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This study was conducted to investigate the effects and regulation of dietary vegetable oil (VO, enriched with α-linolenic acid [ALA] and linoleic acid [LNA]) on the nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) and nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) pathways in large yellow croaker. In vivo study showed that the VO diet significantly decreased the activity of antioxidant enzymes and antioxidant enzyme-related mRNA expression in the liver tissue, in comparison with the fish oil (FO) diet (P 0.05). The suppression of antioxidant capacity might be due to the decrease of nuclear Nrf2 protein translocation, Nrf2 binding to antioxidant response element (ARE) sequences, and subsequently, antioxidant genes transcription as electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA) and luciferase assay showed. VO-derivated ALA and LNA exerted a lower antioxidant capacity than FO-derivated DHA and EPA, characterized by significantly lower nucleus Nfr2 protein expression but significantly higher ROS production values in primary hepatocytes (P 0.05). The pro-inflammatory genes (tumor necrosis factor α [TNFα] and interleukin 1β [IL1β]) expression was significantly higher in the liver tissue of fish fed the VO diet which might be due to the activation of the NF-κB pathway (P 0.05). Knockdown of the Nrf2 gene negatively affected the anti-inflammatory effect of fatty acids by increasing the expression of TNFα and the IL1β gene and nuclear p65 protein (P 0.05). In general, the results indicated that dietary vegetable oil decreased antioxidant capacity but induced inflammatory responses through the Nrf2/NF-κB pathway.

As a food contaminant, oxidized oil or lipid oxidative products have been proven to exert toxicological effects on the growth and development of animals and humans. Research shows that maternal oxidative stress damage might transmit to another generation by epigenetic modulation. However, current evidence is still not clear on the mechanism of the effects of dietary oxidized oil during pregnancy on the two generations. This study employed a rat model fed with oxidized soybean oil (OSO) during pregnancy and lactation to explore the effects of the oxidative degree (0, 200, 400, and 800 mequiv of O

Background Following progressive aging of the population worldwide, the prevalence of Parkinson disease is expected to increase in the next decades. Primary prevention of the disease is hampered by limited knowledge of preventable causes. Recent evidence regarding diet and Parkinson disease is inconsistent and suggests that dietary habits such as fat intake may have a role in the etiology. Objective To investigate the association between intake of total and specific types of fat with the incidence of Parkinson disease. Methods Participants from the Swedish National March Cohort were prospectively followed-up from 1997 to 2016. Dietary intake was assessed at baseline using a validated food frequency questionnaire. Food items intake was used to estimate fat intake, i.e. the exposure variable, using the Swedish Food Composition Database. Total, saturated, monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fat intake were categorized into quartiles. Parkinson disease incidence was ascertained through linkages to Swedish population-based registers. Cox proportional hazards regression models were used to estimate hazard ratios (HR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI) of the association between fat intake from total or specific types of fats and the incidence of Parkinson disease. The lowest intake category was used as reference. Isocaloric substitution models were also fitted to investigate substitution effects by replacing energy from fat intake with other macronutrients or specific types of fat. Results 41,597 participants were followed up for an average of 17.6 years. Among them, 465 developed Parkinson disease. After adjusting for potential confounders, the highest quartile of saturated fat intake was associated with a 41% increased risk of Parkinson disease compared to the lowest quartile (HR Q4 vs. Q1: 1.41; 95% CI: 1.04–1.90; p for trend: 0.03). Total, monounsaturated or polyunsaturated fat intake were not significantly associated with Parkinson disease. The isocaloric substitution models did not show any effect. Conclusions We found that a higher consumption of large amounts of saturated fat might be associated with an increased risk of Parkinson disease. A diet low in saturated fat might be beneficial for disease prevention.

High-oleic acid (OA) vegetable oils are replacing some traditional vegetable oils in the US food supply. This may lead to reduced intake of the essential fatty acids (EFAs) linoleic acid (18:2n-6) and α-linolenic acid (18:3n-3) in children, who need EFAs for growth and development and reduced risk for cardiometabolic disease into adulthood.The objectives of this study were the following: 1) to estimate trends in daily intake of EFAs among children aged 1-8 y, 2) identify top food sources of EFAs, and 3) evaluate the effects of replacing traditional oils with high-OA oils on meeting daily recommended intakes of EFAs.Dietary data from 7814 children aged 1-8 y were acquired from the NHANES (2007-2016). Using a diet model, we evaluated the effect of replacing 20%, 40%, 60%, and 80% of traditional oils with high-OA oils on meeting adequate intakes (AIs) for EFAs.Major food sources of EFAs among all age-sex groups were grain dishes (35-40% of daily intake), meat and seafood dishes (17-21%), and fruit and vegetable dishes (12-14%). Replacing 40% or more of traditional oils with high-OA oil varieties will lead to inadequate daily intakes of EFAs.Replacement of traditional vegetable oils with high-OA varieties will place children at risk of not meeting the AI levels for EFAs. A balanced approach of including traditional oils and high-OA oils in the US food supply is needed to prevent inadequate intakes of EFAs in children.

The intake of moderate oils and fats is necessary to maintain the body's energy balance, and the fatty acid composition of different oils and fats varies in their nutrition and function. The study aimed to investigate the effects of lard and vegetable blend oil on gut microbiota, intestinal enzyme activities, and blood routine. Kunming mice were assigned to the three groups: (1) Control group (CK) was gavage administration with distilled water, (2) Plant oil group (ZWY) was gavage administration with edible vegetable blend oil, (3) Lard group (DWY) was gavage administration with lard. After 42 days, microbiological, digestive enzymes, and blood routine were performed. Compared with the CK group, Escherichia coli, Lactobacilli, and Bifidobacteria were significantly decreased (p0.05), the activities of protease, cellulase, amylase, and xylanase were markedly reduced (p0.05), the hemoglobin was significantly increased (p0.05) in the ZWY group and DWY groups, and the hematocrit was increased in the ZWY group (p0.05), while other routine blood indices were increased (p0.05). Compared to the ZWY group, the activity of cellulase and amylase were significantly increased (p0.05), the intestinal microorganism and the routine blood indexes had no significant difference in the DWY group. Lard and vegetable blend oil diet affected the composition of the intestinal microorganisms, and the functions of digestive enzymes. Meanwhile, the levels of digestive enzymes may be correlated with the intestinal microbiota.

Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most common clinically significant arrhythmia, and it increases stroke risk. A preventive approach to AF is needed because virtually all treatments such as cardioversion, antiarrhythmic drugs, ablation, and anticoagulation are associated with high cost and carry significant risk. A systematic review was performed to identify effective lifestyle-based strategies for reducing primary and secondary AF. A PubMed search was performed using articles up to March 1, 2021. Search terms included atrial fibrillation, atrial flutter, exercise, diet, metabolic syndrome, type 2 diabetes mellitus, obesity, hypertension, stress, tobacco smoking, alcohol, Mediterranean diet, sodium, and omega-3 fatty acids. Additional articles were identified from the bibliographies of retrieved articles. The control of hypertension, ideally with a renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system inhibitor, is effective for preventing primary AF and recurrence. Obstructive sleep apnea is a common cause of AF, and treating it effectively reduces AF episodes. Alcohol increases the risk of AF in a dose-dependent manner, and abstinence reduces risk of recurrence. Sedentary behavior and chronic high-intensity endurance exercise are both risk factors for AF; however, moderate physical activity is associated with lower risk of AF. Recently, sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors and glucagon-like peptide-1 agonists have been associated with reduced risk of AF. Among overweight/obese patients, weight loss of ≥10% is associated with reduced AF risk. Lifestyle changes and risk factor modification are highly effective for preventing AF.

Background: There is little knowledge on the effects of alpha-linolenic acid (ALA) and n-3 long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 LCPUFA) on the LDL lipidome and aggregation of LDL particles. Objective: We examined if consumption of Camelina sativa oil (CSO) as a source of ALA, fatty fish (FF) as a source of n-3 LCPUFA and lean fish (LF) as a source of fish protein affect the lipidome of LDL as compared to a control diet. Methods: Participants with impaired glucose tolerance (39 women and 40 men) were randomized to 4 study groups (CSO providing 10 g/d ALA, FF and LF [both 4 fish meals/wk] and control limiting their fish and ALA intake) in a 12-week, parallel trial. Diets were instructed and dietary fats were provided to the participants. The lipidome of LDL particles isolated from samples collected at baseline and after intervention was analyzed with electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry. Results: In the CSO group, the relative concentrations of saturated and monounsaturated cholesteryl ester species in LDL decreased and the species with ALA increased. In the FF group, LDL phosphatidylcholine (PC) species containing n-3 LCPUFA increased. There was a significant positive correlation between the change in total sphingomyelin and change in LDL aggregation, while total PC and triunsaturated PC species were inversely associated with LDL aggregation when all the study participants were included in the analysis. Conclusion: Dietary intake of CSO and FF modifies the LDL lipidome to contain more polyunsaturated and less saturated lipid species. The LDL surface lipids are associated with LDL aggregation. (c) 2021 National Lipid Association. Published by Elsevier Inc. This is an open access article under the CC BY license ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ )

The present study was carried out to examine first, if diets enriched with 320 g of the base diet with common dietary oils including fish oil, olive oil, hydrogenated sunflower seed (H-SFS) oil, flaxseed oil and sunflower seed oil (SFS) could induce weight gain and alter reproductive and metabolic characteristics of male mice. Second, whether the addition of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA, 10% of the diet) could ameliorate any negative effects. In this cross-sectional study, 90 four-week-old male NMRI mice were used in two consecutive experiments. A high level of dietary oils negatively affected some reproductive and metabolic characteristics of male mice (p 0.05), specifically, sunflower seed oil enrichment resulted in higher HDL levels and apoptosis of germinal epithelial cells. An olive oil-enriched diet caused an increase in plasma triglyceride concentrations and germinal cell apoptosis, as well as a decrease in sperm concentration and perturbed spermatogenesis. When CLA was fed in conjunction with dietary oils it successfully mitigated some of the negative reproductive and metabolic characteristics. We conclude that male reproductive processes are affected by high dietary oils, even before signs of obesity are evident. Inclusion of dietary CLA may provide some benefit to offset negative effects, although further studies are required.

The present study was designed to examine if dietary fat sources that have shown differences in lifespan and if some aging-related aspects can modulate the range of histopathologic changes in central nervous and endocrine systems that occur during the lifespan of Wistar rats. Moreover, it was attempted to gain insight into the relationship between longevity and the development of the different pathological changes, as well as possible interaction with diet. In order to achieve this, male Wistar rats were randomly assigned to three experimental groups fed semisynthetic and isoenergetic diets from weaning until death with different dietary fat sources, namely virgin olive, sunflower, or fish oil. An individual follow-up until death of each animal was performed. Incidence, severity, and burden of specific or group (i.e., neoplastic or non-neoplastic proliferative and nonproliferative) of lesions was calculated along with individual’s disease and individual organ lesion burden. Most of the histopathological lesions found have been described in previous studies. Neoplasms, and in particular pituitary adenomas followed by brain tumors, were the most prevalent lesions found in the rats and the main cause of death involving both systems. Incidence of brain lesions was associated with age-at-death. Assayed dietary fats did not present differential effects on pathological changes occurring in endocrine and central nervous systems throughout rat lifespan., Spanish Government AGL2008-01057, Government of Andalusia AGR832

Increasing evidence indicates that intestinal microecological imbalances are strongly associated with food allergen intolerance. This study investigated the effect of olive oil on food allergy susceptibility and intestinal microecology based on an ovalbumin (OVA)-sensitized mouse model. The results indicated that the allergic symptoms of sensitized mice were alleviated when they were supplemented with olive oil at 1-3 g/kg per day for 7 weeks. Intestinal epithelium observation showed repaired ileum villi and upregulated tight junction (TJ) protein expression. Furthermore, the levels of the cytokines (e.g., IL-10) secreted by regulatory T cells were increased, whereas T helper 2 (Th2) cell-associated factors were decreased in lamina propria. Furthermore, 16S rRNA sequencing indicated reduced Burkholderiaceae and increased Clostridiaceae in the intestinal microflora. The results suggest that an olive oil-enriched diet may effectively prevent food allergies by regulating the intestinal microecological balance. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: Recent studies emphasized that intestinal ecological imbalance, including intestinal immunity and microflora structure, plays an important role in affecting the occurrence and development of food allergy. The present results implied that olive oil, one of the main components of the Mediterranean diet, can effectively ameliorate the symptoms of OVA-induced food allergy by regulating intestinal microecological homeostasis. Therefore, dietary supplementation with olive oil may be an effective strategy for preventing food allergies.

Authenticity and adulteration detection are primary concerns of various stakeholders, such as researchers, consumers, manufacturers, traders, and regulatory agencies. Traditional approaches for authenticity and adulteration detection in edible oils are time-consuming, complicated, laborious, and expensive; they require technical skills when interpreting the data. Over the last several years, much effort has been spent in academia and industry on developing vibrational spectroscopic techniques for quality, authenticity, and adulteration detection in edible oils. Among them, Fourier transforms infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy has gained enormous attention as a green analytical technique for the rapid monitoring quality of edible oils at all stages of production and for detecting and quantifying adulteration and authenticity in edible oils. The technique has several benefits such as rapid, precise, inexpensive, and multi-analytical; hence, several parameters can be predicted simultaneously from the same spectrum. Associated with chemometrics, the technique has been successfully implemented for the rapid detection of adulteration and authenticity in edible oils. After presenting the fundamentals, the latest research outcomes in the last 10 years on quality, authenticity, and adulteration detection in edible oils using FT-IR spectroscopy will be highlighted and described in this review. Additionally, opportunities, challenges, and future trends of FT-IR spectroscopy will also be discussed.

The objective of the present study was to increase by dietary means the long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid (LC-PUFA) n-3 content in selected meat products. Fatty acid (FA) composition, texture, sensory characteristics, and oxidative stability were determined in the Vienna sausages (V-sausages) and Bologna-type salami (B-salami) produced from the meat of six pigs fed a standard feed (control, C) and six pigs fed a standard feed enriched with 8% of fish oil (F), respectively. The saturated FA content in the unheated FV and FB products was decreased (p

Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) is an isomer of linoleic acid (LA). The predominant dietary CLA is cis-9, trans-11-CLA (c-9, t-11-CLA), which constitutes up to ~ 90% of total CLA and is thought to be responsible for the positive health benefits associated with CLA. However, the effects of c-9, t-11-CLA on Alzheimer’s disease (AD) remain to be elucidated. In this study, we investigated the effect of dietary intake of c-9, t-11-CLA on the pathogenesis of an AD mouse model. We found that c-9, t-11-CLA diet-fed AD model mice significantly exhibited (1) a decrease in amyloid-β protein (Aβ) levels in the hippocampus, (2) an increase in the number of microglia, and (3) an increase in the number of astrocytes expressing the anti-inflammatory cytokines, interleukin-10 and 19 (IL-10, IL-19), with no change in the total number of astrocytes. In addition, liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (LC–MS/MS) and gas chromatographic analysis revealed that the levels of lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC) containing c-9, t-11-CLA (CLA-LPC) and free c-9, t-11-CLA were significantly increased in the brain of c-9, t-11-CLA diet-fed mice. Thus, dietary c-9, t-11-CLA entered the brain and appeared to exhibit beneficial effects on AD, including a decrease in Aβ levels and suppression of inflammation.

espanolSegun la Organizacion Mundial de la Salud, las muertes causadas por enfermedades coronarias (EC) representaron una quinta parte del total de muertes en Mexico en 2017. Investigaciones realizadas en el pasado han confirmado la asociacion entre los acidos grasos trans (AGT) en la dieta y las EC. Los AGT de la dieta se derivan principalmente de aceites hidrogenados industriales, productos lacteos y grasas carnicas. Este trabajo tiene como base un documento de po-litica publica acerca de las politicas internacionales para AGT en paises de ingresos bajos a medianos, utilizando a Mexico como estudio de caso. Sin embargo, esta reelaboracion tiene como objetivo analizar criticamente el proceso de politicas de regulacion de AGT en Mexico, mediante la evaluacion de la solidez de la evidencia propuesta y la identificacion de las barreras que impiden el uso de la misma para la implemen-tacion de una politica de regulacion de AGT. Aunque abundan las evidencias para fundamentar politicas de regulacion de los AGT, la falta de colaboracion y comunicacion efectivas entre los principales actores (investigadores, formuladores de politicas y consumidores) en Mexico sigue siendo un gran obstaculo en su implementacion. EnglishAccording to the World Health Organization, coronary heart disease (CHD)-caused deaths accounted for one-fifth of the total deaths in Mexico in 2017. Researches done in the past have confirmed the association between dietary trans-fatty acids (TFA) and CHD. Dietary TFA are mostly derived from industrial-hydrogenated oils, milk products, and meat fats. This paper is a build on of a policy paper done on international policies for TFA in low-to-middle income countries, using Mexico as the case study. This write up, however, aims to critically analyse the TFA regulation policy process in Mexico, evaluating the strength of evidence proposed and identifying the barriers preventing the usage of the evidence for a TFA regulation policy implementation. Although evidence abounds for TFA regulation policy, lack of effective collaboration and communication among the major actors (researchers, policy-makers, and consumers) in Mexico remains a major setback in its implementation.

Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) is one of the most important fatty acids that plays a critical role in maintaining proper brain function and cognitive development. Deficiency of DHA leads to several neurodegenerative disorders and, therefore, dietary supplementations of these fatty acids are essential to maintain cognitive health. However, the complete picture of how DHA is incorporated into the brain is yet to be explored. In general, the de novo synthesis of DHA is poor, and targeting the brain with specific phospholipid carriers provides novel insights into the process of reduction of disease progression. Recent studies have suggested that compared to triacylglycerol form of DHA, esterified form of DHA (i.e., lysophosphatidylcholine [lysoPC]) is better incorporated into the brain. Free DHA is transported across the outer membrane leaflet of the blood-brain barrier via APOE4 receptors, whereas DHA-lysoPC is transported across the inner membrane leaflet of the blood-brain barrier via a specific protein called Mfsd2a. Dietary supplementation of this lysoPC specific form of DHA is a novel therapy and is used to decrease the risk of various neurodegenerative disorders. Currently, structured glycerides of DHA - novel nutraceutical agents - are being widely used for the prevention and treatment of various neurological diseases. However, it is important to fully understand their metabolic regulation and mechanism of transportation to the brain. This article comprehensively reviews various studies that have evaluated the bioavailability of DHA, mechanisms of DHA transport, and role of DHA in preventing neurodegenerative disorders, which provides better insight into the pathophysiology of these disorders and use of structured DHA in improving neurological health.

A total of 2622 male broilers were distributed in a 2 × 5 factorial design, using 2 lipid sources (soybean oil and palm fat), 5 levels of vitamin A supplementation (0, 3,000, 6,000, 12,000, and 24,000 IU kg−1), with 10 replicates, and also 1 control diet (CD) for each lipid source used (7 replicates), each experimental unit being composed of 23 birds. During the first 21 d (how were the birds fed) and from 22 to 42 d of age, a redistribution of the treatments was carried out in a 2 × 2 × 5 factorial design: half of the repetitions of each treatment received the diet of the initial treatment, and the others received the CD with its type of lipid source. In the phase from 1 to 21 d of age, the effect of lipid source on feed intake (FI) and feed conversion ratio (FCR), and the effect of vitamin supplementation on FI and weight gain (WG) were observed, with a quadratic response for both variables. At 42 d of age, the lipid source and vitamin A level influenced the FI, whereas the WG and FCR showed interactions between period and the level of vitamin A supplementation. Neither lipid source resulted in blood parameters out of the typical pattern for birds, and the same was observed in relation to dietary vitamin A supplementation. From 1 to 21 d of age, a vitamin A supplementation of 15,585 IU kg−1 was estimated, and at 42 d, 15,527 IU kg−1 and 15,148 IU kg −1 were estimated for the periods 1 to 21 d and 1 to 42 d, respectively.

COVID-19, a disease caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) betacoronavirus, affects children in a different way than it does in adults, with milder symptoms. However, several cases of neurological symptoms with neuroinflammatory syndromes, such as the multisystem inflammatory syndrome (MIS-C), following mild cases, have been reported. As with other viral infections, such as rubella, influenza, and cytomegalovirus, SARS-CoV-2 induces a surge of proinflammatory cytokines that affect microglial function, which can be harmful to brain development. Along with the viral induction of neuroinflammation, other noninfectious conditions may interact to produce additional inflammation, such as the nutritional imbalance of fatty acids and polyunsaturated fatty acids and alcohol consumption during pregnancy. Additionally, transient thyrotoxicosis induced by SARS-CoV-2 with secondary autoimmune hypothyroidism has been reported, which could go undetected during pregnancy. Together, those factors may pose additional risk factors for SARS-CoV-2 infection impacting mechanisms of neural development such as synaptic pruning and neural circuitry formation. The present review discusses those conditions in the perspective of the understanding of risk factors that should be considered and the possible emergence of neurodevelopmental disorders in COVID-19-infected children.

Dietary lipids play an important role in human health, but their influence on aging and longevity remains to be ascertained. This study tests the hypothesis that the consumption of fats with elevated unsaturation might slow down aging and prolong lifespan better than that with greater saturation. The metabolomic analysis of

This experiment was conducted to investigate the antibacterial effects of essential oils (EO) in vitro and the influence of EO on growth performance, intestinal morphology and oxidation resistance and cecal microflora of yellow-feathered broilers. A total of 720 one-day-old male yellow feather broilers were randomly assigned into 4 treatments with 6 replicate cages of 30 broilers each. The groups were as follows: CON group (basal diet), EO200 group (basal diet + 200 mg/kg EO), EO400 group (basal diet + 400 mg/kg EO), and EO600 group (basal diet + 600 mg/kg EO). The experiment lasted for 48 d. Results showed that the growth and biofilm formation of avian pathogenic E. coli O78 and Salmonella pullorum were limited by adding EO to the diet (P0.05). Besides, birds fed with EO had greater (P0.05) average daily feed intake (ADFI), average daily gain (ADG), and body weight (BW) during d 1 to 21, 22 to 42, and 1 to 48 and lower (P0.05) feed: gain (F:G) than those fed with basal diet during d 22 to 42 and 1 to 48. Moreover, the activity of antioxidant enzyme and the intestinal permeability were improved in the EO400 and EO600 groups rather than the CON group on d 21 (P0.05). There were significant differences in cecal microbial composition and enrichment of metabolic pathways of birds among all groups by 16S-based sequencing. In summary, some dose of EO improved bacteriostatic ability, antioxidant ability, and intestinal health of broilers which contributed to the growth performance improvement of yellow-feathered broilers, which can be a promising antibiotic alternative for improving poultry production.

International audience; Brain functions are known to be mainly modulated by adequate dietary intake. Inadequate intake as can be an excess or significant deficiency affect cognitive processes, behavior, neuroendocrine functions and synaptic plasticity with protective or harmful effects on neuronal physiology. Lipids, in particular, u-6 and u-3 long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC-PUFAs) play structural roles and govern the different functions of the brain. Hence, the goal of this study was to characterize the whole brain fatty acid composition (precursors, enzymatic and non-enzymatic oxidation metabolites) of fish model of rainbow trout fed with three experimental plant-based diet containing distinct levels of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA, 20:5 u-3) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 22:6 u-3) (0% for low, 15.7% for medium and 33.4% for high, total fatty acid content) during nine weeks. Trout fed with the diet devoid of DHA and EPA showedreduced brain content of total u-3 LC-PUFAs, with diminution of EPA and DHA. Selected enzymatic (cyclooxygenases and lipoxygenases) oxidation metabolites of arachidonic acid (AA, 20:4 u-6) decrease in medium and high u-3 LC-PUFAs diets. On the contrary, total selected enzymatic oxidation metabolites of DHA and EPA increased in high u-3 LC-PUFAs diet. Total selected non-enzymatic oxidation metabolites of DHA (not detected for EPA) increased in medium and high u-3 LC-PUFAs diets. In conclusion, this work revealed for the first time in fish model the presence of some selected enzymatic and non-enzymatic oxidation metabolites in brain and the modulation of brain lipid content by dietary DHA and EPA levels

The effects and action mechanism of tea polyphenols (TP) on the quality of rapeseed oil during frying process were investigated. Results showed that compared with control, TP (0.04%, w/w) exhibited the remarkable ability to inhibit the deterioration of acid value, peroxide value, anisidine value, viscosity, and color of frying oil. By using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, frying oil with TP showed the higher content of unsaturated fatty acids (72.79%) and lower content of trans fatty acids (3.36%) than those of control. Meanwhile, frying oil with TP had a higher total phenolic content than control at the same frying time. In addition, the thermo gravimetric-differential scanning calorimetry results showed that TP could increase the oxidation stability of rapeseed oil. Furthermore, according to the Fourier transform infrared and molecular dynamic simulation results, TP could reduce the breaking degree of = C-H bond, C-O-C bond, and C = C bond in oil molecules, and inhibit the oxidation of oil components by inhibiting the generation of free radicals and eliminating free radicals. All present results suggested that TP showed the potential value to be used for protecting the quality of oil during the frying process in food and chemical industries. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: The inhibitory effect of tea polyphenols on the deterioration of quality of rapeseed oil during frying was found and the mechanism had also preliminarily interpretation. This work provided a method for monitoring the quality of fry oil and provided the theoretical basis for the use of tea polyphenols in frying.

Replacing intake of SFA with PUFA reduces serum cholesterol levels and CVD risk. The effect on glycaemic regulation is, however, less clear. The main objective of the present study was to investigate the short-term effect of replacing dietary SFA with PUFA on glycaemic regulation. Seventeen healthy, normal-weight participants completed a 25-d double-blind, randomised and controlled two-period crossover study. Participants were allocated to either interventions with PUFA products or SFA products (control) in a random order for three consecutive days, separated by a 1·5-week washout period between the intervention periods. Glucose, insulin and TAG were measured before and after an oral glucose tolerance test. In addition, fasting total cholesterol, NEFA and plasma total fatty acid profile were measured before and after the 3-d interventions. Fasting and postprandial glucose, insulin, and TAG levels and fasting levels of NEFA and plasma fatty acid profile did not differ between the groups. However, replacing dietary SFA with PUFA significantly reduced total cholesterol levels by 8 % after 3 d (P = 0·002). Replacing dietary SFA with PUFA for only 3 d has beneficial cardio-metabolic effects by reducing cholesterol levels in healthy individuals.

© The Author(s) 2020., Previous studies have shown that it is possible to nutritionally program gilthead seabream offspring through fish oil (FO) replacement by vegetable oils (VO) in the broodstock diet, to improve their ability to grow fast when fed low fish meal (FM) and FO diets during grow-out phase. However, in those studies broodstock performance was reduced by the VO contained diet. Therefore, the present study aimed to determine if it is possible to replace FO by a mixture of FO and rapeseed oil (RO) with a specific fatty acid profile in broodstock diets, without altering gilthead seabream broodstock reproductive performance. Besides, the study also aimed to evaluate the reproductive performance of broodstock with different expression of fatty acid desaturase 2 gene (fads2) a key enzyme in synthesis of long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids. For that purpose, broodfish having either a high (HD) or low (LD) expression of fads2 were fed for three months during the spawning season with two diets containing different fatty acid profiles and their effects on reproductive hormones, fecundity, sperm and egg quality, egg biochemical composition and fads2 expression were studied. The results showed that blood fads2 expression in females, which tended to be higher than in males, was positively related to plasma 17β-estradiol levels. Moreover, broodstock with high blood fads2 expression showed a better reproductive performance, in terms of fecundity and sperm and egg quality, which was correlated with female fads2 expression. Our data also showed that it is feasible to reduce ARA, EPA and DHA down to 0.43, 6.6 and 8.4% total fatty acids, respectively, in broodstock diets designed to induce nutritional programming effects in the offspring without adverse effects on spawning quality. Further studies are being conducted to test the offspring with low FM and FO diets along life span., This project has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research, innovation program under grant agreement No 727610 (PerformFISH project). This output reflects the views only of the authors, and the European Union cannot be held responsible for any use which may be made of the information contained therein. The first author gratefully acknowledges the financial assistance provided by the Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR), New Delhi, India and study leave by the Director, ICAR-Central Institute of Freshwater Aquaculture, Bhubaneswar, India for the doctoral study.

Made available in DSpace on 2020-12-11T21:11:03Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2020-07-01 Oligo Basics USA, LLC (Cary, NC) North Carolina Agricultural Foundation, Inc. (Raleigh, NC) USDA-NIFA Project Two experiments were conducted to evaluate the effects of functional oils containing cashew nutshell and castor oil on turkey performance and intestinal morphology. In experiment 1, 585 hatchlings were randomly placed in 15 replicate floor pens, (13 poults/pen) with recycled litter and provided feed and water ad libitum. Birds were randomly assigned to 3 dietary treatments from 1 to 12 wk: nonmedicated control, 0.15% functional oils, and 66-ppm monensin. From wk 13 to 20, each initial treatment group was further divided into 3 treatments-control (no additive), 0.15% of functional oils, or 20 ppm of virginiamycin to produce 9 different treatments, 5 replicate pens per treatment. Data on feed weights were collected weekly, and body weight bi-weekly. At termination (20 wk), birds were euthanized, and their meat was processed to determine mass of carcass sections and meat quality, while intestinal samples were collected for histology. In experiment 1, toms fed monensin or functional oils were 10.5 and 4.5% heavier (P < 0.05), respectively, than the controls at 12 wk. Birds fed monensin had a 4% improvement (P < 0.05) in feed conversion as compared to the other treatments. Neither virginiamycin nor the functional oils affected bird performance when fed from 13 to 20 wk. The jejunum villi surface area at 3 wk was most enhanced (P < 0.05) for the poults fed monensin. Supplementation with functional oils significantly reduced leg yield and thiobarbituric-acid reactive substances of white meat after 7 D of storage (P < 0.05). There were no effects on performance or carcass characteristics in experiment 2. While additional confirmatory studies are needed, functional oils in the diet of turkey toms may be a viable alternative to antibiotic growth promotants. NCSU, Prestage Dept Poultry Sci, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA Sao Paulo State Univ, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil ARS, USDA, Market Qual & Handling Res Unit, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA Oligo Basics USA LLC, Cary, NC 27519 USA Sao Paulo State Univ, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil USDA-NIFA Project: NC06343

This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of quercetin on the antioxidant ability, intestinal barrier functions, and cecal microbiota in broiler chickens fed with oxidized soya oil. Four hundred eighty male Arbor Acres broilers were randomly assigned to 5 treatments, each involving 8 cages (12 birds per cage). The treatment groups were as follows: the control group, birds fed with basal diets containing oxidized oil, and birds fed with basal diets containing oxidized oil and supplemented with 200 ppm of quercetin, 400 ppm of quercetin, and 800 ppm of quercetin. The results showed that dietary supplementation with quercetin at a dose of 400 ppm or 800 ppm alleviated the increased serum malondialdehyde (MDA) level induced by oxidized oil on day 11 (P = 0.005) and reversed the increased MDA level in the mucosa on day 11 (P = 0.021). Quercetin significantly upregulated the transcription of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) and its downstream genes such as catalase (P < 0.001), superoxide dismutase 1 (P < 0.001), glutathione peroxidase 2 (P = 0.018), heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) (P = 0.0), and thioredoxin (P = 0.002) and reversed the mRNA expression of HO-1 (P = 0.007) in the ileal mucosa. Tight junction protein 1 was only downregulated by oxidized oil (P = 0.013). In addition, quercetin (800 ppm) alleviated the decreased mRNA expression of mucin 2 (MUC2), which contributed to the intestinal chemical barrier (P = 0.039). The supplemental dose of 400 ppm of quercetin was able to promote Lactobacillus in the cecum, which enhanced the gastrointestinal tract health. In summary, these results indicated that quercetin ameliorated the oxidized oil-induced oxidative stress by upregulating the transcription of Nrf2 and its downstream genes to restore redox balance and reinforced the intestinal barrier via higher expression and secretion of MUC2 and facilitating the growth of Lactobacillus in the cecum. Therefore, quercetin could be a potential feed additive that can be applied in poultry production for amelioration of oxidative stress caused by oxidized oil and preventing the potential invasion of exogenous pathogens.

The present study investigated the impact of dietary oil sources (soybean, corn, peanut, flaxseed, olive, and sunflower oils as sources of omega 3, 6, and 9 fatty acids) on productive and reproductive traits, egg quality, hematological and biochemical blood parameters of laying Japanese quail. A total of 360 eight-week mature Japanese quail were randomly divided into 6 groups fed for 8 wk on a basal diet included with 1.5% of different oil sources. Results showed that the highest egg weights and the best feed conversion ratio (P < 0.01) were recorded for quail fed diets supplemented with 1.5% soybean and peanut oil. The highest hatchability percentages (P < 0.05) were recorded for quail fed diets supplemented with corn oil as compared to the other oils. Furthermore, diets enriched with corn, olive, or sunflower oils had higher values of blood lymphocytes (%) compared to the other treated groups. Blood total cholesterol significantly decreased in quail fed on corn, peanut, flaxseed, or olive oil sources as compared to soybean or sunflower oil groups. Immunologically, the highest levels (P < 0.001) of immunoglobulins (G and M) were recorded for quail fed on corn or olive oil sources compared to other oil sources. Quail consuming olive oil–included diets showed a significant increase in superoxide dismutase and glutathione S-transferase activities and a significant decrease on malondialdehyde level compared with those consumed the other oil sources. It could be concluded that varying the oil source can affect productive, reproductive, and health aspects of Japanese quail. Soybean oil showed good results regarding production aspects; however, olive oil was the best regarding health aspects.

Traditional dietary recommendations for patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) focus on the quantity of nutrients consumed. Without appropriate dietary counselling, these restrictions can result in a low intake of fruits and vegetables and a lack of diversity in the diet. Plant nutrients and plant-based diets could have beneficial effects in patients with CKD: increased fibre intake shifts the gut microbiota towards reduced production of uraemic toxins; plant fats, particularly olive oil, have anti-atherogenic effects; plant anions might mitigate metabolic acidosis and slow CKD progression; and as plant phosphorus has a lower bioavailability than animal phosphorus, plant-based diets might enable better control of hyperphosphataemia. Current evidence suggests that promoting the adoption of plant-based diets has few risks but potential benefits for the primary prevention of CKD, as well as for delaying progression in patients with CKD G3-5. These diets might also help to manage and prevent some of the symptoms and metabolic complications of CKD. We suggest that restriction of plant foods as a strategy to prevent hyperkalaemia or undernutrition should be individualized to avoid depriving patients with CKD of these potential beneficial effects of plant-based diets. However, research is needed to address knowledge gaps, particularly regarding the relevance and extent of diet-induced hyperkalaemia in patients undergoing dialysis. Emerging evidence suggests that plant-based diets could help to prevent chronic kidney disease (CKD), manage its symptoms and metabolic complications and delay disease progression. Here, the authors discuss the potential risks and benefits of these diets in patients with CKD, as well as implementation strategies and knowledge gaps.

Summary Background Primordial and primary prevention is the cornerstone for cardiometabolic health. In the randomised, controlled Special Turku Coronary Risk Factor Intervention Project (STRIP; n=1116), a 20-year dietary counselling intervention was given to children biannually from infancy, and cardiometabolic health benefits had been observed among the participants in the intervention group. Here, we report on the key results of the first follow-up done 6 years after the end of the intervention, at age 26 years. Methods The randomised controlled STRIP study recruited children at age 5 months from well-baby clinics in Turku, Finland, and randomly assigned them to either an intervention or control group; group allocation was unmasked. The intervention introduced participants to a heart-healthy diet, characterised by low proportional intake of saturated fat and cholesterol, by dietary counselling and nutrition education sessions to parents and children from the age of 7 months to 20 years. Children in the control group received only the basic health education given at Finnish well-baby clinics and school health care. We assessed diet, lifestyle, and cardiometabolic risk factor data, including blood pressure, anthropometry, serum biochemistry (lipids, apolipoproteins, glucose, and insulin), and homoeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) in the participants at age 26 years. Findings 1116 children were included in the original STRIP study, of whom 551 provided data at the age 26 years follow-up, and data for 507 participants were analysed (243 in the intervention group and 264 in the control group). At follow-up, those who had been in the intervention group had slightly lower mean intake of saturated fat as a proportion of total energy intake than the control group (13·0% [SD 3·3] vs 13·7% [3·6], p=0·049). A higher proportion of participants in the intervention group achieved the targeted monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fat to saturated fat ratio of more than 2:1 than the control group (78 [39%] of 200 vs 70 [30%] of 235; risk ratio [RR] 1·16 [95% CI 1·01–1·33]; p=0·035). A higher proportion of intervention group participants met the ideal total cholesterol concentration of less than 5·17 mmol/L (194 [81%] of 240 vs 187 [72%] of 261; RR 1·45 [1·05–2·01], p=0·024) and optimal LDL cholesterol concentration of less than 3·0 mmol/L (166 [69%] of 240 vs 158 [61%] of 251; RR 1·30 [1·03–1·66], p=0·031). Those who received the intervention had lower glucose (5·00 mmol/L [SD 0·43] vs 5·07 mmol/L [0·46], p=0·040) and HOMA-IR (median 1·44 [IQR 1·09–1·91] vs 1·62 [1·22–2·09], p=0·037) than the participants in the control group. Interpretation Previously observed intervention effects during the 20-year counselling were largely maintained into adulthood 6 years after the withdrawal of the intervention. Dietary counselling introduced in infancy thus provided a sustained benefit to diet quality and cardiometabolic risk factor levels. Funding Academy of Finland, Juho Vainio Foundation, Finnish Foundation for Cardiovascular Research, Finnish Ministry of Education and Culture, Finnish Cultural Foundation, Sigrid Juselius Foundation, Special Governmental grants for Health Sciences Research (Turku University Hospital), Yrjo Jahnsson Foundation, Finnish Medical Foundation, and Turku University Foundation.

In this study, the effects of licorice flavonoid oil (LFO) supplementation on mobility functions were evaluated in middle-aged and older women who underwent daily physical exercise. The 73 women aged 59–85 years (71.2 ± 5.2 years) were randomly assigned to the LFO group (n = 37) or the placebo group (n = 36). For 16 weeks, the LFO group consumed a daily capsule containing 300 mg of LFO, while the placebo group consumed a placebo capsule. All participants were instructed to complete a strength training program during the 16 weeks and to increase their daily step count by 1000. 10-m walking speed (with/no obstruction), one-leg standing time with eyes open, handgrip strength, isometric knee extension strength, and body composition were evaluated at baseline and every eight weeks. In the 10-m walking speeds (with/no obstruction), LFO supplementation did not show significant improvements. One-leg standing time was significantly prolonged with LFO intake (LFO: baseline 73.9 s vs 16 weeks 93.5, placebo: baseline 82.8 vs 16 weeks 87.1, p = 0.03). In addition, a significant decrease in BMI and body fat percentage with LFO was found (p = 0.01, p = 0.03, respectively). Since a lower BMI corresponds to a lighter physical load on the lower limb, in addition, since LFO might improve skeletal muscle function by antioxidant activity, participants could stand longer and body balance control was improved. LFO supplementation improved body balance control and may contribute to fall prevention in healthy middle-aged and older women having daily physical exercise. UMIN Clinical Trial Registry No. 000029712.

Background The traditional Chinese diet blends lard with vegetable oil, keeping the fatty acid balance intake ratio of saturated fatty acids, monounsaturated fatty acids, and polyunsaturated fatty acids at nearly 1:1:1. However, the effects of a mixture of lard and vegetable oil on lipid metabolism have never been researched. In the present study, by simulating Chinese high-fat dietary habits, we explored the effects of a mixture of lard and vegetable oil on lipid metabolism. Methods We randomly assigned 50 male C57BL/6 J mice to 5 groups (10 in each group) and fed them lard, sunflower oil (SFO), soybean oil (SBO), lard blended with sunflower oil (L-SFO), or lard blended with soybean oil (L-SBO) for 12 weeks. Results We found that the final body weights of mice in the lard group were significantly higher than those of mice in the SFO and SBO groups. Body fat rate and volume of fat cell of the lard group were significantly higher than those of the SFO, SBO, and L-SBO groups. Liver triglyceride level of the lard group increased significantly compared to the other groups. Although body fat rate and liver triglyceride level in the SBO and SFO groups decreased compared to those in the other groups, the high-density lipoprotein cholesterol/low-density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio were also significantly decreased in the SBO and SFO groups. Conclusions We found that a lard diet induced accumulation of body fat, liver and serum lipids, which can increase the risk of obesity, non-alcoholic fatty acid liver disease, and atherosclerosis. The vegetable oil diet resulted in cholesterol metabolism disorders even though it did not lead to obesity. The mixed oil diet induced body fat accumulation, but did not cause lipid accumulation in the liver and serum. Thus, differential oil/fat diets have an impact on differential aspects in mouse lipid metabolism. Graphical abstract

Objective: A Mediterranean diet supplemented with olive oil and nuts prevents cardiovascular disease in clinical studies, but the underlying mechanisms are incompletely understood. We investigated whether the preventive effect of the diet could be due to inhibition of atherosclerosis and foamy monocyte formation in Ldlr –/– mice fed with a diet in which milkfat in a Western diet (WD) was replaced with extra-virgin olive oil and nuts (EVOND). Approach and Results: Ldlr –/– mice were fed EVOND or a Western diet for 3 (or 6) months. Compared with the Western diet, EVOND decreased triglyceride and cholesterol levels but increased unsaturated fatty acid concentrations in plasma. EVOND also lowered intracellular lipid accumulation in circulating monocytes, indicating less formation of foamy monocytes, compared with the Western diet. In addition, compared with the Western diet, EVOND reduced monocyte expression of inflammatory cytokines, CD36, and CD11c, with decreased monocyte uptake of oxLDL (oxidized LDL [low-density lipoprotein]) ex vivo and reduced CD11c + foamy monocyte firm arrest on vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 and E-selectin–coated slides in an ex vivo shear flow assay. Along with these changes, EVOND compared with the Western diet reduced the number of CD11c + macrophages in atherosclerotic lesions and lowered atherosclerotic lesion area of the whole aorta and aortic sinus. Conclusions: A diet enriched in extra-virgin olive oil and nuts, compared with a Western diet high in saturated fat, lowered plasma cholesterol and triglyceride levels, inhibited foamy monocyte formation, inflammation, and adhesion, and reduced atherosclerosis in Ldlr –/– mice.

The feeding of high-concentrate diets commonly results in lowered pH and ruminal dysbiosis which cause shifts in uptake dynamics of short-chain fatty acids (SCFA) and altered epithelial function. Therefore, the current study evaluated the effect of dietary polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) on ruminal fermentation products, gene expression in the ruminal epithelium and the associated changes in ruminal microorganisms in lambs fed a high-concentrate diet. Twenty-six Afshari lambs adapted to a high-concentrate diet during a completely randomised design were fed with a basal diet supplemented with 100 g oil supplement (OS; 60 g sunflower oil and 40 g fish oil) for 10 (OS10), 20 (OS20) and 30 (OS30) d, respectively (

Palm oil is a natural energy source ingredient in poultry diets that offers a broad range of beneficial effects on the performance of broiler chickens. This review was conducted to highlight the impact of palm oil as a feed ingredient on growth performance and carcass quality, as well as the biochemical, antioxidant activity and tissue fatty acids (FA) composition of broiler chickens. Palm oil inclusion in broiler chickens' rations contributes significantly to the high metabolisable energy (ME) of feed formulation, increases feed palatability and decreases digesta passage rate in the intestine. The reviewed literature indicated that dietary palm oil has a beneficial effect on broiler chickens' overall growth performance traits. The addition of palm oil can also improve the heat tolerance of chickens reared in high ambient temperature conditions. Regardless of breed and breeding conditions, palm oil exhibits good oxidative stability in broiler chickens due to the presence of prevalent phytonutrient elements in this oil. The inclusion of palm oil increased palmitic (C

Vertaisarvioitu. Satunnaistetussa STRIP-tutkimuksessa 562 tervettä lasta sai tyydyttyneen rasvan saannin vähentämiseen tähtäävää ravitsemusneuvontaa kahdeksan kuukauden iästä alkaen 20 vuoden ikään asti, ja 545 saman ikäistä lasta seurattiin verrokkiryhmänä. Neuvonnan avulla tyydyttyneen rasvan saanti oli noin kaksi energiaprosenttia vähäisempää. Interventio- ja verrokkiryhmän lasten kasvussa, murrosiän tai neurologisessa kehityksessä ei havaittu eroja, mutta LDL-kolesterolipitoisuus oli merkitsevästi eli noin 0,1-0,2 mmol/l pienempi interventioryhmässä. Pojat hyötyivät interventiosta enemmän kuin tytöt. Tutkimusryhmästä riippumatta ravintotottumukset, liikunta ja tupakansavulle altistuminen heijastuivat valtimoterveyteen jo nuorena. Neuvonnan teho säilyi vielä kuusi vuotta sen päättymisen jälkeen. Tulokset ovat rohkaisevia ja muodostavat pohjan elinikäiselle, lapsuudesta alkavalle terveiden elintapojen neuvonnalle.

Lard diet (LD) is a risk factor for prostate cancer (PCa) development and progression. Two immunocompetent mouse models fed with isocaloric specific fat diets (LD) enriched in saturated and monounsaturated fatty acid (SMFA), showed significanftly enhanced PCa progression with weight gain compared with a fish oil diet (FOD). High gut microbial divergency resulted from difference in diets, and the abundance of several bacterial species, such as in the orders Clostridiales and Lactobacillales, was markedly altered in the feces of LD- or FOD-fed mice. The proportion of the order Lactobacillales in the gut was negatively involved in SMFA-induced body weight gain and PCa progression. We found the modulation of lipid metabolism and cholesterol biosynthesis pathways with three and seven commonly up- and downregulated genes in PCa tissues, and some of them correlated with the abundance of the order Lactobacillales in mouse gut. The expression of sphingosine 1-phosphate receptor 2, which is associated with the order Lactobacillales and cancer progression in mouse models, was inversely associated with aggressive phenotype and weight gain in patients with PCa using the NCBI Gene Expression Omnibus database. Therefore, SMFA may promote PCa progression with the abundance of specific gut microbial species and overexpression of lipogenic genes in PCa. Therapeutics with alteration of gut microbiota and candidate genes involved in diet-induced PCa progression may be attractive in PCa.

The intermediate state between normal glucose tolerance and overt type 2 diabetes mellitus is associated with micro- and macrovascular diseases, requiring safe and cost-effective treatment measures interventions. A novel source of LC n-3 FAs is Calanus finmarchicus Oil, which showed promising effects on glucose homeostasis in preclinical studies due to anti-obesity effects and/or anti-inflammatory properties. In total, 43 obese patients (BMI: 31.7 ± 5.2 kg/m2) were allocated in the following two groups: (1) Calanus oil group (2 g CO/day) and (2) placebo group (2 g paraffin oil/day). Markers of glucose metabolism, body composition and energy intake were measured at the beginning (t0), after 12 weeks (t12) and 16 weeks (t16). Overall, parameters reflecting abnormal glucose homeostasis and insulin resistance in the liver, including fasting insulin (−2.9 mU/L ± 4.10, p < 0.05), HOMA-IR (−0.9 ± 1.28, p < 0.05) and hepatic insulin resistance index (−1.06 ± 1.72 × 106, p < 0.05) significantly enhanced after a 12-week CO-intervention, while no differences were observed in HbA1c, AUC0–2h Glucose, AUC0–2h Insulin, 2 h plasma glucose and muscle insulin sensitivity index. Our results indicate that Calanus oil causes beneficial effects on glucose metabolism and insulin resistance in obese patients, with clinical relevance to be verified in further studies. In addition, the possible active compounds and their mechanisms of action should be elucidated.