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Provenance testing can provide information on silvicultural behavior and wood quality of species for selection of genetic material for different locations and conservation of the genetic base. The aim of this work was to study the longitudinal variation of basic density, volumetric shrinkage and microfibril angle of wood from two provenances (Assis and Bauru) of Handroantus impetiginosus planted in Luiz Antonio SP. After 26 years of planting, twelve trees were felled, six from each provenance. According to the results obtained, it could be concluded that the analysis of variance (ANOVA) showed that for the provenance there was a significant variation for the volumetric shrinkage of the wood and for basic wood density and microfibril angle the significance of variation did not occur. The basic wood density varied significantly between the different positions, at the height of the tree and for volumetric shrinkage, and for the microfibril angle it did not occur. There is a positive relationship between tree height and basic wood density of wood, for Assis and Bauru provenances.

Since trees are continually at risk of damage from animals and adverse environmental conditions, their survival depends on wound healing capacity. Common physiological responses to injury are cell proliferation, regeneration of the vascular tissue and the formation of compounds to protect cells near the wound. The wood anatomy is important for understanding the mechanisms of wound healing, and hence tree survival. We studied twelve tropical tree species to understand how some wood characteristics contribute to the wound healing process. We made the quantitative analysis of wood characteristics and evaluated the rate of wound healing two years after the collection of samples. Species with a large amount of axial parenchyma, presented the highest wound healing rate, proving that axial parenchyma cell supply material for greater cell proliferation, acting to close the wound much faster. Species that have axial parenchyma and produce a network between vessels and rays through living tissue, recover and provide passage of hormones that stimulate cell division of tissue near the wound, promoting growth of callus tissue all around the wound area, accelerating wound closure. On the other hand, the absence of axial parenchyma hinders such recovery by disabling affected regions; both above and below the injury, from producing sufficient wound healing tissue. The presence of longer fibers is an indicative of a larger amount of gibberellin that is involved in cell division during wound healing; therefore, species with longer fibers had faster wound healing.

We compared the hydraulic features in wood of Myracrodruon urundeuva trees planted in Experimental Forest Station of Luiz Antônio, the seeds were collected from two natural populations in Ilha Solteira – IS and Pederneiras – PE, three cities in the state of São Paulo, Brazil. In a previous study of the same plantation, we observed radial variation differences in vessel diameter and frequency in the main stem between two seed provenances, leading us to hypothesize that this variation could be traced back to the origin of seeds. To test this hypothesis in the present work, branches approximately 2 cm in diameter were collected from ten trees, five from each provenance. We used the standard techniques for wood anatomy. Experimental values of hydraulic conductivity were obtained with the Sperry apparatus. The higher hydraulic conductivity found in IS could be explained by the wider vessel diameter when compared with vessel diameter and higher percentage of embolized vessels in PE. Therefore, it is possible that the characteristics of vessel width and embolization could be related to genotype in that the mother trees in IS may be more adapted to high water deficit. Vessel length did not vary between provenaces, this feature could not be used to explain the variations found in hydraulic conductivity. Our results show that different provenances have different strategies for water use and that the lower density in IS could be related to wider vessel diameter and, hence, more efficient water distribution. Comparamos as características hidráulicas de árvores de Myracrodruon urundeuva provenientes de sementes de duas populações naturais de Ilha Solteira – IS e Pederneiras – PE, no Estado de São Paulo, Brasil, que cresceram no mesmo ambiente, a Estação Experimental de Luiz Antônio, São Paulo. Em um estudo anterior da mesma plantação, observamos variação radial no diâmetro e frequência dos vasos no tronco principal entre as duas procedências de sementes. Hipotetizamos que há variação na condutividade hidráulica entre as árvores de duas procedências e que esta variação deve estar relacionada com a origem das sementes. Estudamos galhos de aproximadamente 2 cm de diâmetro, retirados de dez árvores, cinco de cada procedência. Utilizamos técnicas padrão para a anatomia da madeira. Os valores experimentais de condutividade hidráulica foram obtidos com o aparato de Sperry. O comprimento dos vasos não variou entre as procedências, portanto, esta característica não explica as variações encontradas na condutividade hidráulica. A maior condutividade hidráulica encontrada em IS pode ser explicada pelo maior diâmetro dos vasos quando comparados com aqueles de PE, além da maior porcentagem de vasos embolizados em PE. Ambas as características podem estar relacionadas ao genótipo, uma vez que, as árvores-mãe em IS podem estar adaptadas ao maior déficit hídrico de IS quando comparado com PE. Portanto, a maior condutividade hidráulica em IS pode ser uma estratégia para permitir uma distribuição mais eficiente de água na planta em um ambiente com maior estresse hídrico. Nossos resultados sugerem que diferentes procedências têm diferentes estratégias de uso de água. A menor densidade aparente da madeira de IS pode estar relacionada ao maior diâmetro do vaso.

We investigated wood features along growth rings of Araucaria angustifolia trees planted between November and December of 1980 in Parque Estadual da Serra do Mar in Cunha, State of São Paulo, Brazil. Our goal was to determine radial variation of the tracheid features and specific gravity. For these analyses, we employed the usual methodologies for determining the tracheid dimensions by maceration. Based on the relationship between weight/volume of samples and growth rings, specific gravity was determined after discs were polished. Following the Typical Radial Pattern – (TRP), we observed a significant increase in length, diameter and wall thickness of tracheids toward the bark. Positive relationships were observed between all tracheid features and specific gravity, showing that the increase in length and, especially, wall thickness contributed to the increase in specific gravity toward the bark. Neste estudo, investigamos os anéis de crescimento e a variação radial das traqueídes na madeira de árvores de Araucaria angustifolia plantadas entre novembro e dezembro de 1980 no Parque Estadual da Serra do Mar em Cunha, Estado de São Paulo, Brasil. Nosso objetivo foi determinar a variação das características das traqueídes e densidade aparente. Nessas análises, empregamos metodologias usuais para estabelecer as dimensões das traqueídes pelo método de maceração. Com base na relação massa/volume das amostras e anéis de crescimento, a densidade aparente foi determinada após o polimento dos discos. De acordo com o Típico Padrão Radial – (TRP), observamos aumento significativo no comprimento, diâmetro e espessura da parede das traqueídes em direção à casca. Relações positivas foram observadas entre todas as características das traqueídes e a densidade aparente, mostrando que o aumento do comprimento e, especialmente, da espessura de suas paredes contribuem positivamente para o aumento da densidade aparente em direção à casca.

ABSTRACT We hypothesized that Myracrodruon urundeuva trees of two provenances with different genotypes would present variations influenced by their origin terms of anatomy and specific gravity when planted in an environment different from their seed origin, but under the same environmental conditions. We investigated radial variation in 12 trees. The observation that only vessel frequency and fiber length showed the same pattern of radial variation in the two provenances indicate that radial variation in M. urundeuva seems to depend on the origin of the seeds, that is, a genetic factor, rather than on the influence of climate and soil, which repreent environmental factors. We noticed marked differences in all features when comparing the same growth rings in each provenance, a result that reinforces the genetic influence on wood formation. We conclude that the studied plants maintain their wood structure as a result of genetic information, as selected by climatic conditions of seed original area, and possibly due to the highly conservative wood anatomy.

Estudos sobre variações nas dimensões celulares de espécies arbóreas de clima tropical são escassos. Sendo assim, o objetivo deste trabalho foi caracterizar a variação da densidade básica e da anatomia no sentido radial da madeira de Astronium graveolens Jacq. Coletaram-se cinco indivíduos da espécie, provenientes da Estação Experimental Luiz Antônio (SP). Os métodos empregados nas análises foram os usualmente utilizados em pesquisas de densidade e anatomia de madeira. De acordo com os resultados foram constatadas altas correlações entre densidade básica, comprimento de fibra, espessura da parede da fibra, diâmetro de vaso e frequência de vaso com a distância da medula. A densidade básica da madeira é altamente dependente do comprimento das fibras, espessura da parede das fibras e diâmetro dos vasos, ocorrendo aumento no sentido da medula para a casca.Studies on variations in cell sizes of tree species in tropical climate are scarce. Thus, the aim was characterize the radial variation of basic density and wood anatomy of Astronium graveolens Jacq. Five specimens were collected at the Luiz Antônio Experimental Station,(SP). Sstandard methods for studying the density and wood anatomy were employed. According to the results we observed high correlation among basic density,fiber length, fiber wall thickness, vessel diameter and vessel frequency with distance fromthe pith. The wood density is highly dependent on fiber length, fiber wall thicknessand vessel diameter, there was an increase towards the pith to bark.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi estudar a variação radial da densidade básica e das dimensões celulares da madeira de procedências de Balfourodendron riedelianum plantadas em Luiz Antonio–SP. Mudas de três procedências (Alvorada do Sul, Gália e Bauru) foram plantadas em Luiz Antonio–SP, utilizando-se seis repetições em delineamento experimental de blocos casualizados. Após 24 anos do plantio, abateram-se dezoito árvores, seis de cada procedência. De acordo com os resultados, pode-se concluir que a densidade básica,o diâmetro de vasos e a altura de raio foram influenciados pela procedência. Foi observada uma relação positiva entre comprimento das fibras, espessura da parede das fibras, comprimentos dos vasos, diâmetro dos vasos e frequência de vaso com a posição radial e uma relação negativa entre a largura e a frequência de raio com a posição radial.This study aimed to investigate the effect of provenances on some woodproperties of Balfourodendron riedelianum. Seedlings of three provenances (Alvorada do Sul,Gália and Bauru) were planted in Luiz Antonio–SP using randomized block design with six replicates. After 24 years of planting, eighteen trees, six of each provenance, were fell. The results revealed that basic density, vessel diameter and ray height were influenced by the provenances. A positive relationship was found among fiber length, fiber wall thickness, vessel length; vessel diameter and vessel frequency with radial position and a negative relationship between width and ray frequency with the radial position.

We investigated the root and stem wood of Caesalpinia echinata Lam. to test the hypothesis that there are anatomical and water conductivity differences between both organs. Three trees about 20 years old were sampled in the Reserva Biológica de Mogi Guaçu, São Paulo State, Brazil. We observed quantitative anatomical differences between the root, heartwood, and sapwood of C. echinata that result in differences in water conductivity. The sapwood has higher potential hydraulic conductivity than the heartwood (when functional), and root. The higher proportion of axial parenchyma in the root could contribute to the storage of starch and water in unfavorable periods, which is important to the osmotic regulation of the daily water deficits, avoiding cavitation. The stem of C. echinata probably has a higher mechanical strength than the root due to its fibers with thicker wall.

In this paper we showed that water deficit affects the wood vessels of Croton floribundus in five areas with different vegetation types: Rain Forest, Semi-deciduous Forest and Woody Savanna. We concluded that variations in the vessels are due especially to water deficit and the number of months with water deficit. Larger diameter vessels occurred in areas with higher water deficit, which may represent a strategy to optimize the water transport in favorable periods. Vessels with smaller diameters occur in areas with lower deficit, which may be related to lower minimum temperatures and frost occurrence, which like drought can cause vessel embolism. In Caetetus Ecological Station, a Semi-deciduous Forest (area of highest water deficit), we observed investments in efficiency and safety, with the occurrence of larger diameter vessels associated with one of the lowest vulnerability indexes and highest proportions of multiple vessels of four or more elements.

Estudou-se o lenho de Pittosporum undulatum do Parque Estadual Alberto Löfgren, objetivando-se sua caracterização, investigar a variação radial da anatomia e densidade básica, suas correlações e discutir os resultados em um contexto ecológico. Empregaram-se as metodologias usuais para anatomia e densidade da madeira. As características anatômicas corroboram com o descrito para o gênero, ressalta-se a presença de camadas de crescimento, não mencionada na literatura. O diâmetro das fibras não apresentou variação radial, as demais características anatômicas, além da densidade básica e índices de vulnerabilidade, mesomorfia e agrupamento aumentaram na direção da casca. Houve relação positiva entre a densidade básica e a espessura da parede das fibras. A análise ecológica do lenho indicou, para P. undulatum, maior investimento na segurança do xilema do que na eficiência com relação ao transporte de água, uma vez que os valores dos índices ecológicos relacionam-se com plantas adaptadas a condições de menor disponibilidade hídrica.