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The dyes Auramine and Auramine O are used in several industrial products, despite the scarce information regarding their ecotoxicity. The aim of the present study was to assess the acute and chronic toxicity of both dyes to aquatic organisms from different trophic levels (Raphidocelis subcapitata, Daphnia similis, Hydra attenuata, and Danio rerio) and calculate their predicted non-effect concentrations (PNEC). Auramine and Auramine O induced toxicity to all selected test organisms with L(E)C50 values ranging from 300 to 4800 ug/L. Both dyes induced inhibition in the growth rate of exposed algae, negatively affecting the reproduction of D. similis and induced deformities in H. attenuata (clubbed tentacles and shortened tentacles) and D. rerio (edemas, tail malformation and delay in yolk sac absorption). PNEC values of 0.92 μg/L and 4.0 μg/L were obtained for Auramine and Auramine O, respectively, based on results of the most sensitive test system (algae). Test results were analyzed using the Criteria of Reporting and Evaluating Ecotoxicity Data (CRED), confirming their reliability and relevance. Thus, PNEC values can be used in future risk assessments of those substances in freshwater systems.

Fluoxetine (FLX) is a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) antidepressant widely used in clinics and very often found in environmental samples of urban aquatic ecosystems in concentrations ranging from ng/L to μg/L. Fish populations might be especially susceptible to FLX due to the presence of conserved cellular receptors of serotonin. Neurotoxic effects on fish biota of polluted water bodies may be expected, but there are no sufficient studies in the current literature to elucidate this hypothesis. Batteries of embryo larval assays with zebrafish were performed to evaluate the potential effects of FLX exposure, including environmentally relevant concentrations. Evaluated parameters included survival, development, behaviour and neuronal biochemical markers. Regarding acute toxicity, a 168 h-LC50 value of 1.18 mg/L was obtained. Moreover, hatching delay and loss of equilibrium were observed, but at a concentration level much higher than FLX measured environmental concentrations (>100 μg/L). On the other hand, effects on locomotor and acetylcholinesterase activity (≥0.88 and 6 μg/L, respectively) were found at levels close to the maximum reported FLX concentration in surface waters. Altogether, these results suggest that FLX is neurotoxic to early life stages of zebrafish, in a short period of time causing changes in important ecological attributes which can probably be linked from molecular to population level.

Psychiatric drugs are among the leading medications prescribed for humans, with their presence in aquatic environments raising concerns relating to potentially harmful effects on non-target organisms. Nortriptyline (NTP) is a selective serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor antidepressant, widely used in clinics and found in environmental water matrices. In this study, we evaluated the toxic effects of NTP on zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryos and early larval stages. Developmental and mortality analyses were performed on zebrafish exposed to NTP for 168 h at concentrations ranging from 500 to 46,900 µg/L. Locomotor behaviour and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity were evaluated by exposing embryos/larvae to lower NTP concentrations (0.006–500 µg/L). The median lethal NTP concentration after 168 h exposure was 2190 µg/L. Although we did not identify significant developmental changes in the treated groups, lack of equilibrium was already visible in surviving larvae exposed to ≥ 500 µg/L NTP. The behavioural analyses showed that NTP was capable of modifying zebrafish larvae swimming behaviour, even at extremely low (0.006 and 0.088 µg/L) environmentally relevant concentrations. We consistently observed a significant reduction in AChE activity in the animals exposed to 500 µg/L NTP. Our results highlight acute toxic effects of NTP on the early-life stages of zebrafish. Most importantly, exposure to environmentally relevant NTP concentrations may affect zebrafish larvae locomotor behaviour, which in turn could reduce the fitness of the species. More studies involving chronic exposure and sensitive endpoints are warranted to better understand the effect of NTP in a more realistic exposure scenario.

The dyes Auramine and Auramine O are used in several industrial products, despite the scarce information regarding their ecotoxicity. The aim of the present study was to assess the acute and chronic toxicity of both dyes to aquatic organisms from different trophic levels (Raphidocelis subcapitata, Daphnia similis, Hydra attenuata, and Danio rerio) and calculate their predicted non-effect concentrations (PNEC). Auramine and Auramine O induced toxicity to all selected test organisms with L(E)C50 values ranging from 300 to 4800 ug/L. Both dyes induced inhibition in the growth rate of exposed algae, negatively affecting the reproduction of D. similis and induced deformities in H. attenuata (clubbed tentacles and shortened tentacles) and D. rerio (edemas, tail malformation and delay in yolk sac absorption). PNEC values of 0.92 μg/L and 4.0 μg/L were obtained for Auramine and Auramine O, respectively, based on results of the most sensitive test system (algae). Test results were analyzed using the Criteria of Reporting and Evaluating Ecotoxicity Data (CRED), confirming their reliability and relevance. Thus, PNEC values can be used in future risk assessments of those substances in freshwater systems.

Antibiotics are among the most extensively used pharmaceuticals worldwide. They are natural or synthetic drugs with the capacity to kill or inhibit the growth of microorganisms. Several antibiotics have been detected in aquatic environments, but little is known about their effects on non-target organisms, especially fish. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of the antibiotic nitrofurantoin (NTF) using zebrafish embryos as model organisms. To assess mortality and development effects, the embryos were exposed to 0, 4, 9, 44, 100, 223 and 500 mg/L of NTF. A sub-lethal range of concentrations (0, 0.001, 0.02, 0.32, 5.62 and 100 mg/L) was used for biomarker analyses, namely cholinesterase, lactate dehydrogenase, glutathione S-transferase and catalase. The results indicated low toxicity of NTF to zebrafish, with a 168 h-LC50 value of 129.2 mg/L. The main effect on development was the loss of equilibrium related to the uninflated swim bladder (168 h-EC50 = 96.72 mg/L). Biomarker activity was induced in concentrations as low as 0.02 mg/L (cholinesterase, lactate dehydrogenase, glutathione S-transferase). Exposure to NTF induced no significant effects on zebrafish larvae behaviour. In summary, short-term exposure of zebrafish embryos to NTF induced developmental alterations only at high concentrations. However, biochemical changes occurred at lower levels of exposure, suggesting long-term effects on fish populations.

Carbamazepine (Cbz), one of the most prescribed pharmaceuticals in the world is often detected in surface waters and sediments. However, few studies addressed its chronic effects in fish. In the present study, Danio rerio adults were exposed for 63 days to Cbz (0 - control, 10 μg L−1 - concentration found in effluents, and 10,000 μg L−1 − 5% of LC50 at 72 h). Assessed endpoints were: feeding behavior, growth rate, number of eggs produced and their viability, histological alterations in female gonads, and biochemical biomarkers associated with antioxidant defenses (catalase - CAT, and glutathione S-transferase – GST activities), neurotransmission (acetylcholinesterase activity - AChE) and metabolism (lactate dehydrogenase - LDH). Cbz exposure increased the total time for food intake but did not affect D. rerio growth. Although the total number of eggs was not affected by Cbz exposure, the eggs viability was significantly impaired. Exposure to Cbz caused alterations in the female gonads follicular stages. In terms of biochemical endpoints, CAT activity in liver and gills, was sensitive to the pharmaceutical exposure presenting a decreased activity. AChE activity was induced in the head (both concentrations) and muscle (10,000 μg L−1). GST activity was increased in gills (both concentrations) but inhibited in the intestine. Concerning LDH, enzymatic activity was increased in the liver and decreased in muscle and gills. Several of the above-mentioned effects can be directly linked with effects at population level (e.g. feeding behavior) and occurred at environmental concentrations (the lowest concentration tested), thus serious concerns regarding risks posed by Cbz residues to fish populations arise with this study.

Yttrium orthovanadate (YVO4) powders were synthesized by two different routes: the combustion route (C sample), and the hydrothermal route (H samples). In all samples, oxygen vacancies were observed by Raman, UV–vis diffuse reflectance and photoluminescence (PL) spectroscopy; however they were more significant in C sample. Photocatalytic discoloration of Rhodamine B solutions ranged from 40 to 64% and C and H4 samples presented the highest efficiencies. Although both samples showed similar photocatalytic efficiency, C sample is 11 times more efficient in producing reactive oxygen species than H4 sample, and an interesting effect of the treated solutions was observed in the Fish Embryotoxicity Test, carried out in D. rerio. The C-treated solution was more toxic than the untreated solution, while the H4-treated solution did not show toxicity enhancement. C-treated solution caused a significant mortality of D. rerio embryos beginning at the 4th day of exposure and reached total mortality at the 6th day. Thus, the synthetic route employed in the preparation of C and H4 samples leads to different toxic effects in the treated solutions. These results pointed out that microstructural characteristics and synthetic parameters are not only important for obtaining highly active materials, but they also impact on the toxicity of the effluents.

Aim: Leaching from mining activities reaches water bodies, causing water contamination and acidification by toxic metals. As a consequence, oxygen depletion occurs, with the disappearance of certain benthic organisms, losses in phytoplankton and zooplankton biomass, and fish mortality. Remediation of contaminated water from mining involves the use of flocculants based on acrylamide monomers and polyacrylamide and of coagulants based on aluminum. Our aim was to assess the aquatic toxicity of the flocculant WF 424 and the coagulant WF 2000 PCA. Methods A flocculant anionic polymer (WF 424) and a coagulant polynuclear complex of polymerized hydro-aluminum ions (WF2000 PCA) were tested for embryotoxicity to zebrafish (Danio rerio, FET test - OEDC, 236, 2013). Results After 96 h of exposure to WF424, there was no significant lethality, nor were there sublethal effects such as hatching delay, heartbeat alteration, and malformation in embryonic development, when compared with the control group (p > 0.05). The coagulant compound WF2000 PCA did not show lethal effects during 96 h of exposure, and EC50 was considered as above the highest concentration-level tested. Conclusions For both compounds, no malformation, embryonic development delay or embryotoxicity were observed. Resumo Objetivo: O carreamento decorrente das atividades de mineração atinge corpos d'água, causando contaminação da água e acidificação por metais tóxicos. Como conseqüência, a depleção de oxigênio ocorre, com o desaparecimento de certos organismos bênticos, perdas na biomassa do fitoplâncton e do zooplâncton, e mortalidade de peixes. Remediação da água contaminada da mineração envolve o uso de floculantes baseados em monômeros de acrilamida e poliacrilamida e de coagulantes à base de alumínio. Nosso objetivo foi avaliar a toxicidade aquática do floculante WF 424 e do coagulante WF 2000 PCA. Métodos Um polímero aniónico floculante (WF 424) e um complexo polinuclear coagulante de íons hidro-alumínio polimerizados (WF2000 PCA) foram testados quanto à embriotoxicidade para o peixe-zebra (Danio rerio, teste FET - OEDC, 236, 2013). Resultados Após 96 h de exposição ao WF424, não houve letalidade significativa, nem efeitos subletais como atraso na eclosão, alteração do batimento cardíaco e malformação no desenvolvimento embrionário, quando comparados com o grupo controle (p> 0,05). O composto coagulante WF2000 PCA não apresentou efeitos letais durante 96 h de exposição, e EC50 foi considerado acima do nível de concentração mais alto testado. Conclusões Para ambos os compostos, nenhuma malformação, atraso no desenvolvimento embrionário ou embriotoxicidade foram observados.

Although traditional water treatment systems can remove various substances from wastewater, these conventional systems fail to remove many chemical molecules that pose potential ecological and health risks. Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) appear attractive to adsorption of many substances, but CNTs adsorbed with toxic substances becomes a nanocomposite still more toxic. Here, we employ zebrafish embryos as biosensor to examine how a hybrid micro/nanostructured carbonaceous material (HMNC) derived from a combination of activated carbon (AC) with hydrophilic carbon nanotubes (CNTs) can remediate wastewater contaminated with the pharmaceutical fluoxetine hydrochloride (FLX). AC and HMNC are practically non-toxic to zebrafish embryos (LC50 > 1000 mg.L−1). HMNC addition to culture medium containing FLX significantly reduces sublethal effects and lethality. Interaction between FLX and HMNC involves chemical adsorption such that embryo co-exposure to HMNC adsorbed with FLX in the range of concentrations evaluated herein does not elicit any behavioral changes in zebrafish.

Due to the production facilities and great functionalities, the starch extracted from Cassava plants' (Manihot esculenta Crantz) roots is one of the most abundant and inexpensive raw materials used in food- and non-food industries. The utilization of starches to encapsulate plant essential oils is a relevant advance in the control of insect pests, including mosquitoes that transmit human diseases. The starch-based microencapsulation of essential oils reduces the degradation and volatilization of active components, providing more sustainable and environmentally friendly activities. Here, we investigated the potential of cassava-based starch microparticle preparations containing the essential oil of a Neotropical plant (Siparuna guianensis Aublet) to control larvae of Aedes aegypti and Culex quinquefasciatus. Moreover, the selectivity of the most efficient microparticles preparation was evaluated on zebrafish embryos (Danio rerio), an aquatic non-target organism. The characterization of encapsulated microparticles was achieved by using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), infrared spectroscopy with Fourier transform (FTIR), and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). Our results revealed an encapsulation efficiency of 82.8 % to 95.3 %, with an average particle diameter of 8.56 μm. Cassava starch microencapsulation reduced the essential oil degradation and enhanced (up to 8 days) the persistent lethal activities (over 50 %) against both species' mosquito larvae compared to the pure essential oil. Furthermore, the exposure of aquatic non-target organisms (embryos of D. rerio) revealed these microparticles' adequate selectivity. Collectively, our findings demonstrate that cassava starch-based microparticles exhibit promising functionality as carriers for essential oils with mosquitocidal activities.

A set of thirteen GO samples obtained following different methodologies and described by eight structural parameters – hydrodynamic diameter (658 nm–142 nm), size polydispersity index, optical absorption coefficient, lambda maximum, D/G peak intensity ratio, crystallite size, distance between defects, and pH – was submitted to NIR 808 nm irradiation (experiment 1) and fish embryo toxicity (FET) test performed with zebrafish embryos (experiment 2). Principal component analysis (PCA) applied to the obtained data shows that the optical absorption coefficient and lambda maximum, which are strongly dependent on the GO oxidation degree and presence of carboxylic acid groups, are the most relevant features for the photothermal effect. Conversely, size is the predominant parameter for the ecotoxicity. Only samples exhibiting the smallest sheet size (below 200 nm) do not interfere either on the hatching time or the rate of alive hatched individuals. GO samples composed of larger sheets, regardless their oxidation and carboxylation degrees, impart negative effects to the embryo’s development stages, including hatching delay, death of embryos and abnormalities on hatched individuals. It is therefore concluded that the photothermal effect is more dependent on the oxidation degree, whereas ecotoxicity is more dependent on the size of GO sheets.

Aedes aegypti is the main arbovirus vector transmitting chikungunya, Zika and dengue. The current vector control strategies are limited due to multiple insecticide resistance, deleterious impacts on the environment, and toxicity to non-target organisms. Bilobol, an alkylresorcinol isolated from the plant species Schinus terebinthifolia, demonstrated larvicidal activity against Aedes aegypti (LC50 7.67 mg/L in less than 24 h). To ensure that bilobol presents a viable alternative as an eco-friendly larvicide, this study aimed to explore the degradation process and acute toxicity of this alkylresorcinol in zebrafish, a non-target organism. A quantification method with validated parameters was developed and used to evaluate bilobol degradation in water over time. The Fish Embryo Toxicity (FET) test was applied to evaluate the acute toxicity of bilobol together with its degradation derivates. Results demonstrated that bilobol gradually degrades over time and almost completely disappears after 96 h, turning into small aliphatic chains which are less toxic than bilobol in its fundamental form. Therefore, it was possible to conclude that bilobol does not present significant toxicity to zebrafish embryos nor does it show signs of persistence in the environment. Additionally, bilobol can be found in high quantities not only in S. terebinthifolia, but also in cashew nut industry waste. Thus, bilobol constitutes an alternative environmentally friendly insecticide because it is not persistent, has indications of low toxicity to non-target organisms and presents a way to exploit massive quantities of material discarded by the food industry.

Glyphosate-based herbicides are the most commonly used worldwide because they are effective and relatively non-toxic to non-target species. Unlimited and uncontrolled use of such pesticides can have serious consequences for human health and ecological balance. We evaluated the acute toxicity and genotoxicity of two glyphosate-based formulations, Roundup Original (RUP) and Glyphosate AKB 480 (AKB), on different organisms: cucumber (Cucumis sativus), lettuce (Lactuca sativa) and tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) seeds, microcrustacean Artemia salina and zebrafish (Danio rerio) early life stages. For germination endpoint, only L. esculentum presented significant sensitivity to AKB and L. sativa to RUP, whereas both formulations significantly inhibited the root growth of all species tested. AKB and RUP induced significant toxicity to A. salina being both classified as category 3, which indicates a hazard for the aquatic environment, according to Globally Harmonized Classification System (GHS) criteria. However, RUP was more toxic than AKB with LC50-48h 14.19 mg/L and 37.53 mg/L, respectively. For the embryo-larval toxicity test, RUP proved more toxic than AKB for mortality endpoint (LC50-96h 10.17 and 27.13 mg/L, respectively) while for the hatching parameter, AKB was more toxic than RUP. No significant genotoxicity to zebrafish larvae was found. We concluded that AKB and RUP glyphosate-based formulations are phytotoxic and induce toxic effects in non-target organisms such as A. salina and zebrafish early life stages. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved

Psychiatric pharmaceuticals are one of the most prescribed active substances globally. Bupropion (BPP) is an antidepressant that acts via inhibition of norepinephrine and dopamine reuptake. It has been found in various water matrices, and thus its effects on aquatic organisms must be studied. The present study aimed to evaluate the acute toxic effects of BPP on zebrafish (Danio rerio) early life stages. For developmental analysis, organisms were exposed for 168 h to concentrations ranging from 0 to 82000 μg/L. Two other experiments were performed by exposing embryos to a wide range of concentrations (from 0 to 50000 μg/L) in order to evaluate BPP effects on embryonic behavior, using the Zebrabox and testing at the biochemical level (acetylcholinesterase, glutathione-S-transferase, lactate dehydrogenase and catalase). Developmental analysis indicated that BPP had low acute toxicity with a calculated 168 h-LC50 of 50346 μg/L. Concentrations equal to or above 44800 μg/L elicited several effects such as hatching delay, edemas and tail deformities. However, concentrations from 7300 μg/L upwards elicited equilibrium alteration. Behavioral analysis showed that BPP affected zebrafish locomotor behavior by decreasing activity at 0.6 μg/L, increasing activity at 8.8 and 158 μg/L, and decreasing activity at 50000 μg/L. Biochemical analysis showed an increase of AChE activity at 158 and 2812 μg/L, an increase in GST at the highest concentrations, CAT alteration and increase of LDH at 0.6, 2812 and 50000 μg/L. We can conclude that BPP affects zebrafish early life stages at environmental concentrations.

Dissertação (mestrado)—Universidade de Brasília, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Animal, 2016. De acordo com a Agência Nacional de Vigilância Sanitária (ANVISA), aproximadamente 226 ingredientes ativos de fármacos psicotrópicos têm autorização para comercialização no Brasil (RDC 6/2014). Produzidos em larga escala, os fármacos psicotrópicos chegam aos ecossistemas (ex. por meio do descarte de efluentes domésticos). Assim, organismos não alvo, aquáticos e terrestres, são expostos a um coquetel de fármacos, durante o seu ciclo de vida. O objetivo do presente estudo foi: fazer uma revisão bibliográfica dos fármacos psicotrópicos comercializados no Brasil, com foco especial às suas diferentes classes, modo de ação e ecotoxicidade; Avaliar a mortalidade e efeitos subletais (comportamento, atividade de colinesterases e alterações no desenvolvimento) de algumas dessas drogas utilizando testes de embriotoxicidade com embriões de peixe-zebra (baseados na norma OCDE - nº 236) e por fim, investigar a interação entre fármacos e nanomateriais (nanoestruturados de carbono e nanopartícula de titânio), visto que existe a possibilidade de aplicação em processos de remediação ambiental. Os 226 fármacos psicotrópicos comercializados no Brasil podem ser divididos em seis diferentes classes: ansiolíticos (n = 69), antidepressivos (n = 57), antipsicóticos (n = 54), antiepilépticos (n = 20), fármacos para alívio sintomático de doenças neurodegenerativas (n = 26), reguladores do humor (n = 1). Os dados da revisão bibliográfica revelam que: apenas 24 % possuem algum estudo ecotoxicológico, além disso, esses estudos são limitados, sendo, em sua maioria relativos a testes agudos, pouca informação é encontrada sobre a toxicidade crônica. Considerando nossos resultados dos testes de embriotoxicidade com 16 formulações comerciais e 5 compostos puros (mg/L), bioquímicos (5 compostos puros - μg/L) e comportamentais (5 compostos puros - ηg/L), sugere-se que o uso somente do parâmetro de mortalidade parece ser insuficiente para avaliação de riscos, uma vez que efeitos severos no organismo nomeadamente: paralisia, são encontrados em doses em média 5-10x mais baixas que o valores de CL50 para os fármacos testados. Uma análise refinada dos parâmetros comportamentais utilizando o zebrabox revela que há alterações significativas no tempo total de nado ou distância total percorrida dos embriões em concentrações muito próximas ou, até mesmo abaixo das concentrações já detectadas no meio ambiente de fármacos psicotrópicos. Ademais, os resultados obtidos sugerem que os efeitos no comportamento podem não seguir uma dose resposta, uma vez que em baixas doses podem induzir a atividade locomotora e em doses mais altas tendem a diminuir a atividade locomotora. According to the National Health Surveillance Agency (ANVISA), approximately 226 active ingredients of psychiatric pharmaceuticals are allowed to be sold in Brazil (DRC 6/2014). Produced on a large scale, psychiatric pharmaceuticals arriving ecosystems (eg. By means of disposal of domestic waste). Thus, non-target organisms, aquatic and terrestrial, are exposed to a cocktail of drugs, throughout their life cycle. The aim of this study was: do a literature review of psychiatric drugs marketed in Brazil, with a special focus to their different classes, mode of action and ecotoxicity; Assess mortality and sublethal effects (behavior, cholinesterase activity and changes in development) of some of these pharmaceuticals using embryotoxicity tests with zebrafish embryos (based on the OECD standard – nº 236) and finally investigate the interaction between pharmaceuticals and nanomaterials (carbon nanotubes and titanium nanoparticles), since there is the possibility of application in environmental remediation processes. Approximalety, 226 psychiatric pharmaceuticals marketed in Brazil can be divided into six different classes: anxiolytics (n = 69), antidepressants (n = 57), antipsychotics (n = 54), antiepileptics (n = 20), fármacos para alívio sintomático de doenças neurodegenerativas (n = 26) mood regulators (n = 1). Data from the literature review shows that: only 24% have some ecotoxicological study, moreover, these studies are limited, and mostly related to acute tests, little information is found on the chronic toxicity. Whereas our results of embryotoxicity tests with 16 comercial formulations and 5 pure compounds (mg/L), biochemical (5 pure compounds - μg/L) and behavioral (5 pure compounds - ηg/L), it is suggested that the use of only mortality parameter seems to be insufficient to evaluate risks, since severe effects on the body including paralysis, are found in lower average (doses 5-10x) the CL50 values for the pharmaceuticals tested. A refined analysis of behavioral parameters using zebrabox shows that there are significant changes in the total swimming time, or total distance of embryos on much concentrations near or even below the concentrations already been detected in the environment of psychiatric pharmaceuticals. Furthermore, the results suggest that the effects on behavior can not follow a dose response since in low doses can induce locomotor activity and high doses tend to decrease locomotor activity.

Glyphosate-based herbicides are the most commonly used worldwide because they are effective and relatively nontoxic to nontarget species. Unlimited and uncontrolled use of such pesticides can have serious consequences for human health and ecological balance. The present study evaluated the acute toxicity and genotoxicity of 2 glyphosate-based formulations, Roundup Original (Roundup) and Glyphosate AKB 480 (AKB), on different organisms: cucumber (Cucumis sativus), lettuce (Lactuca sativa), and tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) seeds, and microcrustacean Artemia salina and zebrafish (Danio rerio) early life stages. For the germination endpoint, only L. esculentum presented significant sensitivity to AKB and L. sativa to Roundup, whereas both formulations significantly inhibited the root growth of all species tested. Both AKB and Roundup induced significant toxicity to A. salina; both are classified as category 3, which indicates a hazard for the aquatic environment, according to criteria of the Globally Harmonized Classification System. However, Roundup was more toxic than AKB, with 48-h median lethal concentration (LC50) values of 14.19 mg/L and 37.53 mg/L, respectively. For the embryo-larval toxicity test, Roundup proved more toxic than AKB for the mortality endpoint (96-h LC50 values of 10.17 mg/L and 27.13 mg/L, respectively), whereas for the hatching parameter, AKB was more toxic than Roundup. No significant genotoxicity to zebrafish larvae was found. We concluded that AKB and Roundup glyphosate-based formulations are phytotoxic and induce toxic effects in nontarget organisms such as A. salina and zebrafish early life stages. Environ Toxicol Chem 2017;36:1755-1763. © 2016 SETAC.