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This work is a continuation of a series of studies on the preparation of acid corrosion inhibitors derived from carboxylic acids. A synthesis was developed for acid corrosion inhibitors derived from oleic acid amides. Several syntheses were carried out in an attempt to obtain compounds with improved corrosion inhibition properties. Aminoalcohols were added to oleic acid in the first step and the resultant products were sulfated with sulfuric acid. Reactions with bases were carried out with the aim of expanding the range of such inhibitors. Salts of sulfated oleic acid amides were synthesized by reaction with aminoalcohols, sulfuric acid, and bases in aqueous solution. The protective action in dilute hydrochloric acid was evaluated in order to establish the inhibition efficiency of these compounds, some of which appear to have suitable corrosion inhibition properties. The ammonium salt of the sulfated diethanolamide of oleic acid was found to be the most efficient corrosion inhibitor among these products.

A surfactant that can be developed from palm oil is non-ionic. Diethanolamine is a nonionic surfactant based on palm oil methyl ester, which can replace the use of polyoxyethylene amine surfactant in a commercial herbicide formula that harms the environment. This research aimed to determine the physicochemical properties of diethanolamine surfactant and to study the effect of diethanolamine surfactant addition in herbicide formulation with active ingredients of isopropylamine glyphosate. This study was arranged in a complete randomized design with surfactant concentrations as treatment, consisting of 1%, 2%, 3%, 4%, 5%, 6%, 7%, 4%, 5%, 6%, 7%, 8%, and 9% (w/w). The results showed that there was a significant effect of diethanolamine surfactant addition on the characteristics of the herbicide formulation. The concentration of 5% diethanolamine surfactant had the best character in producing herbicide with the lowest surface tension and a contact angle of 30.73 dyne/cm and 11.48°. The commercial herbicide, having a surface tension of 36.27 dyne/cm and a larger contact angle of 83.03°, was used as the comparison for the formulations. The stability of the solution was up to 100% for 5 weeks at room temperature with solubility in water of 80.60% and droplet size of 7.20 μm.

Graphite-like carbon nitride (OCN) synthesized by partial oxygenation was decorated with lipophilic oleic diethanolamide borate (ODAB) groups via a reflux reaction. The as-modified ODAB-OCN nanosheets could achieve a high degree of dispersion in paraffin oil due to the intercalation of oil-friendly ODAB groups between the nanosheet layers. Notably, the results of the friction experiments revealed that ODAB-OCN, a lubricant additive, possessed excellent tribological properties. Unlike the results for pure oil, the average friction coefficient and wear rate for 0.20 wt% ODAB-OCN included in the oil decreased by 22.7% and 90.8%, respectively. This work will be of great significance for the application of graphite-like carbon nitride (g-C3N4) as an oil-based lubricant additive.

Oil was extracted from the seed of Baphia nitida, characterised and used in the production of diethanolamide and epoxidised diethanolamide via transamidation reaction. The oil of B. nitida had C18:2 (50.00 ± 0.20%) fatty acid as the most abundant fatty acid. The epoxidised diethanolamide was synthesised by peroxyformic acid generated in situ by reacting formic acid and hydrogen peroxide with the oil of B. nitida. The formation of the diethanolamide and epoxidised diethanolamide was monitored and confirmed using FTIR and 1H NMR. The epoxidised diethanolamide showed better surface-active properties than the diethanolamide in terms of emulsion stability, and foaming power. Keywords: Alkanolamide, Epoxidation, Fatty acid, Surface tension, Transamidation

Mono-, di- and trihydroxy fatty acids were reacted in a free-solvent amidation reaction with diethanolamine to obtain the derivative of dialkanolamides.The ricinoleic acid and 9,10,12-trihydroxystearic acid were isolated and prepared from Indonesian castor oil, while 9,10-dihydroxystearic acid was synthesized from the used frying oil. Amidation reaction of methyl ricinoleate, 9,10-dihydroxystearic acid and 9,10,12-trihydroxystearic acid gave the dialkanolamide derivatives in 93.10, 49.66, and 38.78% yield, respectively. The chemical structure of the synthesized products was elucidated by FTIR and GC-MS through silylation method. The prepared compounds were evaluated for their physicochemical properties as nonionic biosurfactant such as Hydrophilic-Lyophilic Balance value, interfacial tension, critical micelle concentration, foam stability, emulsification index, and emulsion stability. It was found that more hydroxyl groups contribute to a higher Hydrophilic-Lyophilic Balance value, foam stability, emulsification index, and lower interfacial tension.

In this paper, the self-made MoS2 nanosheets were attempted to be modified with oleic diethanolamide borate (ODAB) through a simple one-step route. The as-modified MoS2 nanosheets were confirmed by a series of characterizations. The results showed that the MoS2 nanosheets could be chemically well capped by ODAB to form C-S bonds. Furthermore, the tribological experimental results indicated that the ODAB-MoS2 nanosheets as lubricant additives could improve the friction properties of base oil. At the optimal adding content of 0.06 wt%, the average friction coefficient, average wear scar diameter and extreme pressure performance of the ODAB-MoS2-based oil were decreased by about 27.9%, 22.9% and 17.4% as compared to base oil, respectively. Finally, the friction mechanism was discussed and proposed.

The physical and mechanical properties of foamed geopolymers were determined. The geopolymers were made with two different metakaolins (from Metacaulim do Brasil - MB, and Pantano Grande/RS - MPG) as precursors, with NaOH and Na2SiO3 as activators, and with the addition of foam, which was produced with the foaming agent diethanolamide of coconut fatty acid with a minimum of 80% concentration. Also, two times (2.5 and 4 h) were used for the calcination of MPG at 750 °C. The results showed that all factors (precursors type, alkali content, silica modulus, and foam content) had a significant influence on the response variables, which presented the following variations: compressive strength of 0.36 to 3.23 MPa; thermal conductivity from 0.22 to 0.42 W/(m.K); saturated bulk density from 1176 to 1364 kg/m3; dry bulk density of 619 to 864 kg/m3; air void from 46.4% to 62.5%; and water absorption from 55.7% to 95.4%. It was also concluded that the precursor type was the factor that had the most influence on the properties of foamed geopolymers, with MPG calcined for 4 h being the best, as greater compressive strength and low thermal conductivity were obtained.

The synthesis of diethanolamide surfactant from used cooking oil was systematically studied using modified zeolite as catalyst. The activated zeolite was obtained by dispersing natural zeolite in sulfuric acid (H 2 SO 4 ) solution. Potassium carbonate (K 2 CO 3 ) was loaded into activated zeolite by wet impregnation method. The methyl ester obtained from transesterification reaction of used cooking oil was refluxed with diethanolamine (C 4 H 11 NO) solution over K 2 CO 3 /zeolite catalyst in the production of diethanolamide surfactant. The amidiation reaction over K 2 CO 3 /zeolite effectively produced 92% of diethanolamide surfactant with the highest selectivity of methyl oleate. Diethanolamide surfactant showed stable foam and emulsion with the reduction of surface tension as much as 3.3 dyne/cm.

A novel hydrophobic passivation coating was fabricated on the surface of electrolytic manganese by stearic acid (SA) and oleic acid diethanolamide (ODEA). ODEA, which forms micelles in aqueous solution, can promote largely dissolution of insoluble stearic acid to form stable passivation solution. A series of influence parameters were investigated and the optimized process conditions were as follows: the concentration of SA and ODEA were 3 g/L and 10 g/L, respectively; and the immersion time was 5 min. Under the optimized condition, the anti-corrosion properties of the coating were characterized by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and polarization test. The results showed that the corrosion potential and corrosion current density decreased obviously, and the polarization resistance at 0.01 Hz increased from 20.89 to 467.74 Ohm cm2. FT-IR spectroscopy and Gaussian calculations showed that SA and ODEA simultaneously acted on the surface of manganese to form a hydrophobic coating, which increased the contact angle from 41° to 113°.

The vegetable oil-based waterborne polyurethane coatings have gained significant interest due to low volatile organic compounds, and hence, this has been considered as a proper substitute to the commonly used solvent-borne coating systems. In the present work, we have developed the polyurethane coatings from diethanolamide of fatty acid and dicarboxylic acid (sebacic acid and succinic anhydride)-based poly(esteramide) resin as a diol along with 2,2′-dimethylol propionic acid and isophorone diisocyanate. The chemical structure of bio-based diol and PU coatings was elucidated by FTIR and 1H NMR spectroscopy. The polyurethane dispersions (PUDs) prepared were analysed by particle size analysis and stability. The mahua oil-based PUDs were coated on the metal panels and the cured material obtained was characterized by the physico-mechanical, chemical resistance and the thermal properties which were compared with the petroleum resource-based PUDs. The PUD coatings showed good physico-mechanical properties, chemical resistance and thermal stability. Hence, the dispersion prepared from bio-based diols may find application as eco-friendly coatings.

Synthesis of diethanolamide (DEA) surfactant from palm olein methyl esters has the potential to commercialization. This surfactant product can reduce surface water tension from 72 dyne/cm to 33.82-32.06 dyne/cm in laboratory scale and the synthesis process was 50% cheaper than palm kernel fatty acids. So that, it is necessary to review the surfactant DEA production from palm olein methyl esters. The purpose of this research was to get the best synthesis process of DEA surfactant on 25 L/batch reactor. The synthesis process of DEA surfactants was divided into two stages. The first stage was conducted to determine duration and stirring rate of the DEA surfactant synthesis process. Then the best result in this first stage was continued in the second stage of the synthesis. The second stage was conducted by using an installed bulkhead in the reactor and some agitators for the DEA surfactant synthesis process. The lowest value of surface tension was the main parameter that was used for determining the best synthesis of DEA surfactant. Based on the first stage results, it was known that the best synthesis process was 4 hours with 100 rpm stirring rate. In the second stage, it was concluded that the best type of agitator was propeller. The best surface tension of DEA surfactant resulting from this research was 14.28 dyne / cm. The other parameters produced from the synthesis process were yield of 95.24%, viscosity of 245.41 cP, density of 0.973 g/mL, and pH of 11.1. Key words : DEA surfactant, diethanolamide, surface tension, synthesis process

The challenges of graphene as a high-performance additive applied in lubricant are its dispersibility and transparency. Herein, oleic diethanolamide borate (ODAB)-grafted graphene oxide nanosheets (GO) with good dispersibility in oil were successfully achieved. The structure analysis of the as-prepared ODAB-grafted GO (MGO) nanosheets verified that the molecular ODAB has bonded with the active groups of the GO nanosheets surface, as determined by characterizations. In addition, the tribological properties of the MGO nanosheets as lubricant additive applied in oil were evaluated by a friction-testing machine, and the morphologies of worn surfaces were observed by 3D laser scanning microscope. The results showed that the MGO nanosheets possessed excellent dispersibility and transparency in oil, while the friction coefficient and wear scar diameter (WSD) of the MGO-based oil with 0.02 wt % MGO content decreased to about 38.4% and 42.0% less than those of the base oil, respectively.

In this paper, a simple facile route for preparing zinc borate (ZB)/graphene oxide (GO) composites (ZB/GO) through a liquid phase-based ultrasonic-assisted stripping approach was demonstrated. As revealed by the FT-IR, XRD, Raman, UV–vis, TEM and SEM techniques, ZB hybrids were successfully composited with GO sheets. In order to highly disperse the composites into the base oil, the composites would be chemically modified in a reflux reaction with oleic diethanolamide (OD), i.e. OD-ZB/GO. The tribological properties of OD-ZB/GO as an additive in the base oil were tested by the four-ball wear machine. The results showed that the friction coefficient (COF) and the wear scar diameter (WSD) of the OD-ZB/GO-based oil (2.0 wt% of ZB/GO) were about 48.2% and 40.0% decline than those of the 500 SN base oil. Moreover, it could be found that the OD-ZB/GO-based oil showed a good carrying capacity at higher applied loads and an obviously reducing oil temperature performance in comparison of GO sheets and ZB hybrids. For proposing the wear mechanism, the as-prepared OD-ZB/GO in different viscosity base oil also was investigated intensively. The Raman spectra of wear surface revealed that the OD-ZB/GO materials entered the interfaces of motorial frictional pairs relied on base oil, thus displaying its antifriction and antiwear ability.

Two kinds of Mo/B oleic diethanolamide derivatives (coded as YXM and YXB) were synthesised, and their tribological properties were evaluated using a 4-ball machine. Results indicate that the 2 novel additives show excellent antiwear and extreme pressure properties. When 2.5 wt% YXM was added into the base oil, the wear scar diameter was reduced by 42.2%, and the PB value was increased by 170.4%; when 2.5 wt% YXB was added into the base oil, the wear scar diameter was reduced by 23.1%, and the PB value was increased by 167.1%. The worn surfaces of the lubricated GCr15 steel were analysed by using scanning electron microscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. It is indicated that the variation of tribofilm species produced by a chemical reaction between the additives and the steel surface plays an important role in inhibiting wear and friction. A model was used to analyse the action mechanism. According to the analysis, the tribofilm is composed of an adsorption layer and a reaction layer, and it could effectively protect the steel surfaces from direct contact.

The aim of this study is the evaluation of partially sulfonated polystyrene nanoparticles (SPSNP) efficiency as nanocarriers for a non-ionic surfactant, oleic acid diethanolamide (OADA), in the reduction of the surfactant losses and the increase of oil recovery. The synthesized oleic acid diethanolamide was characterized by FTIR, 1H NMR, 13C NMR, surface tension (&gamma, = 36.6 mN&middot, m&minus, 1, CMC = 3.13 &times, 10&minus, 4 M) and interfacial tension of mineral oil/OADA aqueous solutions (IFTeq = 0.07 mN&middot, 1). The nanoparticles (SPSNP) were obtained by emulsion polymerization of styrene, DVB and sodium 4-styrenesulfonate (St-S) in the presence of OADA aqueous solution and were characterized by FTIR and PCS. The results show that the presence of ionic groups in the polymer structure promoted a better nanoparticles suspensions&prime, stability, smaller particles production and more pronounced IFT reduction. The SPSNP obtained with an OADA concentration twenty times its CMC and 0.012 mol % of St-S presented a particle size around 66 nm and can act as efficient nanocarriers decreasing the water/oil interfacial tension to low values (0.07 mN&middot, 1) along the time, when in contact with the oil. Transport and oil recovery tests of the nanocarriers systems in an unconsolidated sand porous medium test show that the SPSNP do inhibit surfactant adsorption onto sand particles surface and induced an increase of oil recovery of up to about 13% relative to the water flooding oil recovery, probably due to a synergistic effect between the nanoparticles and surfactant action at the water/oil interface.

One of the main pests on the cocoa plant is the cocoa pod borer. The use of natural pesticides can be an alternative solution in overcoming cocoa pod borer to replace synthetic pesticides. Neem is a plant that can be used as a base for natural pesticides. The main ingredients of neem are azadirachtin, meliantriol, salanin, nimbin, and nimbidine. Azadirachtin does not directly kill pests but can affect the life cycle of pests, as food repellents, and as a repellent. The purpose of this study was to determine the level of attack of the cocoa pod borer (conopomorpha cramerella) due to the combination of several concentrations of neem (Azadiracta indica) solution. This research was conducted in a cocoa farm belonging to the residents of Lurang hamlet, Sukalaba Village, Gunung Sari District, Serang Regency, Banten Province. This research was conducted from November 2019 to April 2020. The experimental design used in this study was a one-factor combination of randomized block design repeated four times and the treatments were control, concentration of 15%, 25%, and 35% solution of young leaves and neem seeds plus palm olein biosurfactant diethanolamide (DEA) with fruit sizes 0.1-2.0 cm and 8.0-10.0 cm. The data were analyzed using analysis of variance (ANOVA) then tested using Duncan’s Multiple Range Test at the 5% level. The results showed that the combination treatment of concentration 15% solution of young leaves and neem seeds added with 5% DEA biosurfactant olein palm with a fruit size of 0.1-2.0 cm and the combination treatment of concentration 35% solution of young leaves and neem seeds added with 5% DEA biosurfactant olein palm with a fruit size of 8.0-10.0 cm performed the best effect on attack intensity.

Bio-based resources are progressively replacing those of petroleum-based to address the detrimental impact on environment and health issues. In this regard, hyperbranched epoxy resins with three different compositions were synthesized by simple polycondensation reaction of bio-based branching reactant, diethanolamide of gallic acid with bisphenol-A, and epichlorohydrin. Diethanolamide of gallic acid was obtained from the reaction between tannic acid and diethanol amine in the presence of sodium methoxide catalyst. FTIR, 1H NMR, and 13C NMR spectroscopic analyses were employed to confirm the structure of branching unit and hyperbranched resins. Poly(amido amine)-cured hyperbranched epoxy thermosets exhibited superior properties, such as tensile strength (45–57.2 against 38.5 MPa), elongation-at-break (16.3–24.2 against 5 %), scratch hardness (>10 against 7 kg), toughness (577.8–859.1 against 150.2 MPa), tensile adhesive strength (1647–2086 against 581 MPa), and biodegradability (17.6–31 against 2.2 %), compared with the conventional bisphenol-A-based epoxy, prepared under the same conditions. These results simply indicate the advantageous of the bio-based moiety and hyperbranched architecture on the overall performance of the thermosets. Moreover, good antioxidative response of these thermosets expands their applications as protective coatings and adhesive materials. Thus, diethanolamide of gallic acid-based hyperbranched epoxy thermoset can be used as potent ecofriendly advanced material in multifaceted applications.

Graphene oxide (GO) nanosheets were decorated with copper borate (CuB) nanoparticles via a liquid phase-based ultrasonic-assisted stripping method to afford CuB/GO nanocomposites. The as-prepared nanocomposites were characterized using FT-IR, XRD, Raman, UV-vis, TEM and AFM techniques, revealing CuB nanoparticles anchored on the surface of GO nanosheets. To inhibit the agglomeration and improve the dispersion stability of the nanocomposites in the base oil, the CuB/GO nanocomposites were modified with oleic diethanolamide (OD), to obtain oleic diethanolamide-capped copper borate/graphene oxide nanocomposites (OD-CuB/GO). The tribological properties of these nanocomposites, when used as an additive in base oils with different viscosities, were evaluated with a four-ball friction and wear tester. The results showed that when the OD-CuB/GO nanocomposites were added into the base oil at a mass fraction of up to 4.0%, the friction coefficient and wear scar diameter of the OD-CuB/GO-based oil were respectively about 43.6% and 49.3% lower than those of the base oil. This indicates that the OD-CuB/GO nanocomposites can significantly improve the tribological properties of the base oil and possess a good anti-wear ability and load-carrying capacity.

Synthesis of diethanolamide (surfactant) from CaO/zeolite-catalysed used cooking oil has been conducted. The results showed that the yields of the reactions between methyl esters and diethanolamine with CaO concentration at 3%, 5%, and 7% were 64.47%, 92.91%, and 87.05%, respectively. The characterization showed that the higher surfactant concentration, the greater the capability of decreasing surface tension. The water-surfactant-pertalite system had an emulsion index of 67%. The new liquid mixture system (water-surfactant-pertalite) was observed for 4 days to investigate the emulsion stability. The CMC and HLB values were 1.5 g/L and 10.59, respectively. These results show that surfactant is applicable as a cleaning solution with a good emulsion stability.

Palm oil-based surfactants were used to formulate demulsifiers for crude oil demulsification as alternatives to petroleum-based surfactants. A light crude oil sample obtained from x field crude oil well contained 0.713% (w/w) asphaltene and 25.75% BS&W. The formulation of demulsifiers was carried out by the selection of a primary surfactant from Sodium Methyl Ester Sulfonate (SMES) and Diethanolamide (DEA), and the concentration of co-surfactant addition. The best formulation was SMES as a primary surfactant with the addition of a 10% DEA co-surfactant. The best solvent was the solution of toluene and xylene (1:1). The temperature treatment of 80 °C separated 100% water from crude oil emulsion and decreased BS&W to 5.45%.

Coconut acid diethanolamide was prepared from coconut acid, diethanolamine with potassium hydroxide as catalyst. Reaction factors with respect to reaction temperature, reaction time, and weight percentage of catalyst were optimized for the condensation reaction. The results showed that the conversion of coconut acid was 89.3% with n(coconut acid):n(diethanolamine) = 1:1 at reaction temperature of 150 °C for 7 h. The structure of target surfactant was characterized and verified by FT-IR. Interface activities were evaluated, and one dimension core flooding tests of this nonionic surfactant were conducted. For binary SP formulation of this surfactant, ultralow interfacial tension in the 10−3 mN m−1 magnitude was reached with crude oil of a complicated fault block reservoir. Solubility and interfacial activity were not affected after 90-day long-term thermal stability test at reservoir temperature of 70 °C. Core flooding tests showed the incremental oil recoveries were in the range of 16.83–17.55% for SP flooding, with water flooding recovery more than 39.52%. Coconut acid diethanolamide could be used as an oil-displacing surfactant candidate for alkali-free SP flooding.

Surface migration of additives in a surfactant-loaded natural rubber vulcanizate is investigated as function of ingredient loading. Rubber sheets are compounded according to an L12 orthogonal array using Taguchi design of experiment, where ingredients are treated as factors varied at low and high loadings. Migration experiments are performed by placing the rubber sheets in a natural convection oven at 50°C for 32 days. Weight loss due to removal of migrated additives from surface of rubber sheets is monitored with time. The maximum amount and estimated rate of additive migration are determined from weight loss curves. Attenuated total reflection – Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectroscopy and optical microscopy are used to characterize the chemical structure and surface morphology of rubber sheets during additive migration. Mean effects and analysis of variance (ANOVA) show that high loadings of used oil, paraffin wax, stearic acid, glycerol monostearate (GMS), and cocamide diethanolamide (Coca DEA) increase the amount of maximum migration and migration rate of additives. On the other hand, high loadings of mercaptobenzothiazole (MBT), diphenylguanidine (DPG), mercaptobenzothiazole disulfide (MBTS), sulfur, and zinc oxide (ZnO) decrease the maximum amount of additive migration and migration rate. Used oil has the highest effect on these responses, while sulfur and the accelerators have the least effect. By comparing the of ATR-FTIR spectra of cleaned and migrated rubber surfaces, almost all soluble additives are identified to have migrated to the rubber surface.

The influence of commercial antioxidant and antiwear additives on the characteristics of clean Euro 5 diesel has been analyzed, and a detrimental effect of some antiwear additives on the thermo-oxidative properties of diesel fuels has been revealed. An effective antiwear additive based on tall oil fatty acid diethanolamide, a pulp industry byproduct, has been developed, which allows both lubricating and thermo-oxidative properties of hydrotreated diesel fuels to be simultaneously controlled.

Novel two pack polyurethane wood finished coatings are prepared from renewable sources, such as vegetable oil based fatty acid and dimer fatty acid. In actual experimental part oleic acid was reacted with diethanolamine to obtain amide which was on condensation polymerization with dimer fatty acid converted into the polyesteramide polyol. These are all being used to prepare polyurethanes. The functional and structural elucidation of dimer fatty acid based polyesteramide and diethanolamide were carried out by end group analysis, spectral studies such as FTIR and 1H NMR. Average molar masses of the polyesteramide were estimated by gel permeation chromatography (GPC). The polyesteramide was used in the preparation of wood finished polyurethane coatings by reacting it with aromatic diisocyanates. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) was used to study the thermal behavior of coatings. Physico-chemical and coating properties of the coatings were investigated by using standard methods. The results indicated that the bio-based wood finished PU coatings provided good mechanical, weather resistance as well possessed adequate coating properties for wood surface protections.

This study aims to determine the response of the addition of neem plant extract (Azadirachta indica A. Juss) and biosurfactant of diethanolamide olein palm to the mortality of cocoa moth pest (Conopomorpha cramerella). The research was carried out with experiments. The treatment consisted of 5 levels, namely (1) control (without treatment), (2) young leaf extract of neem plant consisted of 100 ml / 500 ml of water + 5% of biosurfactant dietanolamide palm olein, (3) old leaf extract of neem plant consisted of 100 ml / 500 ml of water + 5% of biosurfactant diethanolamide palm olein, (4) seed extract of neem plant consisted of 100 ml / 500 ml of water + 5% of biosurfactant diethanolamide olein palm, (5) young leaf extract of neem plant and seed extract of neem plant consisted of 100 ml / 500 ml of water + 5% of biosurfactant diethanolamide olein palm, (6) old leaf extract of neem plant and seed extract of neem plant consisted of 100 ml/500 ml of water + 5% of biosurfaktan dietanolamida olein sawit. The results showed that the treatment of neem plant extracts mixture of young leaves and seeds + biosurfactant dietanolamide olein palm gave the best influence in controlling cocoa moth pests. Furthermore, it was followed by the treatment of neem plant extracts mixed with old leaves and seeds + biosurfactant dietanolamide olein palm.

N,N-Bis(2-hydroxyethyl) alkylamide or fatty acid diethanolamides (FADs) were prepared from a variety of triglycerides using diethanolamine in the presence of different transition metal-doped CaO nanocrystalline heterogeneous catalysts. The Zn-doped Cao nanospheroids were found to be the most efficient heterogeneous catalyst, with complete conversion of natural triglycerides to fatty acid diethanolamide in 30 min at 90 °C. The Zn/CaO nanoparticles were recyclable for up to six reaction cycles and showed complete conversion even at room temperature. The amidation reaction of natural triglycerides was found to follow the pseudo-first-order kinetic model, and the first-order rate constant was calculated as 0.171 min−1 for jatropha oil aminolysis. The activation energy (Ea) and pre-exponential factor (A) for the same reaction were found to be 47.8 kJ mol−1 and 4.75 × 108 min−1, respectively.

Nettle caterpillars (Setothosea asigna) are one of the common insects found in palm tree plantation which significantly reduce palm oil production by eating palm tree leaves. Surfactant is commonly used as an emulsifier and stabilizer in the pesticide mixture to refrain the mixture from separating. Commercial surfactants that are being used by the farmers holds the emulsion for approximately 2 hours. The performance of Diethanolamide (DEA) as surfactant for the insecticide mixture was investigated in this research. The various concentration of DEA in pesticide mixture showed the increasing mixture stability up to 24 hours before separating. Commercial surfactant used by the farmers is at 7-10% of the mixture. Meanwhile, DEA lowers the percentage of usage to 5%. The reduction of percentage of surfactant usage leads to the reduction of surfactant cost. Sample A5B5 found to be the best among other surfactants. Sample A5B5 has the density of 0.878 g/cm3, viscosity of 19.72 cP, surface tension of 24.311 dyne/cm, and contact angle of 31.7830.

BACKGROUND Repeated and prolonged use of surfactants can cause irritant as well as allergic contact dermatitis. OBJECTIVE This study reports the frequency of positive patch test results to surfactants tested on the North American Contact Dermatitis Group screening series including cocamidopropyl betaine (CAPB), amidoamine (AA), dimethylaminopropylamine (DMAPA), oleamidopropyl dimethylamine (OPD), and cocamide diethanolamide (CDEA), and correlations of positive reactions between CAPB and the other surfactants. METHODS This was a retrospective analysis of 10 877 patients patch tested between 2009 and 2014 to the surfactants CAPB, AA, DMAPA, OPD, and CDEA. Frequencies of positive reactions to these surfactants were calculated, and trends of reactivity between the surfactants analyzed. CONCLUSIONS The OPD had the highest rate of positive patch reactions (2.3%) followed by DMAPA (1.7%), and CAPB (1.4%). The AA and CDEA had the lowest rate of positive reactions (0.8%). There was a high degree of overlap in positive patch tests between the surfactants. The CDEA was the least likely to coreact with another surfactant.

Keywords: allergic contact dermatitis; cocamide DEA; coconut diethanolamide; CAS no. 68603-42-9; eczema

A facile approach for prepar ing stearoyl diethanolamide was reported. The as-synthesized product was further applied for the protection of car bon steel from corrosion solution. On the basis of orthogonal experiments, optimal reaction conditions were investigated. The results show that the yield rate can be up to 84.6% under a condition of molar ratio of stear ic acid to ethylenediamine is 1:1.7, the reaction time and temperature are 4 h a nd 175 °C, respectively. The optimal concentration and potential corrosion-inhibiting mechanism were al so investigated by using scanning electronic microscopy, weight loss and electrochemical analysis. The presented synthesis route is facile which enable it to be promisingly applied for production widely. Furthermore, the excellent corrosion-inhibiting properties of st earoyl diethanolamide also indicate that it can be a fascinating candidate for protecting steels from corrosion in oil exploration and transportation.

The paper presents the comparative analysis of inverse emulsion rheological behavior stabilized by monoethanolamide and diethanolamide of tall oil fatty acids, which are promising reagents for petroleum engineering. Flow curves of emulsions and volume ratio of dispersed phase have been obtained. The analysis of the dependence of Herschel-Bulkley model parameters on concentration of emulsifiers has been carried out. It is proved that emulsifiers affect weakly on the rheological parameters in high water phase content emulsions, while in cut-back emulsions their impact is registered to be stronger. It has been found that rheological parameters of the emulsions stabilized by monoethanolamide throughout the range of concentration are considerably higher than the samples on the base of diethanolamide. The experimental data proved the key impact of viscosity of dispersion medium on rheological behavior of cut-back emulsions.

Oil of Gliricidia sepium with high contents of C18:2 (32.2 ± 0.3%) and C18:1 (23.8 ± 0.5%) fatty acids was used in the preparation of diethanolamide and epoxidised diethanolamide via transamidation. The epoxidised diethanolamide was synthesized by peroxyformic acid generated in situ by reacting formic acid and hydrogen peroxide with the oil of G. sepium, a renewable resource. The formation of the amide was monitored and confirmed using Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy and Nuclear Magnetic Resonance. The epoxidised diethanolamide showed better surface-active properties than the diethanolamide in terms of emulsion stability, wetting property and foaming power.

Castor oil was chemically modified into a diethanolamide by a two step process. The first step was the hydroxylation of double bonds in castor oil and second step was the transamidation using diethanolamine to increase the hydroxyl value. Water blown polyurethane foams were developed with this castor oil based polyol using polypropylene glycol of molecular weight 1,000 as the copolyol and polymeric MDI. The density and mechanical properties namely compression and flexural strength depended on the composition of the foam formulation. The hydroxyamide content and molecular weight of commercial polyol had significant effect on the micro structure as observed by optical microscopy.

The present study focuses on the use of renewable resource, namely karanja oil for the development of polyurethane foams. The non-edible oil was chemically modified into the diethanolamide by hydroxylation followed by transamidation. The structure of the diethanolamide was confirmed by proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, infrared spectroscopy and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry and used as polyol to prepare water-blown polyurethane foams. Polyurethane foams were produced with carbon dioxide as the blowing agent generated by the reaction between excess polymeric MDI with water. Foams were prepared by a hand mixing process which involved blending of the diethanolamide with polypropylene glycol, polymeric MDI, water, catalyst and surfactant. The hydroxyamide content, catalyst nature and molecular weight of polypropylene glycol were varied and the effect on the properties was studied. Foam rise time and other physical properties such as density, compression strength and flexural strength were evaluated. Optical microscopy was used to study the morphology to reveal the closed cell nature and other structure–property relationships.

Problem statement: This study was carried out for the characterization of epoxidized and non-epoxidized fatty diethanolamides by High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) and Gas Chromatography (GC). Approach: The fatty diethanolamides were synthesized by reacting 40% (w/w) of Epoxidized Palm Olein (EPOo) with 60% (w/w) Refined Bleached Deodorized Plam Kernel Olein (RBDPKOo) with Diethanolamine (DEA) at 110°C for 5 h. Results: The identities of the peaks were established by secondary standards that were derived from pure methyl esters. HPLC separated major non-epoxidized diethanolamide compounds, namely C10:0, C12:0, C14:0, C16:O, C18:1 and C18:0 and the molecular weights of the compounds were dentified by Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (LC-MS). Conclusion: GC provided a more complete separation for the non-epoxidized diethanolamides, epoxidized diethanolamides, glycerol, Diethanolamine (DEA) and some minor compounds from the self-condensation of DEA and diethanolamides. Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) elucidated the chemical structure of the epoxidized diethanolamides.

Indonesia has a high production of vegetable oils. Coconut oil and palm oil are vegetable oils that can be source of raw material in Industry. The purpose of this research is potential use of coconut oil and palm oil as raw materials of alkanolamide in alkaline condition. Alkanolamide is produced from the reaction between triglycerides and diethanolamine. Phosporic acid is used as a solvent for the purification of alkanolamide from its mixture with glycerin. So it is expected that alkanolamide produced has a high purity and the resulted alkanolamides have dispersant and detergency properties that are widely used in various industries. The amidation reaction between triglyceride and diethanolamine was mixing in a glass batch reactor for 2 hours using potassium hydroxide catalyst (KOH) 1% (w/w). The temperature reaction was 125 °C. The second step is purification of alkanolamide. The operation condition is preferably performed at 82 °C. The synthesis of palm oil in this study is constrained because it is easily oxidized and the viscosity was higher than coconut oil. So this research is focused on using coconut oil as raw material. From the purification analysis, resulted 85% of alkanolamide (top layer) and 15% glycerine (bottom layer). From FTIR analysis, The amide group (C=O) is formed at a wavenumber of 1618,34 cm-1 for alkanolamide from coconut oil and 1617,45 cm-1 for alkanolamide from palm oil. GC-MS analysis resulted the compound of diethanolamide laurate with the greatest quality percentage of 93% and the largest percentage of 31, 20%.