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PURPOSE/OBJECTIVES To explore and assess self-reported trait mindfulness and artwork/drawings as tools to predict students' performance. METHODS This longitudinal study explored whether year 2 dental students' artwork/drawings produced during the first week of a preclinical endodontics course and Mindfulness Attention Awareness Scale (MAAS) scores could be used as a predictor of performance (grades/rank) at the end of the course. A convergent design of mixed methods approaches was used to integrate the quantitative and qualitative datasets. Qualitative analysis consisted of a multilayered process of thematic analysis of artwork/drawings that was used to generate codes, categories, and themes-according to lower and higher students' grades. Quantitative analysis consisted of statistical correlation between mindfulness scores and final grades. Findings were independently analyzed and further merged to answer our research question. RESULTS The bivariate analysis found nonsignificant relationship between students' grades/rank and mindfulness scores: Pearson's correlation r = -0.097 (p = 0.578) and Spearman's correlation rho = 0.120 (p = 0.494). Codes, categories, and themes resulting from graphical data collected from the artwork/drawings strongly suggested that the higher students' grades group depicted solutions to deal with negative feelings/emotions and presented traits of confidence to reach goals. Artworks produced from students with lower grades left questions, such as in relation to competency in dentistry, unanswered, but at the same time, they seemed to perceive everything as emotion related. Upon merging the findings, we recognized more image components suggestive of positive feelings exuding from the artworks/drawings of higher grades group; but an increase in mindfulness was not associated with increase (or decrease) in final grade. CONCLUSION Feelings/emotions represented in the artwork/drawings produced in the beginning of the course predicted students' performance at the end of the course; however, self-reported trait mindfulness was not correlated with performance.

Introduction The aim of this study was to better understand the interfaces of being correct or incorrect and confident or unconfident; aiming to point out misconceptions and assure valuable questions. Methods This cross-sectional study was conducted using a convenience sample of second-year dental students (n = 29) attending a preclinical endodontics course. Students answered 20 multiple-choice questions (“basic” or “moderate” level) on endodontics, all of which were followed by one confidence question (scale). Our two research questions were: (1) How was the students’ performance, considering correctness, misconceptions, and level of confidence? (2) Were the questions valuable, appropriate and friendly, and which ones led to misconceptions? Four situations arouse from the interrelationship between question correctness and confidence level: (1st) correct and confident, (2nd) correct and unconfident, (3rd) incorrect and confident (misconception) and (4th) incorrect and unconfident. Statistical analysis (α = 5%) considered the interaction between (a) students’ performance with misconceptions and confidence; (b) question’s difficulty with correctness and confidence; and (c) misconceptions with clinical and negative questions. Results Students had 92.5% of correctness and 84.6% of confidence level. Nine students were responsible for the 12 misconceptions. Students who had more misconceptions had lower correctness (P P = 0.047). ‘Moderate’ questions had more incorrectness (P P = 0.02) than ‘basic’. All questions were considered valuable [for example, the ones that presented images or required a mental picture of a clinical scenario, since they induced less misconception (P = 0.007)]. There was no difference in misconceptions between negative questions and other questions (P = 0.96). Conclusion Preclinical endodontic students were highly correct and very confident in their responses. Students who had more misconceptions had also the lowest performance in the assessment. Questions were valuable; but some will worth further improvement for the future. A multiple-choice assessment, when combined with confidence questions, provided helpful information regarding misconceptions and questions value.

Little is known regarding the use of preheated composite resins to bond indirect restorations and its impact on mechanical properties when compared with resin cements.The purpose of this in vitro study was to compare the chemical and physical properties and bond strength to enamel and ceramics of preheated composite resins and resin cements.Two composite resins, the microhybrid Filtek Z250XT and the nanoparticulate Z350XT were tested, and 2 commercially available resin cements, the dual-polymerized Rely-X ARC and the light-polymerized Rely-X Veneer were used as controls. A device (HotSet) was used to preheat the composite resins to 69 °C before light-polymerization. The following properties were tested: flexural strength, modulus of elasticity, fracture toughness, microshear bond strength to enamel and ceramics, degree of conversion, flow, sorption and solubility, and color stability. Statistical analysis was done with ANOVA and Holm-Sidak for multiple comparisons (α=.05).Preheating had no significant effect on the degree of conversion, flexural strength, fracture toughness, solubility, or microshear bond strength to the enamel of the tested composite resins (P.05). However, preheating increased the sorption and reduced the microshear bond strength to the ceramic (P.05). The flowability of the composite resins increased with heating but showed lower values when compared with both resin cements (P.05). Color stability was more affected in the preheated composite resins than in the resin cements.The preheating process resulted in little to no benefit in the evaluated properties for the composite resins. Resin cements appear to be the best option for cementing indirect restorations.

Objetivo: O presente estudo usou micro-CT para avaliar a quantidade de material obturador remanescente em canais radiculares curvos que tinham sido obturados com cimento Endosequence BC/Cpoint ou com cimento AH/ guta-percha, depois do retratamento utilizando instrumentos rotatórios ou reciprocantes. Métodos: Sessenta canais mesiovestibulares de molares superiores foram instrumentados até MTwo #35.04. As amostras foram randomicamente alocadas em quatro grupos (n=15): os canais do G1 e G2 foram obturados com AH/guta-percha, e os canais do G3 e G4 foram obturados com BC/Cpoint. O material obturador foi removido usando instrumentos rotatórios ou reciprocantes – G1 e G3: R25 Reciproc + reinstrumentação com R40; e G2 e G4: Sistema ProTaper Universal Retratamento + reinstrumentação com MTwo 40.06. Micro-CTs foram usadas para medir a quantidade de material obturador remanescente (mm3 ) para o canal inteiro e para cada terço, em dois momentos: 1) após a remoção do material obturador; e 2) após a reinstrumentação. Resultados: Após a remoção do material obturador, BC/CPoint permaneceu mais dentro do canal do que AH/guta-percha quando o canal inteiro (29,92% x 19,25%, p=0,0290) e o terço apical foram analisados. Após a reinstrumentação, BC/CPoint permaneceu mais do que AH/guta-percha somente no terço apical. Protocolos de tratamento com instrumentos rotatórios ou reciprocantes removeram material obturador sem diferença para AH/guta-percha (G1 e G2: p> 0,05) e BC/CPoint (G3 e G4: p> 0,05). Conclusões: BC/Cpoint é mais difícil de ser removido de canais radiculares curvos do que AH/guta-percha. Instrumentos rotatórios e reciprocantes têm habilidade similar na remoção de material obturador.

BACKGROUND There is an improvement in oral health status among people who receive preventive dental care during their lifetime, highlighting the possible effect in resolving oral health problems and consequently oral health-related quality of life (OHRQoL). AIM Assessed the effect of routine dental attendance on child OHRQoL. DESIGN This cohort study used baseline data from 639 preschoolers from 2010. After 7 years, 449 children were re-examined (70.3%). Mothers of the children completed a questionnaire collecting data on the pattern of use of dental services. Children were classified as adhering to long-term routine dental attendance according to their pattern of use (routine vs curative) in the baseline and in follow-up. The child OHRQoL was assessed through the Child Perception Questionnaire (CPQ8-10). The association between routine dental attendance and child OHRQoL was assessed using multilevel Poisson regression models. RESULTS The proportion of participants who reported the worst CPQ8-10 scores were higher among those who, at some point in their life, experienced a curative dental attendance. Also, the mean CPQ8-10 was two times higher for non-routine dental attendance. CONCLUSION The findings showed that there is an impact of long-term routine attendance on child OHRQoL. This is important for tackling oral health iniquities.

This study aims to evaluate the influence of toothache in early adolescence on oral health-related quality of life (OHRQoL) on later adolescence.A longitudinal study was conducted, starting in 2012 within a random sample of 1,134 adolescents of 12-year-olds, in Santa Maria, Brazil. Clinical, socioeconomic, demographic, and subjective variables were obtained. Toothache was collected through the question "In the last 6 months, did you have toothache?" Six years later, the same adolescents answered the short form of the Child Perceptions Questionnaire (CPQ11-14). Multilevel Poisson regression was used to evaluate the association between toothache at baseline (2012) with overall and domain-specific CPQ11-14 scores at follow-up (2018).A total of 769 adolescents were revaluated in 2018 (68% rate retention), with a mean age of 17.5 years (SD, 0.64). Adolescents who reported toothache at the baseline presented a had a higher mean score in the overall CPQ questionnaire during follow-up (Incidence rate ratio (IRR) = 1.25; 95% CI 1.20-1.31). Toothache was also associated with all domain-specific CPQ11-14 even after adjusting the other variables.Brazilian adolescents who had toothache in early adolescence, even if only a single episode, have a negative impact on OHRQoL throughout adolescence.These findings serve as a warning for dental professionals to dedicate their preventive approaches and to promote healthy standards in this age group, in order to avoid episodes of toothache and negative impact on OHRQoL.

AIM To evaluate and understand the impact of dental treatment on oral health-related quality of life (OHRQoL) of adolescents. DESIGN A sequential explanatory mixed-methods design was performed. A sample of 182 adolescents, aged 10 and 15 years old who had finished their dental treatment at adolescent dental clinic of Federal University of Santa Maria from 2010 to 2016, were included. Participants answered the short form of Child Perceptions Questionnaire (CPQ11-14) prior to their dental treatment and 1 month after concluding the treatment. The effect size was calculated to assess magnitude of change. In qualitative phase, semi-structured interviews took place at the end of the dental treatment. Interviews were audio-recorded and analyzed according to thematic analysis following Braun and Clarke. RESULTS The effect sizes ranged from 0.35 to 1.00, and the oral symptom domain presented the greatest effect. Sixteen interviews were conducted and five themes emerged: concept of quality of life, oral health influenced by oral conditions, oral health symptoms influencing seeking care behavior, personal and subjective experiences, and dental educational environment. CONCLUSION Dental treatment has an uncountable meaning for adolescents because it has a psychosocial meaning in this phase of life and it is able to improve their OHRQoL.

Purpose/objectives (1) to assess the ability of dental students to use mind maps to express the relationships of endodontic theory and technique; (2) to explore features illustrated from the highest- and lowest-graded mind maps; and (3) to evaluate improvements in successive mind maps from the same student. Methods A total of 31 second-year students were asked to configure a mind map on root canal cleaning-shaping and then 18 weeks later develop a second mind map on root canal obturation. Faculty visually analyzed the mind maps using a qualitative approach: a multilayered process of thematic analysis. Codes and themes were generated to investigate if students were able to express appropriate and evidence-based ideas on the topics (accuracy of relationships and depth of information presented). Two of the highest- and 2 of the lowest-graded mind maps for each activity were directly compared. Improvement by the same student from the first to second mind map was also evaluated based on trend/style and creativity. Results The majority of the students accurately expressed the scientific basis for root canal cleaning-shaping and obturation. The highest-graded mind maps displayed the biomedical and humanistic conceptions of critical thinking. In comparing the second mind map to the first, nearly 50% of the students incorporated more detail and artistic expression in the second map. Conclusions using mind maps in dental education can benefit students with different learning styles and help the instructor to identify the level of conceptualization that the student had developed about a topic.

Objective The objective of this study was to evaluate the impact of adding bioactive glasses 45S5 and niobophosphate (NbG) in different concentrations (5, 10 and 20%) of two resin modified glass ionomer cements (RMGIC). Materials and methods Two RMGIC were used: Vitro Fil LC (DFL) and Resiglass F (Biodinâmica) they were modified by the addition of two bioactive glasses - 45S5 or NbG. Different concentrations of bioactive glasses (5, 10 and 20 wt%) were mixed with the powder of the RMGICs. The properties evaluated were: alkalinization activity (pH), fluoride (F−), calcium (Ca2+) and phosphate (PO43−) release, flexural strength, flexural modulus, Knoop microhardness and bioactivity. The analyses of the surfaces were examined using SEM and FTIR after storage at 37 °C for 28 days in simulated body fluid (SBF). The data were analyzed using ANOVA One-way ( multiple comparison vs control ) and Holm-Sidak test (α = 0.05). Results The addition of 45S5 increased the pH while the addition of NbG neutralized the pH of the Vitro Fil RMGIC. The RMGIC Resiglass maintained its acidic pH condition in almost all conditions. The addition of the 45S5 and NbG in high concentration increased the release of F−, Ca2+ and PO43− ions. Resiglass did not reduce its mechanical properties with the addition of bioactive glasses (p > 0.05). NbG glass did not alter the mechanical properties of the Vitro Fil (p > 0.05). The addition of the bioactive glasses 45S5 and NbG contributed to the formation of nanoprecursors of hydroxyapatite. Conclusion The obtaining of bioactive RMGIC is dependent on the composition of the material. The NbG glass provides a neutralization of the pH, an increase of the ions release and the amount of precipitates without jeopardizing the mechanical properties of the RMGIC.

Elderly residents of long-term care facilities (LTC) have difficulty accessing dental services. Aiming to improve access for this population, the Geriatric Dental Program (GDP) was established by UBC Faculty of Dentistry in 2002. Within the GDP, elderly people receive fee-for-service dental care. The objective of this research was to explore whether accessing these services had an impact on the lives of the patients' relatives. Data was collected through semi-structured, face-to-face, audio-recorded interviews with family members of 12 GDP patients. A criterion sampling method was used to select the interviewed family. Interview transcription and data coding procedures were conducted following Saldana. NVivo software was used to code and organize the transcripts. Data analysis followed a qualitative thematic analysis. Final analysis shows that patient relatives are worried about their relatives' oral health. They believe that it is difficult to find private dentists with geriatric expertise and to make appointments for their family members in private practice. In addition, they report that the GDP made their life less stressful and relieved the burden of setting up appointments for their relatives. Thus, it is expected that a similar program may positively affect the lives of patient relatives by improving access to dental care services.

Electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes) are increasingly popular in many countries and became a public health concern. In some places, such as, in Brazil, electronic smoking devices were banned from the market. Even though e-cigarettes are illegal in Brazil, it is important to emphasize the need to educate dental professionals regarding the potential hazards of vaping on the oral and systemic health. This study questioned Canadian dental patients about e-cigarettes, aiming to share information with dental professionals around the world regarding this contemporary issue. One hundred sixty-three (163) adult dental patients who attended a Canadian university dental clinic in the period February-May 2018 answered a closed-ended questionnaire to investigate their knowledge about e-cigarettes and their usage habits. Data was descriptively reported (frequencies and percentages). Only 7 (4.29%) patients (≥ 18 years old) had never heard about e-cigarettes. Overall, patients believed that conventional cigarettes are more harmful to the general (88.95%), and oral health (91.41%), in comparison to the negative effects caused by e-cigarettes to the general (69.93%), and oral health (69.32%). Prosthodontic crowns and implants were cited as structures that might not be affected by e-cigarettes. Twenty-one (12.88%) patients had already tried an e-cigarette (half of those were non-smokers). The reasons to try e-cigarettes were: ‘they help to quit smoking and they are a safer alternative to smoking’. The harmfulness of e-cigarettes compared to conventional cigarettes was pointed as: i) both types are equally harmful > ii) e-cigarettes are harmful, but not as bad as conventional cigarettes > iii) e-cigarettes are more harmful. Patients were aware of the negative effects of e-cigarettes, but to a lesser degree when comparing their knowledge to conventional cigarettes. A few participants have already tried an e-cigarette and almost half of those were non-smokers. Cigarros eletrônicos são cada vez mais populares em muitos países (como por exemplo, no Canadá) e se tornaram um problema de saúde pública. Em alguns lugares, como no Brasil, os aparelhos eletrônicos para fumar foram banidos do comércio. Apesar de os cigarros eletrônicos serem ilegais no Brasil, é importante que se enfatize a necessidade de educar os profissionais da odontologia em relação aos perigos potenciais do ‘vaping’ para a saúde oral e sistêmica. Este estudo questionou pacientes de uma faculdade de odontologia do Canadá sobre cigarros eletrônicos, com o objetivo de informar profissionais da odontologia a respeito deste problema contemporâneo. Cento e sessenta e três (163) pacientes adultos que procuraram atendimento na clínica dentária de uma faculdade de odontologia do Canadá no período de fevereiro a maio de 2018 responderam um questionário fechado objetivando investigar o conhecimento dos pacientes sobre cigarros eletrônicos e os hábitos de uso. Os dados foram descritivamente reportados (frequências e percentagens). Somente 7 (4,29%) pacientes (≥ 18 anos) nunca tinham ouvido falar sobre cigarros eletrônicos. De uma forma geral, os pacientes acreditam que os cigarros convencionais são mais prejudiciais à saúde geral (88.95%) e oral (91.41%), em comparação com os efeitos negativos causados pelos cigarros eletrônicos para a saúde geral (69.93%) e oral (69.32%). Coroas de próstese e implantes dentários foram citados como as estruturas que talvez não sejam afetadas pelos cigarros eletrônicos. Vinte e um (12,88%) pacientes já tinham fumado um cigarro eletrônico (metade destes eram não fumantes). As razões para fumar cigarro eletrônico foram: “eles ajudam a parar de fumar e são uma alternativa segura ao cigarro”. A nocividade dos cigarros eletrônicos comparada aos cigarros convencionais foi citada como: i) ambos são igualmente prejudiciais > ii) cigarros eletrônicos são prejudiciais, mas não tanto quanto os cigarros convencionais > iii) cigarros eletrônicos são mais prejudiciais. Os pacientes estavam cientes dos efeitos negativos causados pelos cigarros eletrônicos, mas em um grau menor quando comparado com o conhecimentos que tinham sobre os efeitos dos cigarros convencionais. Poucos participantes já tinham fumado um cigarro eletrônico e a metade destes eram não-fumantes.

Este artigo objetivou descrever brevemente uma experiência com a metodologia de estudo autônomo realizada no Programa de Graduação Internacional de Odontologia (IDDP) em uma Universidade no Canadá. Esta abordagem encorajou o aprendizado autorregulado dos estudantes. Devido à pandemia COVID-19 as aulas “on-site” da faculdade de odontologia foram descontinuadas. Os estudantes do programa IDDP eram permitidos frequentar o prédio da faculdade somente para realizar as atividades pré-clínicas (e eram supervisionados por apenas um professor de cada vez). Como a turma de 2020 do programa IDDP era pequena (2 alunos), o diretor do programa e os professores consideraram que o estudo autônomo seria uma ideia apropriada. Percebeu-se que os estudantes tiveram sucesso em autorregular o aprendizado. Como por exemplo: usaram suas anotações, monitoraram a compreensão do material teórico disponibilizado, fizeram perguntas etc. A experiência com os estudantes do programa IDDP mostrou que a oportunidade de estudo autônomo se caracterizou como um ambiente favorável para os professores usarem nas disciplinas pré-clínicas.

Considering the difficulties to obtain good quality dental radiographic images taken by dental students, this study aimed to develop and to evaluate a Learning Object (LO), where the student is able to use a computer to simulate radiograph expositions, modifying the factors that interfere with the radiographic image quality. This study was exploratory and descriptive. For that, 48 periapical radiographs were obtained from the posterior region of a dried bone human jaw with different combinations of kVp/mA, film speed, focal distance, and time of exposition. Each radiograph received a “label” according to the factors used and also with a comment making a value judgment regarding its quality, its applicability for the diagnosis, and, if necessary, suggestions or questions about the required adjustments. In the LO screen students could simulate different situations (combination of factors) until obtaining the best result. Dental students (n=64) were divided into two groups. During the first week both groups participated in a theoretical lecture, and, subsequently, answered a test/assessment on the subject. In the following week Group 1 students solved practical exercises related to the subject, in the laboratory, and answered a second test/assessment. Students from Group 2 performed the activity with the LO in the laboratory. At the end of the activity, they also answered the test/assessment, and an open-ended questionnaire to evaluate the activity. At week-3 the same activities from the week before were repeated, reversing the classes, and, then, a third test/assessment was applied. Statistical tests showed that there were no statistical differences in the groups’ performance in any of the different moments of the evaluation. The use of the LO did not improved significantly the frequency of students’ correctness (number of correct responses) in the tests/assessments. However, the LO methodology was considered very good, because, according to the participants, it was a tool that stimulates learning. The use of the LO, in addition to the practical exercises, contributed to the learning process on the factors that might interfere on the radiographic image. Considerando as dificuldades apresentadas pelos estudantes de odontologia na obtenção de imagens radiográficas de qualidade, o presente estudo teve por objetivos desenvolver e avaliar um objeto de aprendizagem (OA) no qual o usuário possa simular exposições radiográficas, modificando os fatores que interferem na qualidade da imagem radiográfica. Para este estudo exploratório descritivo, 48 radiografias periapicais foram obtidas da região posterior de uma mandíbula humana seca, com diferentes combinações de kVp/mA, sensibilidade do filme, distância focal e tempo de exposição. A cada imagem foi atribuído um texto sobre sua qualidade, aplicabilidade ao diagnóstico e, se necessário, sugestões ou questões sobre ajustes requeridos. Na tela do OA os estudantes podem simular situações combinando os diferentes fatores até que obtenham o melhor resultado. Para a avaliação do OA, 64 alunos de graduação foram divididos em dois grupos. Todos os alunos participaram da aula teórica e realizaram um teste. Na semana seguinte o Grupo 1 executou exercícios práticos e o Grupo 2 utilizou o OA, ambos respondendo a um segundo teste. Na terceira semana os grupos inverteram as atividades e foi aplicado o terceiro teste. Um questionário aberto foi respondido por todos os alunos com intuito de avaliar qualitativamente o OA. Não houve diferença estatisticamente significante quanto aos acertos nos testes entre os grupos. O OA não melhorou o desempenho dos estudantes em testes, porém foi considerado como uma metodologia muito boa, que estimula o aprendizado. A utilização do OA somou-se aos exercícios práticos, melhorando no aprendizado dos fatores que podem interferir na imagem radiográfica.

This study investigated the human dentin microhardness (MH) and the MTA Fillapex&reg, (Fillapex) and AH Plus&reg, (AH) bond strength (BS) to dentin after using calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH)2) and bioactive glasses (45S5 and an experimental niobium phosphate bioactive glass (NbG)) as intracanal medications. For the MH test dentin slices were filled with medications and were submitted to Knoop MH (KHN) test (at day-0 (baseline data/without medication) and at day-15 (after using medication)). For the BS test, after medications had remained for 15 days in the roots, dentin slices were obtained and filled with the sealers. Seven days later, sealer BS to dentin was measured by push-out test (MPa). Data were statistically analyzed. Failure mode was visually assessed. The use of NbG, 45S5 for 15 days, increased the dentin MH and reduced the BS between AH sealer and dentin, but did not interfere with the Fillapex BS.

This study aims to compare the bone tissue reaction, setting time, solubility, and pH of NeoMTA Plus, Biodentine (BD), and MTA Angelus (MTA-A).Initial and final setting times (n = 7) and solubility up to 7 days (n = 11) were evaluated in accordance with ASTM C266-15 and ANSI/ADA Specification No. 57, respectively. pH (n = 10) was measured up to 28 days. Bone tissue reactions in 48 rats' femur were histologically analyzed after 7, 30, and 90 days. ANOVA and Tukey's tests compared setting time, solubility, and pH data; bone reactions data were compared by Kruskal-Wallis and Dunn's tests.NeoMTA Plus had longer initial and final setting times than MTA-A and BD (P 0.05). At 7 days, BD showed the highest solubility, similar to NeoMTA Plus (P 0.05) and different from MTA-A (P 0.05). NeoMTA Plus had a progressive mass loss over time; at 7 days, it was significantly different from the initial mass (P 0.05). BD showed higher pH in the periods assessed when compared to the other materials (P 0.05). Bone tissue repair had no differences between groups in each experimental period (P 0.05). All groups presented no difference from 30 to 90 days (P 0.05) and had better bone repair at 90 days than at 7 days (P 0.05).NeoMTA Plus, BD, and MTA-A showed satisfactory setting time, high mass loss, alkaline pH, and allowed bone repair.Calcium silicate-based cements are indicated for multiple clinical situations. NeoMTA Plus and BD showed satisfactory physical-chemical and biological properties, being considered as alternatives to MTA-A, as root repair materials for clinical use.

Aim To compare the frequency of misconceptions amongst dental students resulting from assessments in different subject areas using different types of multiple-choice questions (MCQs). We wanted to know whether misconceptions, or strongly held incorrect beliefs, differed by subject area or question type. Methods A total of 104 students completed two assessments that included 20 MCQs on endodontics and 20 MCQs on dental implants. On each examination, 10 questions were scenario-type questions requiring interpretation or analysis and 10 questions were factual-based, knowledge questions. Incorrect responses and confidence levels by student and subject were recorded for a comparison of average misconceptions by question type and for correlations between scenario and knowledge question types for misconceptions on both assessments. Results Students were overly confident on their incorrect responses and misconceptions for both assessments. On the endodontic examination, students held a statistically significant higher number of mean misconceptions on scenario questions than for knowledge questions, but the difference was not statistically significant for the dental implant examination. There was a moderately weak relationship between scenario and knowledge questions for misconceptions on the endodontic (r=.31) and dental implant (r=.20) assessments, suggesting students who have misconceptions on knowledge questions are somewhat more likely to have misconceptions on scenario questions. Conclusion Students had a consistent rate of overconfidence (75%) in their incorrect responses regardless of question type or dental subject. Questions that prompted a higher per cent of incorrect responses were more likely to detect misconceptions, as students were highly confident in their mistakes, for both assessments.

Although, as described in Chap. 5, most oral health professionals practice as general dental practitioners, some will specialize in one area of care to treat specific conditions (e.g., periodontology, cariology, etc.), to use certain clinical techniques (e.g., orthodontics, endodontics, prosthodontics), to treat specific age groups (e.g., pediatric dentistry), or to work with particular groups in the community (e.g., special needs dentistry). This chapter explores the various clinical dental specialties and discusses the knowledge and skills needed to practice within these specialized areas of dentistry. The aim was to describe what somebody considering oral health as a profession, or what a recent graduate should expect from this career. The chapter presents a sampling frame of each of the specialties to guide the reader and help them to develop short-, medium-, and long-term career plans. The chapter also briefly describes the scope of practice for each specialty. The chapter finishes with insights from the authors’ own journeys of becoming dental specialists and directors of undergraduate and postgraduate oral health disciplines.

Este estudo explorou o desempenho dos estudantes de odontologia (dados quantitativos) e percepções (dados qualitativos) em relação ao preparo do canal com instrumentos rotatórios de Ni-Ti versus instrumentos manuais e discutiu interações entre os achados técnicos e os insights dos estudantes. O delineamento usado foi o de métodos mistos. Cada estudante (n=20) instrumentou dois canais usando instrumentos manuais e dois canais usando instrumentos rotatórios de Ni-Ti (ProTaper Universal®). Os participantes não tinham experiência com instrumentação rotatória, mas estavam familiarizados com instrumentação manual. Dados quantitativos, tais como transporte apical, tempo de trabalho para a instrumentação e erros de procedimento foram estatisticamente analisados. Dados qualitativos (percepções dos estudantes) foram coletados, sendo que as percepções foram identificadas a partir do conteúdo das entrevistas utilizando a análise temática. Baixos valores de transporte apical, poucos erros de procedimento (desvio/perfuração/bloqueio), e tempo de trabalho mais longo foram associados à instrumentação rotatória. O tempo de trabalho foi mais curto no segundo canal instrumentado por ambas as técnicas. Percepções associadas com instrumentação manual foram: melhor domínio e prática/segurança em virtude de os estudantes estarem acostumados com a técnica. Percepções para a instrumentação rotatória: boas expectativas iniciais, antes de utilizar; percepção de dúvidas e dificuldades em relação ao manejo do instrumento logo antes de utilizar; e, aumento da segurança na utilização depois do segundo uso, no segundo canal. A combinação dos achados quantitativos e qualitativos levou às seguintes conclusões: (i) os estudantes mostraram uma atitude de precaução frente à instrumentação rotatória de Ni-Ti; (ii) a segurança amentou depois da instrumentação do segundo canal; (iii) os estudantes mostraram expectativas boas em termos da otimização do tratamento de canal radicular com a instrumentação rotatória e pensam que isso será possível após algum treinamento; e (iv) a instrumentação rotatória com Ni-Ti deveria ser incluído no currículo de graduação das escolas de odontologia.

This study investigated the effect of blood-contamination on the push-out bond strength of BiodentineTM (BD) and MTA Angelus® (MTA-A) to root dentin over time. Twenty-five teeth were sectioned horizontally to obtain 120 root slices. The lumens were filled with MTA-A or BD: 60 for each cement (30 uncontaminated and 30 blood contaminated). Push out bond strength to dentin was assessed at 24 h (n=10), 7 days (n=10) and 28 days (n=10). Failure modes were classified as: cohesive, adhesive or mixed failure. Two-way ANOVA was used to investigate the interaction between blood contamination vs. hydration period. Mann Whitney test compared different materials in each period, and it also compared the contaminated versus uncontaminated material for each period. Friedman, followed by Dunn`s test, compared periods of hydration for each material, regardless of blood contamination. Failure modes were reported descriptively. The interaction hydration period vs. blood contamination was highly significant for MTA-A (P=0.001) and it was not significant for BD (P=0.474). There were no differences between bond strength of uncontaminated and contaminated BD in any of the periods. Bond strength of uncontaminated MTA-A increased at each time of hydration; but it remained stable over time for blood-contaminated samples. BD had higher bond strength than MTA-A in all periods of hydration. Cohesive failure predominated. Only for MTA-A, the over time bond strength to dentin was affected by blood contamination. Resumo Este estudo investigou o efeito da contaminação sanguínea na resistência de união do BiodentineTM (BD) e do MTA Angelus® (MTA-A) à dentina, em diferentes períodos. Vinte e cinco dentes foram seccionados para obter 120 fatias de dentina. Os lúmens das fatias foram preenchidos com MTA-A ou BD: 60 para cada cimento (30 não-contaminados e 30 contaminados com sangue). A resistência de união à dentina foi medida por teste push-out em 24 horas (n=10), 7 dias (n=10) e 28 dias (n=10). Os tipos de falha foram classificados como: falha coesiva, adesiva ou mista. Two-way ANOVA foi usado para investigar a interação entre contaminação sanguínea vs. período de hidratação. O teste de Mann Whitney comparou os diferentes materiais em cada período, e comparou as amostras contaminadas e não contaminadas de cada material em cada tempo. O teste de Friedman, seguido pelo teste de Dunn, comparou os períodos de hidratação de cada material, independentemente da contaminação. A análise estatística mostrou a interação entre contaminação sanguínea vs. período de hidratação. Os tipos de falha foram reportados de maneira descritiva. A interação entre contaminação sanguínea vs. período de hidratação foi altamente significativa para o MTA-A (P=0,001), e não foi significativa para o BD (P=0,474). Não houve diferenças entre a resistência de união entre o BD contaminado e não-contaminado independente do período. A resistência de união do MTA-A não-contaminado aumentou a cada tempo de hidratação; mas, permaneceu estável ao longo do tempo para as amostras contaminadas com sangue. BD obteve maior resistência de união que o MTA-A em todos os períodos de hidratação. Falhas coesivas predominaram. A contaminação ao longo do tempo influenciou a resistência de união no grupo MTA-A.

Elderly residents of long-term care facilities (LTC) have difficulty accessing dental services. Aiming to improve access for this population, the Geriatric Dental Program (GDP) was established by UBC Faculty of Dentistry in 2002. Within the GDP, elderly people receive fee-for-service dental care. The objective of this research was to explore whether accessing these services had an impact on the lives of the patients' relatives. Data was collected through semi-structured, face-to-face, audio-recorded interviews with family members of 12 GDP patients. A criterion sampling method was used to select the interviewed family. Interview transcription and data coding procedures were conducted following Saldaña. NVivo software was used to code and organize the transcripts. Data analysis followed a qualitative thematic analysis. Final analysis shows that patient relatives are worried about their relatives' oral health. They believe that it is difficult to find private dentists with geriatric expertise and to make appointments for their family members in private practice. In addition, they report that the GDP made their life less stressful and relieved the burden of setting up appointments for their relatives. Thus, it is expected that a similar program may positively affect the lives of patient relatives by improving access to dental care services.

Objetivo: A literatura relata que o Cadmio (Cd) é altamente tóxico para o corpo humano e para os tecidos dentais. Soluções irrigadoras como o hipoclorito de sódio (NaOCl) usadas no tratamento de canal radicular são compostas por diversos metais. Contudo, não há estudo em relação à presença de Cd nestas soluções. Este estudo objetivou verificar a existência de Cd em soluções de NaOCl 2.5% procedentes de diferentes origens, sendo até o momento, o primeiro estudo deste tipo. Métodos: Três soluções de 2.5% de NaOCl de diferentes origens foram avaliadas em relação ao conteúdo de cloro e a presença/quantidade (mg/L) de Cd por meio do teste de Voltametria de Redissolução Anódica (ASV). O método de Titulação Oxidação-redução (OR) foi empregado para quantificar o cloro livre. Os tipos das soluções de NaOCl foram provenientes das seguintes origens: i) manipuladas em farmácia, ii) industrializada e comercializada em dentárias, e iii) industrializada e comercializada em supermercados. Resultados : O teste ASV mostrou que a quantidade de Cd era de 0.14 mg/L para soluções provenientes da dentária. O método OR encontrou a seguinte quantidade de cloro livre: 1.15%; 1.52% e 2.24% para as soluções provenientes da farmácia, dentária e supermercado, respectivamente. Conclusão: Todas as amostras apresentaram níveis de Cd acima dos limites permitidos pela legislação do local onde o estudo foi conduzido (0.01 mg/L). Objective: The literature reports that Cadmium (Cd) is highly toxic to human body and dental tissues. Sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) irrigating solutions used in root canal treatment are composed of several metals. However, there is no study regarding the presence of Cd in these solutions. This study aimed to verify the existence of Cd on 2.5% NaOCl solutions proceeding from different origins, being to date the first of the kind. Methods: Three solutions of 2.5% NaOCl from different origins were assessed in relation to the chlorine content and the presence/amount (mg/L) of cadmium by the Anodic Stripping Voltammetry (ASV) test. Oxidation-Reduction Titration (OR) method was performed to quantify the available chlorine. The types of NaOCl solutions were from: i) hand manipulated at a pharmacy, ii) industrialized and commercialized at a dental supply store and iii) industrialized and commercialized at a grocery supermarket. Results : The ASV test showed the amount of cadmium was 0.14mg/L for solutions coming from the pharmacy and the supermarket, and 0.13 mg/L for the solution coming from the dental supply store. OR method found the following amount of available chlorine: 1.15% and 1.52% and 2.24% NaOCl for solutions proceeding from the pharmacy, dental supply store and supermarket, respectively. Conclusion : All samples presented levels of Cd above the permissible limits stated by the legislation from where the study was conducted (0.01 mg/L).

I (Giuliano) remember being in a room full of scientists and educators who were collaborating together in a million-dollar interdisciplinary project. Michael—as he repeatedly told us to call him (Roth et al. 2007)—had invited a few of his graduate students to attend the meeting because we were involved with the data collection and dissemination of the results. At one point during the conversation, a climatologist asked Michael to explain the meaning of a word (i.e., ethnography) he kept using to describe his research. While those of us doing educational research are not foreigners to the term, especially after having had a chance to know Michael’s work (Roth 2005), it was an unlikely lexicon in the professional jargon of other disciplines let alone climatology! For a split second, I felt as if the question had been directed to me and immediately I started thinking about possible ways to explain what ethnography was without using a language too technical or too flowery. Either way, I think I would have failed in all of my attempts. Michael, however, simply looked at the scientist across the room and said: ‘‘It means to hang out with people.’’ To this day, I still use that description (and this anecdote that comes with it) to explain what ethnography is to graduate students in my classes on research in education. This might not be the most scientifically correct definition ever—at least I do not see it being used in peer reviewed papers nor do I encourage my students to use it in their own assignments. Nonetheless, I can hardly think of a more effective way to describe ethnography in everyday terms. That is Michael Roth: A science educator ‘‘from people for people’’ [to borrow the expression from one of his books (Roth 2009)]. Michael has the ability to translate complex ideas into more palpable terms during our Friday meetings in ‘‘Lab A420’’ (actually just a large office) or in the individual interactions that he would engage with us throughout the laborious process of writing papers together (e.g., Lee and Roth 2003). That partly explains the impact he has had on his students and the science education community at large: People, from elementary teachers to university professors, can relate to his research and his claims for a better science education in and outside our schools. Michael was also a former school teacher, so he had ‘‘walked the talk’’ and now articulates his ideas with the authority of someone who knows his craft. ‘‘I am a single-minded person and my ideas do not come from an unknown force,’’ he would say, ‘‘I have to work hard to get things done.’’ More so, the impression that he has left on all of us speaks not only to the research aspect of our profession but also to being in the academic community. Michael offered us something unique, which is firsthand experience of life as a researcher, and that is just priceless. Some may say that this special article is a small tribute to Michael’s lifetime of academic achievements and awards. Others, like those here who have had the opportunity to know him a little closer, might actually think this is a way to say ‘‘thank you’’ for his contribution to our lives.

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to investigate the transitions practitioners undergo as they move from dental school to their first job in a dental clinic and their learning in the workplace. The paper aims to investigate their use of ethical principles as they engage in practice, providing a theoretical explanation for the gap practitioners experience when moving from the school to the workplace, and also suggesting some viable alternatives for dental education.Design/methodology/approachThe database for this study consists of videotaped interviews with dentists. To analyze our data we followed the principles of interaction analysis, analyzing the data both individually and collectively, until some hypotheses were generated. Then, discourse analysis was used to analyze the interviews.FindingsFrom an activity theoretical perspective, the results show that dentists can and do learn ethical principles when working in their dental clinics, interacting with patients, and the findings and suggestions are of especial interest for curriculum planning and development in educational institutions.Practical implicationsThis study suggests that theoretical discussions about ethics are not enough to provide practitioners with the skills necessary to work ethically when interacting with patients. From the findings a complementary approach to teach ethics in dental schools is suggested.Originality/valueWorkplace learning has become a preferred topic within many disciplines, such as, for example, sociology, education, and anthropology. However, although there is an established field of medical sociology, little if any attention on workplace learning has been paid to the health sciences in general and dentistry in particular.

Dentists, just like teachers, when moving from school to the workplace (dental offices and classrooms respectively), may find it difficult to apply theories learned during formal education to the complexities of the workplace environment. These difficulties constitute a critical issue for dental education in the area of ethics. In teacher education, the knowledge teachers develop for dealing with the situations they encounter in the classroom is called teachers' practical knowledge. In this study, I discuss the concept of teachers' practical knowledge within the context of dentistry, focusing on the ethical dimensions of dentistry practice, arguing for a dentists' ethical practical knowledge. In this sense, I articulate the similarities between teachers' practical knowledge and its equivalent in dental education, suggesting alternatives for dental education that could foster the development of dentists' ethical practical knowledge.