psychotherapie den BFKE aus. Die Clusteranalyse ergab funf Cluster, die als Bindungsstile interpretiert werden konnen: „sicher”, zwei Varianten von „unsicher-ambivalent” („verschlossen” und „anklammernd”) und zwei Varianten von „unsicher-vermeidend” („verschlossen” und „kooperationsbereit”). Die Diskriminanzanalyse dieser Cluster ergab Diskriminanzfunktionen, die denen von Collins u. Read (1990) sowie Ainsworth et al. (1978) entsprechen.

The person-centered approach and attachment theory can be seen as two mutually enriching systems with similar methodological basics. Surprisingly, their protagonists, Rogers and Bowlby, ignored each other. There are at least two meeting points. First, Rogers’ prescient inferences from therapy experiences retrospectively established the importance of significant persons for human development. This corresponds with the empirical findings of attachment theory about the attachment person’s influence on the development of emotions and interpersonal relationships. Second, Rogers tentatively explained the effects of psychotherapy by positing the clients’ feeling of safety in the therapeutic relationship as the base for a free exploration of self, while attachment theory stresses the security and reciprocity of attachment for exploration and growth. This leads to an understanding of the therapeutic relationship as an attachment relationship. This conceptualization can support therapists to better understand the background of clients’ often idiosyncratic styles offering their relationship in ways that are noticeably influenced by their attachment patterns. Thus, knowledge about attachment behavior has the potential to help therapists to meet such situations more appropriately.

Im Folgenden wird ein Uberblick uber weitere Anwendungsbereiche und Settings von Gesprachspsychotherapie und konzeptuelle Weiterentwicklungen gegeben.

The Bielefeld Client Expectations Questionnaire and the Bielefeld Partnership Expectations Questionnaire are two parallel German language self-report tools of adult attachment. The Bielefeld questionnaires are different from others in two important ways: (a) Attachment patterns are operationalized as configurations of scale scores, which allow qualitative distinctions in terms of functioning; and (b) five empirically identified attachment patterns are distinguished. A partially-secure pattern is described for the first time. Both instruments yield good psychometric properties, and the current results support their validity. The aim of the present article is to inform an international audience about an original approach for assessing attachment and to encourage its adaptation and standardization in other languages.

The results of a reanalysis of the Bielefeld Partnership Expectations Questionnaire (BFPE) are reported. The BFPE is a tool for the operationalisation of attachment patterns of adults. In two respects it differs from other attachment questionnaires: First, attachment patterns are operationalised qualitatively as configurations of scale scores. Second, five attachment patterns were empirically found by cluster-analysis. The sample used for the reanalysis (n = 1506) is representative for the German population at the age of 18 to 50 years. Factor analysis of the items confirmed the three scales of the BFPE: "Fear of Rejection", "Readiness for Self Disclosure" and "Conscious Need for Care", which yield good psychometric properties. Cluster analysis ("Ward" and "k-means") also confirmed the five attachment patterns. Three of them ("avoiding withdrawing", "ambivalent-clinging", and "ambivalent-withdrawing") resemble the "insecure" patterns found by BartholomewHorowitz . Two result from a partition of the pattern, otherwise identified as "secure", one representing a primary strategy ("secure") the other ("partially secure") representing a special form of the secondary deactivating strategy following Main . The reason of such a division is theoretically discussed, and its usefulness supported by empirical findings.

In diesem Kapitel wird kurz die Entstehungsgeschichte der Gesprachspsychotherapie skizziert und das ihr zugrunde liegende Menschenbild erortert. Letzteres wird dem der Psychoanalyse und dem des verhaltenswissenschaftlichen Ansatzes gegenuber gestellt. Erkenntnistheoretische Aspekte und ein Blick auf das wissenschaftstheoretische Konzept des Paradigmas nach Kuhn (1967, 1977) verdeutlichen die Bedeutung dieser Unterschiede fur die gegenwartige und zukunftige Theorie und Praxis Psychotherapie. Schlieslich wird kurz die Einfuhrung der Gesprachspsychotherapie in Deutschland geschildert.

Based on conceptualizations and assessment instruments of adult attachment research, the development of the adult attachment scale is outlined. The AAS scale is a self report instrument reflecting attachment-related attitudes. The dimensional scales of the AAS assess to what extent a person feels close to his partner, to what extent he is able to rely on others, and how much someone is afraid of losing an intimate partner. The German version of the AAS was normed in a representative study and its psychometric properties were investigated. The reliability of all scales was satisfactory (alpha = 0.72 - 0.79), however, the scale structure only acceptable. Thus, the current version might be integrated in studies to analyze the convergence of adult attachment measures. Findings on the convergent and discriminant validity of the scales (sociodemographic data, the SOC-S, the HADS-D, the SOMS and the Whiteley-Index were included) suggest a high prognostic relevance of the scales in the fields of health psychology and psychosomatics.

Der Patient als Fremder — auf den ersten Blick erscheint die Sache recht einfach. Er meldet sich beim Therapeuten an,1 zumeist telefonisch, kommt zu einem Vorgesprach und ist dann naturlich fur den Therapeuten zunachst noch fremd. Kommt es zur Therapie und entsteht zwischen beiden eine gute Beziehung, dann wird er zu einer bekannten, oft sogar vertrauten Person, die ihm gegenuber viel von sich preisgibt, oft mehr als bei anderen Menschen. Und ist die Therapie dann beendet, und der Patient geht wieder, dann bedauern wir oft den Abschied von einem guten Bekannten.

Die vorliegende Arbeit untersuchte die Anwendbarkeit des Intelligenz-Struktur-Test (IST) von Amthauer auf die Diagnostik der Schulbegabung. Die in der Arbeit verwerteten Daten (IST, Four-Picture-Test von van Lennep und Schulnoten) wurden an 519 mannlichen Gymnasiasten der Klassen 6–9 (Untersekunda bis Oberprima) erhoben. Zunachst wurde gepruft, ob sich die Hypothese Amthauers, die besagt, das fur die einzelnen Berufe optimale „Intelligenzxtrukturen“ zu ermitteln sind, die sich in typischen IST-Profilverlaufen zeigen, auch auf den Bereich der Schule und die dort angenommenen Spezialbegabungen fur die einzelnen Facher ubertragen und dort verifizieren last. ES erwies sich (Extremgruppenvergleich und Faktorenanalyse), das dies nicht mit der notigen Sicherheit moglich ist. Die individuelle Vielfalt der Testergebnisse verwischt die Gruppenunterschiede. Es wurde der Versuch unternommen, eine theoretische Begrundung dafur abzuleiten.