Search

Background: Maximum oxygen consumption is an indicator of cardiorespiratory fitness. Aim: The purpose was, first, to relate and compare the V̇O2max as the dependent variable with the estimated distance in the six-minute walk test (SMWT) as the independent variable in university students and, secondly, to relate the distance (dependent) with demographic and anthropometric variables (independents). Methodology: A correlational, descriptive, and quantitative study with a non-experimental design was conducted on 110 university students. In the study, basic anthropometry and vital signs were measured. A direct method of V̇O2max (Bruce test) on a treadmill was applied. Then, the distance covered in the SMWT was evaluated with two equations available in the scientific literature. Differences between men and women were measured in the tests, the correlation between the distances estimated with V̇O2max and anthropometric variables, and repeated ANOVA measurement tests between V̇O2max and estimated distance were analyzed with the SPSS v.22 program (p

Recovering the ability to stand and walk independently can have numerous health benefits for people with spinal cord injury (SCI). Wearable exoskeletons are being considered as a promising alternative to conventional knee-ankle-foot orthoses (KAFOs) for gait training and assisting functional mobility. However, comparisons between these two types of devices in terms of gait biomechanics and energetics have been limited. Through a randomized, crossover clinical trial, this study compared the use of a knee powered lower limb exoskeleton (the ABLE Exoskeleton) against passive orthoses (KAFOs), which are the current standard of care for verticalization and gait ambulation outside the clinical setting in people with SCI. Ten patients with SCI completed a 10-session gait training program with each device followed by user satisfaction questionnaires. Walking with the ABLE Exoskeleton improved gait kinematics compared to the KAFOs, providing a more physiological gait pattern with less compensatory movements (38% reduction of circumduction, 25% increase of step length, 29% improvement in weight shifting). However, participants did not exhibit significantly better results in walking performance for the standard clinical tests (Timed Up and Go, 10-Meter Walk Test, and 6-Minute Walk Test), nor significant reductions in energy consumption. These results suggest that providing powered assistance only on the knee joints is not enough to significantly reduce the energy consumption required by people with SCI to walk compared to passive orthoses. Active assistance on the hip or ankle joints seems necessary to achieve this outcome.

Resumen Este artículo muestra una investigación cuantitativa sobre el plan de estudios de la Escuela de Sociología de la Universidad Nacional, la cual emprendió la actualización de su currículo escolar; para tal efecto se tomaron las valoraciones por parte de la comunidad estudiantil que cursaba de tercero hasta sexto año de la carrera, para un total de 137 estudiantes. Dicho análisis se basó en un instrumento que abordó las cinco áreas del plan de estudio, a saber: 1) Realidad Social, 2) Teoría Sociológica, 3) Epistemología y Metodología, 4) Técnica e Instrumental y 5) Optativa; medidas a través de una escala Likert y una pregunta abierta para capturar otros aspectos afines. Los principales hallazgos resaltan que el rendimiento del programa de estudios no es homogéneo para sus estudiantes, pues muestra disparidades en las calificaciones asignadas, además, se observa que estudiantes de los últimos niveles están menos complacidos con su malla curricular, en comparación a estudiantes de niveles previos. Finalmente, en la pregunta abierta, la población estudiantil tiende a brindar sugerencias para mejorar, que disconformidades, lo que resalta la importancia de atender la calidad de la enseñanza y los procesos pedagógicos y andragógicos. A partir de los resultados obtenidos se identifican dificultades para separar la apreciación del plan de estudios de la valoración de la planta docente, también se recomienda; reestructurar y delimitar con mayor claridad las áreas de dicho plan, estimular y acompañar la formación didáctica del personal docente en la implementación de la carrera e integrar de manera más constante los aspectos teóricos y prácticos en la formación educativa. Abstract This article shows quantitative research about the study plan of the school of Sociology of the Universidad Nacional, which undertook the updating of its study plan; for this purpose, opinions were taken from the student community that went from the third to the sixth year of the degree; for a total of 137 students. This quantitative research, consisted of an instrument that addresses the five areas of the study plan, namely: 1) Social Reality, 2) Sociological Theory, 3) Epistemology and Methodology, 4) Technical and Instrumental and 5) Optional; measured through a Likert scale and an open question to capture other related aspects. The main findings highlight that the performance of the study plan is not homogeneous for its students, some areas have high marks, others do not, in addition, it is observed that students of the last levels are less pleased with their study plan, compared to students of previous levels. Finally, in the open question, the student population tends more to offer suggestions for improvement than disagreements, highlighting the importance of attending the quality of teaching and the pedagogical and andragogical processes. Based on the results obtained, difficulties are identified in separating the study plan appreciation from the assessment of the teaching staff, it is also recommended to restructure and delimit with greater clarity the areas of the study plan, stimulate and accompany the didactic training of the teaching staff in the implementation of the career, and integrate more constantly the theoretical and practical aspects in the educational training.

This study aimed to provide the first description of the whole-body bioimpedance vector of nine non-professional triathletes, and to assess body mass (BM) and vector variations evoked by an ultra-endurance triathlon event. Anthropometric and bioelectrical assessments were performed before (PRE), after (POST), and 48 hours following the race (POST48h). Bioimpedance vector analysis (BIVA) showed triathletes’ vectors placed to the left of the major axis and mostly outside the 50% tolerance ellipse of the reference population. Vector migration in POST indicated dehydration, paralleled by a decrease in BM (p = 0.0001). Increased hydration status from POST to POST48h was suggested by a reversed vector migration and increased BM (p = 0.0001). Compared to PRE, POST48h values reflected fluid retention by changes in BIVA, while BM was still lower (p = 0.0001). Racing time was positively related to basal resistance -R/h- (r = 0.68; p = 0.04) and bioimpedance -Z/h- (r = 0.68; p = 0.045). Besides, basal R/h and Z/h were positively related to PRE-to-POST changes of R/h and Z/h (r = 0.80; p = 0.009). PRE-to-POST changes of R/h and Z/h were positively related to racing time (r = 0.80, p = 0.01) and internal workload (r = 0.80, p ≤ 0.02). Notwithstanding the lack of significant correlation between BM and bioelectrical parameters, the vector’s behavior was explained from a multifactorial perspective (including BM variations) by using multiple regression analysis. On the other hand, BM changes were not related to racing time, internal workload or energy deficit (ranges: r = - 0.46 to 0.65; p = 0.06 to 0.98). In conclusion, these triathletes exhibit a specific bioelectrical distribution. Furthermore, vector migration was consistent with fluid loss induced by the event. Finally, vector analysis seems to provide additional information about hydration changes 48h after the event in comparison with BM alone.

To assess the validity of postexercise measurements to estimate oxygen uptake (V˙O2) during swimming, we compared V˙O2 measured directly during an all-out 200-m swim with measurements estimated during 200-m and 400-m maximal tests using several methods, including a recent heart rate (HR)/V˙O2 modelling procedure. 25 elite swimmers performed a 200-m maximal swim where V˙O2 was measured using a swimming snorkel connected to a gas analyzer. The criterion variable was V˙O2 in the last 20 s of effort, which was compared with the following V˙O2peak estimates: 1) first 20-s average; 2) linear backward extrapolation (BE) of the first 20 and 30 s, 3×20-s, 4×20-s, and 3×20-s or 4×20-s averages; 3) semilogarithmic BE at the same intervals; and 4) predicted V˙O2peak using mathematical modelling of 0–20 s and 5–20 s during recovery. In 2 series of experiments, both of the HR/V˙O2 modelled values most accurately predicted the V˙O2peak (mean ∆=0.1–1.6%). The BE methods overestimated the criterion values by 4–14%, and the single 20-s measurement technique yielded an underestimation of 3.4%. Our results confirm that the HR/V˙O2 modelling technique, used over a maximal 200-m or 400-m swim, is a valid and accurate procedure for assessing cardiorespiratory and metabolic fitness in competitive swimmers.

To assess the validity of postexercise measurements in estimating peak oxygen uptake (V̇O2peak) in swimming, we compared oxygen uptake (V̇O2) measurements during supramaximal exercise with various commonly adopted methods, including a recently developed heart rate — V̇O2 modelling procedure. Thirty-one elite swimmers performed a 200-m maximal swim where V̇O2 was measured breath-by-breath using a portable gas analyzer connected to a respiratory snorkel, 1 min before, during, and 3 min postexercise. V̇O2peak(-20–0) was the average of the last 20 s of effort. The following postexercise measures were compared: (i) first 20-s average (V̇O2peak(0–20)); (ii) linear backward extrapolation (BE) of the first 20 s (BE(20)), 30 s, and 3 × 20-, 4 × 20-, and 3 or 4 × 20-s averages; (iii) semilogarithmic BE at 20 s (LOG(20)) and at the other same time intervals as in linear BE; and (iv) predicted V̇O2peak using mathematical modelling (pV̇O2(0–20)]. Repeated-measures ANOVA and post-hoc Bonferroni tests compared V̇O2peak (criterion) and each estimated value. Pearson’s coefficient of determination (r2) was used to assess correlation. Exercise V̇O2peak(-20–0) (mean ± SD 3531 ± 738 mL·min−1) was not different (p > 0.30) from pV̇O2(0–20) (3571 ± 735 mL·min−1), BE(20) (3617 ± 708 mL·min−1), or LOG(20) (3627 ± 746 mL·min−1). pV̇O2(0–20) was very strongly correlated with exercise V̇O2peak (r2 = 0.962; p < 0.001), and showed a low standard error of the estimate (146 mL·min−1, 4.1%) and the lowest mean difference (40 mL·min−1; 1.1%). We confirm that the new modelling procedure based on postexercise V̇O2 and heart rate measurements is a valid and accurate procedure for estimating V̇O2peak in swimmers and avoids the estimation bias produced by other methods.

Using a controlled parallel group longitudinal trial design, we investigated the effects of different training interventions on the prooxidant/antioxidant status of elite athletes: living and training at moderate altitude for 3 (Hi-Hi3) and 4 weeks (Hi-Hi), and for 4 weeks too, living high and training high and low (Hi-HiLo) and living and training at sea level (Lo-Lo). From 61 swimmers, 54 completed the study. Nitrites, carbonyls, and lipid peroxidation (LPO) levels were assessed in plasma. Enzymatic antioxidants glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and glutathione reductase (GRd), and non-enzymatic antioxidants total glutathione (GST), reduced glutathione (GSH) and oxidized glutathione (GSSG) were analysed in the erythrocyte fraction. At the end of the intervention, nitrites levels were similar in all altitude groups but higher than in the Lo-Lo controls (P = .02). Hi-HiLo had greater GPx activity than Hi-Hi and Hi-Hi3 during most of the intervention (P ≤ .001). GRd activity was higher in Lo-Lo than in Hi-Hi at the end of the training camp (P ≤ .001). All groups showed increased levels of LPO, except Lo-Lo, and carbonyls at the end of the study (P ≤ .001). Training at altitude for 3 or 4 weeks drives oxidative stress leading to cellular damage mainly by worsening the antioxidant capacities. The GSSG/GSH ratio appears to be related to perceived exertion and fatigue. The stronger antioxidant defence showed by the Hi-HiLo group suggests an inverse relationship between redox alterations and performance. Further studies are required to investigate the role of oxidative stress in acclimatization, performance, and health.

Objetivo. Determinar la influencia de cada segmento y evaluar la capacidad predictiva de los modelos multivariados discriminantes en pruebas de triatlon olimpico de las Series Mundiales 2015 (WTS 2015). Metodo. Los 40 primeros clasificados, mujeres (M) y hombres (H), se categorizaron en cuatro grupos en funcion de la posicion final (1-10.o; 11-20.o; 21-30.o y 31-40.o) en cinco pruebas de triatlon olimpico (WTS 2015). Una vez comprobada la normalidad y la homocedasticidad, se estandarizaron (puntuaciones Z) las variables de rendimiento (tiempos por segmento, transiciones y final). Se valoro la capacidad predictiva del conjunto de variables en la posicion final de cada prueba y para toda la temporada mediante el analisis multivariado de primera funcion discriminante con validacion cruzada dejando uno fuera (LOO-CV). Resultados. La carrera a pie fue el unico segmento incluido en la primera funcion discriminante en todos los modelos, presentando el mayor poder discriminante (coeficiente estandarizado: M: 1.195-1.872; H: 1.000-1.554), seguido del ciclismo (M: 1.001-1.393; H: 0.825-1.112) y la natacion (M: 0.610-0.837; H: 0.765-0.836). El porcentaje de triatletas clasificados correctamente por los modelos desarrollados analizando las carreras por separado (M: 78-100% [75-90% LOO-CV]; H: 83-90% [75-90% LOO-CV]), fue mayor que realizando el analisis conjunto de las cinco pruebas (M: 87% [86% LOO-CV]; H: 78% [76% LOO-CV]). Conclusiones. El rendimiento en triatlon olimpico puede modelarse satisfactoriamente mediante el analisis multivariado de funcion discriminante. El tiempo en el segmento de carrera a pie presenta la mayor capacidad predictiva del rendimiento global.

El objetivo del presente estudio es determinar y caracterizar la existencia de diferencias estructurales y T-Patterns en la disposición corporal entre las rutinas de solo técnico y libre en la natación sincronizada de alto nivel. Se utilizó un diseño observacional puntual, nomotético y multidimensional. El instrumento de registro fue el programa LINCE v. 1.1. La fiabilidad en la observación se determinó mediante el grado de concordancia intra e interobservador con valores de 0,9 en el índice Kappa. Se analizaron 15 nadadoras finalistas del campeonato del Mundo y 11 del campeonato de España), en 19 rutinas de solo técnico) y 23 de solo libre). Se realizó un análisis descriptivo e inferencial de los registros, así como una detección de T-Patterns, mediante 6eme 6 Edu. Se detectó un mayor número de T-Patterns en el solo técnico que en el solo libre. El 69,3 % (±5,7) del tiempo total de rutina, las nadadoras están en fase de apnea, siendo mayores estos porcentajes en la rutina técnica que en la libre (p

Objetivo. Comparar el VO2 pico medido en dos pruebas maximas de 200 y 400m con el estimado mediante procedimientos post-ejercicio al objeto de determinar su validez y precision. Metodo. Once nadadores de elite realizaron dos pruebas maximas de 200 y 400m en sesiones separadas. El VO2 y la FC se midieron durante prueba y recuperacion (3min). VO2 pico (-20-0) fue la media del VO2 de los ultimos 20s de ejercicio en la prueba de 200m (criterio). Se compararon (RM ANOVA) diferentes metodos de estimacion utilizando valores post-ejercicio: 1) media de los primeros 20s [VO2 pico (0-20)]; 2) retroextrapolacion (RE) de los primeros 20s (RE20), lineal y semilogaritmica de 3 y/o 4 intervalos de 20s [RE (3U4×20; LOG (3U4×20)]; y 3) modelaje matematico de la cinetica de la FC y el VO2 [pVO2 (0-20)]. Resultados. No se observaron diferencias en el VO2max entre pruebas (p=0.16), ni se evidencio interaccion prueba/metodo (p=0.14). El valor criterio (3463±708mLmin-1) no difirio del pVO2 (0-20), el RE20 y el VO2 pico (0-20). No obstante, el pVO2 (0-20) (400m: 3570±587mLmin-1; 200m: 3509±636mLmin-1; p>0.99), mostro el error estandar de estimacion mas reducido (400m: 228mLmin-1, 6.6%; 200m: 177mLmin-1, 5.1%). Conclusiones. En natacion, el VO2 pico puede ser estimado mediante medidas post-ejercicio siendo el modelo matematico basado en la cinetica de la FC y el VO2 el que muestra una mayor precision. Una prueba maxima de 200m permite determinar el VO2max en nadadores.

PURPOSE: The assessment of body hydration is a complex process, and no measurement is valid for all situations. Bioelectrical impedance vector analysis (BIVA) has emerged as a relatively novel technique for assessing hydration status in sports. We applied BIVA a) to determine hydration changes evoked by an intense synchronized swimming (SS) training session; b) to characterize the sample of young elite swimmers in relation with a nonathletic reference population; and c) to generate its 50%, 75% and 95% percentiles of the bioelectrical variables. METHODS: Forty-nine elite SS female swimmers of two age categories, comen (Co: 13.9 ± 0.9 years, n = 34) and junior (Jr: 16.3 ± 0.6 years, n = 15), performed a long, high intensity training session. Body mass (BM) and bioelectrical variables (R, resistance; Xc, reactance; PA, phase angle; and Z, impedance module) were assessed pre- and post-training. BIVA was used to characterize 1) the distribution pattern of the bioelectrical vector (BIA vector) for both age groups, and 2) pre- to post-training BIA vector migration. Bioelectrical variables were also correlated with BM change values. RESULTS: Most swimmers were mostly located outside the 75% and some beyond the 95% percentile of the bioelectrical tolerance ellipses of the general population. The BIA vector showed statistically significant differences in both Co (T2 = 134.7, p = 0.0001) and Jr (T2 = 126.2, p < 0.001). Both groups were also bioelectrically different (T2 = 17.6, p < 0.001). After the training session, a decrease in BM (p = 0.0001) and an increase in BIA variables (p = 0.01) was observed. BIVA also showed a significant pre-post vector migration both in Co (T2 = 82.1; p < 0.001) and Jr (T2 = 41.8; p < 0.001). No correlations were observed between BM changes and bioelectrical variables. CONCLUSIONS: BIVA showed specific bioelectrical characteristics in young elite SS athletes. Considering the decrease in BM and the migration of the BIA vector, we conclude that the homeostatic hydration status of these young elite female swimmers was affected by the execution of intense training sessions. From a methodological perspective, BIVA appears to be sensitive enough to detect subtle hydration changes, but further research is needed to ensure its validity and reliability. Moreover, these findings highlight the importance of ensuring adequate fluid intake during training in young SS athletes., Funding Agencies:Generalitat de Catalunya, Institut Catala de les Dones Agenda de Gestio d'Ajuts Universitaris i de Recerca (AGUAR)Consejo Superior de Deportes AGAUR

Prior reports have described the limitations of quantifying internal training loads using hear rate (HR)-based objective methods such as the training impulse (TRIMP) method, especially when high-intensity interval exercises are performed. A weakness of the TRIMP method is that it does not discriminate between exercise and rest periods, expressing both states into a single mean intensity value that could lead to an underestimate of training loads. This study was designed to compare Banister's original TRIMP method (1991) and a modified calculation procedure (TRIMPc) based on the cumulative sum of partial TRIMP, and to determine how each model relates to the session rating of perceived exertion (s-RPE), a HR-independent training load indicator. Over four weeks, 17 elite swimmers completed 328 pool training sessions. Mean HR for the full duration of a session and partial values for each 50 m of swimming distance and rest period were recorded to calculate the classic TRIMP and the proposed variant (TRIMPc). The s-RPE questionnaire was self-administered 30 minutes after each training session. Both TRIMPc and TRIMP measures strongly correlated with s-RPE scores (r = 0.724 and 0.702, respectively; P0.001). However, TRIMPc was ∼ 9% higher on average than TRIMP (117 ± 53 vs. 107 ± 47; P0.001), with proportionally greater inter-method difference with increasing workload intensity. Therefore, TRIMPc appears to be a more accurate and appropriate procedure for quantifying training load, particularly when monitoring interval training sessions, since it allows weighting both exercise and recovery intervals separately for the corresponding HR-derived intensity.

The aim of the study is to compare the heart rate (HR) and rate of perceived exertion (RPE) responses as internal load indicators while performing duet routines during training and competition, both in the technical and free programs of synchronized swimming (SS). Participants were 10 SS Olympic medalists (age, 17.4 ± 3.0 years; height, 164.0 ± 6.1 cm; body mass, 52.0 ± 6.4 kg; training, 36.3 ± 6.2 h·wk; experience, 9.2 ± 2.6 years). They were monitored while performing the same technical duet or free duet, during a training session (T) and during an official competition (C). Heart rate was continuously monitored. Rate of perceived exertion was assessed using the Borg CR10 scale. Heart rate responses during T and C were almost identical: pre-exercise mean HR (b·min) was 130.5 ± 13.9 (T) and 133.6 ± 7.7 (C) and quickly increased yielding mean peak values of 184.8 ± 5.8 (T) and 184.8 ± 6.6 (C), with interspersed bradycardic events down to 86.6 ± 4 (T) and 86.3 ± 5 (C). Routines were perceived as "hard" to "extremely hard" by the swimmers in both conditions, and mean RPE scores (0-10+) were equally high during C (7.9 ± 1.2) and T (7.5 ± 1.2) (p = 0.223). Rate of perceived exertion inversely correlated with minimum (R = -0.545; p = 0.008) and mean HR (R = -0.452; p = 0.026) and positively correlated with HRrange (R = 0.520; p = 0.011). The internal load imposed by SS duets performed during training is virtually identical to that elicited in a real competitive situation. Therefore, practicing competitive routines is suitable for developing and maintaining the cardiovascular fitness that is needed for specific conditioning in elite synchronized swimmers, with the added value of favoring exercise automaticity, interindividual coordination, and artistic expression simultaneously.

El objetivo de este estudio fue caracterizar la estructura de las rutinas de solo y dúo de natación sincronizada. Para ello se utilizó un diseño observacional puntual, nomotético y multidimensional. El instrumento observacional ad hoc fue validado por 12 especialistas. Se utilizó como instrumento de registro el programa LINCE. La fiabilidad en la observación se determinó mediante el grado de concordancia intra e interobservador. Dieciocho nadadoras (seis medallistas olímpicas) participaron en el estudio. Se analizaron 39 rutinas: solo técnico (n = 9), solo libre (n = 11), dúo técnico (n = 10) y dúo libre (n = 9). El 61.6 ± 6.4 %) del tiempo de competición las nadadoras estaban con la cara dentro del agua, con apneas máximas de 21.1 ± 4.0 s. La posición más utilizada en el conjunto de rutinas fue la inferior (43.2 ± 5.3 %), siendo la fase de inmersión alta inferior la más reproducida (35.3 ± 5.0 %). En conclusión: 1) se dispone de una herramienta válida para el análisis de la estructura de las rutinas en natación sincronizada, 2) existen diferencias significativas en la estructura de las rutinas atendiendo a la duración total, las fases relativas de apnea y a la inmersión en distintas posiciones corporales.

El objetivo de este estudio fue caracterizar la estructura de las rutinas de solo y dúo de natación sincronizada. Para ello se utilizó un diseño observacional puntual, nomotético y multidimensional. El instrumento observacional ad hoc fue validado por 12 especialistas. Se utilizó como instrumento de registro el programa LINCE. La fiabilidad en la observación se determinó mediante el grado de concordancia intra e interobservador. Dieciocho nadadoras (seis medallistas olímpicas) participaron en el estudio. Se analizaron 39 rutinas: solo técnico (n = 9), solo libre (n = 11), dúo técnico (n = 10) y dúo libre (n = 9). El 61.6 ± 6.4 %) del tiempo de competición las nadadoras estaban con la cara dentro del agua, con apneas máximas de 21.1 ± 4.0 s. La posición más utilizada en el conjunto de rutinas fue la inferior (43.2 ± 5.3 %), siendo la fase de inmersión alta inferior la más reproducida (35.3 ± 5.0 %). En conclusión: 1) se dispone de una herramienta válida para el análisis de la estructura de las rutinas en natación sincronizada, 2) existen diferencias significativas en la estructura de las rutinas atendiendo a la duración total, las fases relativas de apnea y a la inmersión en distintas posiciones corporales.

This study examined the relationship between ratings of perceived exertion (RPE, CR-10), heart rate (HR), peak blood lactate (La peak), and immersion (IM) parameters in 17 elite synchronized swimmers performing 30 solo and duet routines during competition. All were video recorded (50 Hz) and an observational instrument was used to time the IM phases. Differences in the measured variables were tested using a linear mixed-effects model. RPE was 7.7 ± 1.1 and did not differ among routines, and neither did any of the HR parameters. There were differences among routines in La peak (F3,7=16.5; P=0.002), number of IM (F3,15=14.0; P0.001), total time immersed (F3,16=26.6; P0.001), percentage of time immersed (F3,13=6.5; P=0.007) and number of IM longer than 10 s (F3,19=3.0; P=0.04). RPE correlated positively to HR pre-activation, range of variation and recovery, IM parameters and La peak, and inversely to minimum and mean HR. A hierarchical multiple linear regression (MLR) model (number of IM10 s, HR recovery, minimum HR, and La peak) explained 62% RPE variance (adj. Rm 2=0.62; P0.001). A stepwise MLR model (La peak, mean IM time and pre-exercise HR) explained 46% of performance variance (adj. Rm 2=0.46; P0.001). Findings highlight the psycho-physical stress imposed by the combination of intense dynamic exercise with repeated and prolonged apnea intervals during SS events.

Este articulo presenta los resultados de un estudio documental y comparativo entre diez diferentes planes de estudio de universidades privadas y publicas que ofrecen la carrera de Educacion Primaria, esto permite comprender un componente determinante en la formacion de profesionales en la ensenanza. A partir de esto se discuten los vacios y las preferencias en los planes de estudio de las universidades para disenar un perfil especifico de estudiante y de docente. Finalmente, se debate sobre el tipo de universidades disponibles en un contexto en donde la educacion tiende, progresivamente, a la mercantilizacion e inflacion de los titulos. This article presents the results of a documentary and comparative study between ten different plans of study of private and public universities that offer the career of primary education, this allows us to understand a key component in the training of professionals. Hence the voids and preferences of the universities´ plans of study to design a specific profile in students and teachers are discussed. Finally the type of universities available is debated in a context of ongoing mercantilization and inflation of the titles.

Purpose:Assessing cardiopulmonary function during swimming is a complex and cumbersome procedure. Backward extrapolation is often used to predict peak oxygen uptake (V̇O2peak) during unimpeded swimming, but error can derive from a delay at the onset of V̇O2 recovery. The authors assessed the validity of a mathematical model based on heart rate (HR) and postexercise V̇O2 kinetics for the estimation of V̇O2peak during exercise.Methods:34 elite swimmers performed a maximal front-crawl 200-m swim. V̇O2 was measured breath by breath and HR from beat-to-beat intervals. Data were time-aligned and 1-s-interpolated. Exercise V̇O2peak was the average of the last 20 s of exercise. Postexercise V̇O2 was the first 20-s average during the immediate recovery. Predicted V̇O2 values (pV̇O2) were computed using the equation: pV̇O2(t) = V̇O2(t) HRend-exercise/HR(t). Average values were calculated for different time intervals and compared with measured exercise V̇O2peak.Results:Postexercise V̇O2 (0–20 s) underestimated V̇O2peak by 3.3% (95% CI = 9.8% underestimation to 3.2% overestimation, mean difference = –116 mL/min, SEE = 4.2%, P = .001). The best V̇O2peak estimates were offered by pV̇O2peak from 0 to 20 s (r2 = .96, mean difference = 17 mL/min, SEE = 3.8%).Conclusions:The high correlation (r2 = .86–.96) and agreement between exercise and predicted V̇O2 support the validity of the model, which provides accurate V̇O2peak estimations after a single maximal swim while avoiding the error of backward extrapolation and allowing the subject to swim completely unimpeded.

AB Introduction: This controlled, nonrandomized, parallel-groups trial investigated the effects on performance, V[spacing dot above]O2 and hemoglobin mass (tHbmass) of four preparatory in-season training interventions: living and training at moderate altitude for 3 and 4 wk (Hi-Hi3, Hi-Hi), living high and training high and low (Hi-HiLo, 4 wk), and living and training at sea level (SL) (Lo-Lo, 4 wk). Methods: From 61 elite swimmers, 54 met all inclusion criteria and completed time trials over 50- and 400-m crawl (TT50, TT400), and 100 (sprinters) or 200 m (nonsprinters) at best stroke (TT100/TT200). Maximal oxygen uptake (V[spacing dot above]O2max) and HR were measured with an incremental 4 x 200 m test. Training load was estimated using cumulative training impulse method and session RPE. Initial measures (PRE) were repeated immediately (POST) and once weekly on return to SL (PostW1 to PostW4). tHbmass was measured in duplicate at PRE and once weekly during the camp with CO rebreathing. Effects were analyzed using mixed linear modeling. Results: TT100 or TT200 was worse or unchanged immediately at POST, but improved by approximately 3.5% regardless of living or training at SL or altitude after at least 1 wk of SL recovery. Hi-HiLo achieved greater improvement 2 (5.3%) and 4 wk (6.3%) after the camp. Hi-HiLo also improved more in TT400 and TT50 2 (4.2% and 5.2%, respectively) and 4 wk (4.7% and 5.5%) from return. This performance improvement was not linked linearly to changes in V[spacing dot above]O2max or tHbmass. Conclusions: A well-implemented 3- or 4-wk training camp may impair performance immediately but clearly improves performance even in elite swimmers after a period of SL recovery. Hi-HiLo for 4 wk improves performance in swimming above and beyond altitude and SL controls through complex mechanisms involving altitude living and SL training effects.

El objetivo de este estudio fue la caracterización técnico-táctica de las acciones de combate en asaltos de esgrima de competición, determinando su eficacia en función del período del asalto en que se realizan, analizando el tiempo efectivo de combate y de pausa, e identificando si existen regularidades en las conductas de los esgrimistas en competición. Para ello se utilizó un diseño observacional puntual, nomotético y multidimensional. El instrumento observacional ESGRIMOBS fue validado mediante un panel de expertos compuesto por 17 especialistas. Se utilizó como instrumento de registro el programa LINCE, y los registros obtenidos fueron tratados y recodificados a través del programa Microsoft® O;ce Excel® 2013. El análisis estadístico descriptivo e inferencial se realizó mediante el programa PASW Statistics para Windows y el análisis de patrones a través de

We examined the heart rate (HR)-based intensity profile during an ultra-endurance triathlon (UET) estimated from the individual HR-oxygen uptake (˙VO2) relationship during specific graded tests, relating it to race performance. 9 male ultra-endurance triathletes completed the study. Before racing, subjects performed graded exercise tests involving cycle (C) ergometry, treadmill running (R) and free swimming (S) for peak ˙VO2 and HR at ventilatory thresholds (VT). Exercise-specific HR-˙VO2 regression equations were developed. Mean race HR was higher during S (149.2 (10.1) bpm) than during C (137.1 (5.7) bpm) and R (136.2 (10.5) bpm). During C and R, HR was below both VT (11% and 27–28%). HR differences between S and C correlated with C, R and final times. The greatest differences between S and C were related to the worst times in the next stages. These ultra-endurance triathletes performed S at a higher relative intensity, which was inversely correlated with performance in the following stages. The best predictors of final racing time (81%) were weight-adjusted ˙VO2max and HR difference between C and S. A more adequate characterization of the time pattern during the whole race, especially during S, adds new information concerning the intensity profile and cardiovascular demands of an UET race.

La filosofía dialéctica de Hegel se despliega particularmente en el concepto de totalidad, el cual permite aprehender la importancia de otros conceptos centrales en sus obras. Este artículo recorre el concepto de totalidad en Hegel e indica algunas de sus implicaciones más allá del optimismo propio de la filosofía clásica alemana, entre estas, su influencia en la sociología.

Grain size as a function of thickness is analyzed by transmission electron microscopy for aluminum thin films deposited onto glass substrates. As expected, it increases with thickness but not as assumed by previous workers. Differential growth along directions parallel to the sample surface was not found. Electrical resistivity and temperature coefficient of resistivity data are reported and values for mean free path, coefficients of specularity and of transmission are calculated from direct fit to exact relationships using a three-dimensional conduction model.

Purpose We aimed to characterize the cardiovascular, lactate and perceived exertion responses in relation to performance during competition in junior and senior elite synchronized swimmers. Methods 34 high level senior (21.4±3.6 years) and junior (15.9±1.0) synchronized swimmers were monitored while performing a total of 96 routines during an official national championship in the technical and free solo, duet and team competitive programs. Heart rate was continuously monitored. Peak blood lactate was obtained from serial capillary samples during recovery. Post-exercise rate of perceived exertion was assessed using the Borg CR-10 scale. Total competition scores were obtained from official records. Results Data collection was complete in 54 cases. Pre-exercise mean heart rate (beats·min−1) was 129.1±13.1, and quickly increased during the exercise to attain mean peak values of 191.7±8.7, with interspersed bradycardic events down to 88.8±28.5. Mean peak blood lactate (mmol·L−1) was highest in the free solo (8.5±1.8) and free duet (7.6±1.8) and lowest at the free team (6.2±1.9). Mean RPE (0–10+) was higher in juniors (7.8±0.9) than in seniors (7.1±1.4). Multivariate analysis revealed that heart rate before and minimum heart rate during the routine predicted 26% of variability in final total score. Conclusions Cardiovascular responses during competition are characterized by intense anticipatory pre-activation and rapidly developing tachycardia up to maximal levels with interspersed periods of marked bradycardia during the exercise bouts performed in apnea. Moderate blood lactate accumulation suggests an adaptive metabolic response as a result of the specific training adaptations attributed to influence of the diving response in synchronized swimmers. Competitive routines are perceived as very to extremely intense, particularly in the free solo and duets. The magnitude of anticipatory heart rate activation and bradycardic response appear to be related to performance variability.

Este artículo presenta varios datos sobre el contexto de las ciencias a nivel global y regional, los cuales permiten posteriormente una discusión sobre el efecto decisivo de las condiciones sociales sobre las disciplinas científicas que implican desigualdades internas. Este trabajo se nutre de fuentes documentales e información reciente y pertinente; aunado a un posicionamiento teórico crítico de la ciencia, según el cual, se sostiene que la sociedad define constantemente la función y utilidad de las ciencias sociales, señalando así el aprendizaje mutuo entre ciencias sociales y ciencias naturales.