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1. Rethinking sustainability of marine fisheries for a fast-changing planet

Author

Callum Roberts, Christophe Béné, Nathan Bennett, James S. Boon, William W. L. Cheung, Philippe Cury, Omar Defeo, Georgia De Jong Cleyndert, Rainer Froese, Didier Gascuel, Christopher D. Golden, Julie Hawkins, Alistair J. Hobday, Jennifer Jacquet, Paul Kemp, Mimi E. Lam, Frédéric Le Manach, Jessica J. Meeuwig, Fiorenza Micheli, Telmo Morato, Catrin Norris, Claire Nouvian, Daniel Pauly, Ellen Pikitch, Fabian Piña Amargos, Andrea Saenz-Arroyo, U. Rashid Sumaila, Louise Teh, Les Watling, and Bethan C. O’Leary

Subjects
Oceanography, GC1-1581, Environmental sciences, GE1-350
Abstract

Abstract Many seafood products marketed as “sustainable” are not. More exacting sustainability standards are needed to respond to a fast-changing world and support United Nations SDGs. Future fisheries must operate on principles that minimise impacts on marine life, adapt to climate change and allow regeneration of depleted biodiversity, while supporting and enhancing the health, wellbeing and resilience of people and communities. We set out 11 actions to achieve these goals.

Published
2024
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2. Potential impacts of climate change on agriculture and fisheries production in 72 tropical coastal communities

Author

Joshua E. Cinner, Iain R. Caldwell, Lauric Thiault, John Ben, Julia L. Blanchard, Marta Coll, Amy Diedrich, Tyler D. Eddy, Jason D. Everett, Christian Folberth, Didier Gascuel, Jerome Guiet, Georgina G. Gurney, Ryan F. Heneghan, Jonas Jägermeyr, Narriman Jiddawi, Rachael Lahari, John Kuange, Wenfeng Liu, Olivier Maury, Christoph Müller, Camilla Novaglio, Juliano Palacios-Abrantes, Colleen M. Petrik, Ando Rabearisoa, Derek P. Tittensor, Andrew Wamukota, and Richard Pollnac

Subjects
Science
Abstract

Responses of agriculture and fisheries to climate change are interlinked, yet rarely studied together. Here, the authors analyse more than 3000 households from 5 tropical countries and forecast mid-century climate change impacts, finding that communities with higher fishery dependence and lower socioeconomic status communities face greater losses.

Published
2022
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3. Trophic amplification: A model intercomparison of climate driven changes in marine food webs.

Author

Vianney Guibourd de Luzinais, Hubert du Pontavice, Gabriel Reygondeau, Nicolas Barrier, Julia L Blanchard, Virginie Bornarel, Matthias Büchner, William W L Cheung, Tyler D Eddy, Jason D Everett, Jerome Guiet, Cheryl S Harrison, Olivier Maury, Camilla Novaglio, Colleen M Petrik, Jeroen Steenbeek, Derek P Tittensor, and Didier Gascuel

Subjects
Medicine, Science
Abstract

Marine animal biomass is expected to decrease in the 21st century due to climate driven changes in ocean environmental conditions. Previous studies suggest that the magnitude of the decline in primary production on apex predators could be amplified through the trophodynamics of marine food webs, leading to larger decreases in the biomass of predators relative to the decrease in primary production, a mechanism called trophic amplification. We compared relative changes in producer and consumer biomass or production in the global ocean to assess the extent of trophic amplification. We used simulations from nine marine ecosystem models (MEMs) from the Fisheries and Marine Ecosystem Models Intercomparison Project forced by two Earth System Models under the high greenhouse gas emissions Shared Socioeconomic Pathways (SSP5-8.5) and a scenario of no fishing. Globally, total consumer biomass is projected to decrease by 16.7 ± 9.5% more than net primary production (NPP) by 2090-2099 relative to 1995-2014, with substantial variations among MEMs and regions. Total consumer biomass is projected to decrease almost everywhere in the ocean (80% of the world's oceans) in the model ensemble. In 40% of the world's oceans, consumer biomass was projected to decrease more than NPP. Additionally, in another 36% of the world's oceans consumer biomass is expected to decrease even as projected NPP increases. By analysing the biomass response within food webs in available MEMs, we found that model parameters and structures contributed to more complex responses than a consistent amplification of climate impacts of higher trophic levels. Our study provides additional insights into the ecological mechanisms that will impact marine ecosystems, thereby informing model and scenario development.

Published
2023
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4. The role of marine protected areas in sustaining fisheries: The case of the National Park of Banc d’Arguin, Mauritania

Author

Ewan Trégarot, Beyah Meissa, Didier Gascuel, Ousmane Sarr, Yeslem El Valy, Oumar Hamet Wagne, Elimane Abou Kane, Abou Ciré Bal, Mohamed Saleck Haidallah, Assane Deda Fall, Abdou Daïm Dia, and Pierre Failler

Subjects
Marine protected areas, Fisheries, Monetary evaluation, Ecosystem services, West Africa, National Park of Banc d’Arguin, Aquaculture. Fisheries. Angling, SH1-691
Abstract

Mauritania is characterized by fast-growing fisheries that have developed over the past several decades from low levels of fishing to intense fishing and have led to severe decreases in biomass and severe signs of overexploitation. To ensure sustainable fisheries, a primary goal of science-based fisheries policy is to provide an adequate conservation status of marine habitats that are directly, or indirectly, fundamental for the lifecycle of fish populations of commercial interest. The National Park of Banc d’Arguin has been recognized for its nursery and fish biomass export functions. In this paper, we present the economic value of the fish provisioning service of marine coastal ecosystems of the protected area. We estimated the added value of artisanal fisheries, the spatial distribution of fishing activities, the contribution of the Park to the Mauritanian fisheries and the heritage value of artisanal fisheries.Overall, the average added value for artisanal fisheries is about 43 million MRU (1 million euros) over the period 2006–2017. It mainly benefits to the ship-owners, which generates inequalities and threatens the livelihoods of the Imraguen. The spatial distribution of fishing activities and associated revenues shows high variability throughout the years, the seasons and the geographic areas, and reveals the high adaptability of Imraguen fishers. Fishing grounds are mostly located close to the shore, associated with seagrass beds, confirming the service of fish provisioning rendered by this ecosystem. Furthermore, the high productivity of seagrass beds contributes to the spill-over of biomass. The contribution of the Park to fishing activities that occur within the Mauritanian Exclusive Economic Zone is estimated to 15%, representing an added value creation of 3.2 billion MRU (71 million euros). The heritage value of the fisheries is assessed, through fishers' willingness to accept to stop their fishing activities, at 17.5 million MRU (0.4 million euros). Thus, this paper highlights the necessity of incorporating an ecosystem-based approach along with fishers' knowledge and adaptability into future conservation plan of the National Park of Banc d’Arguin and fisheries management at the local, national and regional scale.

Published
2020
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5. The Celtic Sea Through Time and Space: Ecosystem Modeling to Unravel Fishing and Climate Change Impacts on Food-Web Structure and Dynamics

Author

Pierre-Yves Hernvann, Didier Gascuel, Arnaud Grüss, Jean-Noël Druon, Dorothée Kopp, Ilan Perez, Chiara Piroddi, and Marianne Robert

Subjects
Celtic Sea, ecosystem modeling, habitat model, environment, Ecopath with Ecosim and Ecospace, primary production, Science, General. Including nature conservation, geographical distribution, QH1-199.5
Abstract

Both trophic structure and biomass flow within marine food webs are influenced by the abiotic environment and anthropogenic stressors such as fishing. The abiotic environment has a large effect on species spatial distribution patterns and productivity and, consequently, spatial co-occurrence between predators and prey, while fishing alters species abundances and food-web structure. In order to disentangle the impacts of the abiotic environment and fishing in the Celtic Sea ecosystem, we developed a spatio-temporal trophic model, specifically an Ecopath with Ecosim with Ecospace model, for the period 1985–2016. In this model, particular attention was paid to the parameterization of the responses of all trophic levels to abiotic environmental changes. Satellite remote sensing data were employed to determine the spatial distribution and annual fluctuations of primary production (PP). Spatial and temporal changes in the habitat favorable for zooplankton were predicted with a novel ecological-niche approach using daily detection of productivity fronts from satellite ocean color. Finally, functional responses characterizing the effect of several abiotic environmental variables (including, among others, temperature, salinity and dissolved oxygen concentration, both at the surface and at the bottom) on fish species groups’ habitat suitability were produced from the predictions of statistical habitat models fitted to presence-absence data collected by multiple fisheries-independent surveys. The dynamic component of our model (Ecosim) was driven by time-series of fishing effort, PP, zooplankton habitat suitability and abiotic environmental variables, and was fitted to abundance and fisheries catch data. The spatial component of our model (Ecospace) was constructed, for specific years of the period 1985–2016 with contrasted abiotic environmental conditions, to predict the variable distribution of the biomass of all functional groups. We found that fishing was the main driver of observed ecosystem changes in the Celtic Sea over the period 1985–2016. However, the integration of the environmental variability into the model and the subsequent improvement of the fit of the dynamic Ecosim component highlighted (i) the control of the overall pelagic production by PP and (ii) the influence of temperature on the productivity of several trophic levels in the Celtic Sea, especially on trophic groups with warm and cold water affinities. In addition, Ecospace predictions indicated that the spatial distributions of commercial fish species may have substantially changed over the studied period. These spatial changes mainly appeared to be driven by temperature and may, therefore, largely impact future fisheries given the continuity of climatic changes.

Published
2020
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6. Fishing Without a Trace? Assessing the Balanced Harvest Approach Using EcoTroph

Author

Jennifer Rehren and Didier Gascuel

Subjects
ecosystem impact of fishing, fisheries management, trophic modeling, fisheries selectivity, ecosystem structure, Science, General. Including nature conservation, geographical distribution, QH1-199.5
Abstract

Distributing fishing mortality across the widest possible range of species, stocks, and sizes in proportion to their natural productivity (i.e., balanced harvest, BH) has been suggested as a new paradigm of fisheries management to minimize the effects of fishing on the ecosystem structure while maximizing overall yield. Models that have been used to test the effects of BH, however, usually concentrate on fish and assume full alignment of fishing mortality with the productivity of each species. Here, we used the trophic-level-based approach EcoTroph to investigate the effects of BH on the biomass and catch trophic spectra of a virtual ecosystem assuming (1) a full implementation, where all trophic levels can be fished according to their productivity and (2) a more realistic implementation, where low and intermediate trophic levels are only partially exploitable by fisheries mimicking current technological and practical limitations. EcoTroph simulations show that a BH fishing pattern does not fully maintain ecosystem structure but results in small structural changes and a large total yield. The resulting catch, however, was dominated by low trophic levels (i.e., 2–2.5). Considering that fishing mortality cannot be fully aligned to all species, we observed an additional adverse impact of BH: the increase in unexploitable biomass. In contrast, protecting lower trophic levels appeared as an efficient way to limit the impact of fisheries on the highest trophic levels, which play a crucial role in ecosystem stability and biodiversity. We conclude that given our inability to align fishing mortality to the productivity of each species, BH could lead to strong adverse impacts on the ecosystem. Instead of expanding fishing pressure toward new species and trophic levels, we first should ensure the sustainable management of those that are currently harvested beyond their capacity to replenish.

Published
2020
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7. Global change in the trophic functioning of marine food webs.

Author

Aurore Maureaud, Didier Gascuel, Mathieu Colléter, Maria L D Palomares, Hubert Du Pontavice, Daniel Pauly, and William W L Cheung

Subjects
Medicine, Science
Abstract

The development of fisheries in the oceans, and other human drivers such as climate warming, have led to changes in species abundance, assemblages, trophic interactions, and ultimately in the functioning of marine food webs. Here, using a trophodynamic approach and global databases of catches and life history traits of marine species, we tested the hypothesis that anthropogenic ecological impacts may have led to changes in the global parameters defining the transfers of biomass within the food web. First, we developed two indicators to assess such changes: the Time Cumulated Indicator (TCI) measuring the residence time of biomass within the food web, and the Efficiency Cumulated Indicator (ECI) quantifying the fraction of secondary production reaching the top of the trophic chain. Then, we assessed, at the large marine ecosystem scale, the worldwide change of these two indicators over the 1950-2010 time-periods. Global trends were identified and cluster analyses were used to characterize the variability of trends between ecosystems. Results showed that the most common pattern over the study period is a global decrease in TCI, while the ECI indicator tends to increase. Thus, changes in species assemblages would induce faster and apparently more efficient biomass transfers in marine food webs. Results also suggested that the main driver of change over that period had been the large increase in fishing pressure. The largest changes occurred in ecosystems where 'fishing down the marine food web' are most intensive.

Published
2017
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8. Assessing interacting impacts of artisanal and recreational fisheries in a small Marine Protected Area (Portofino, NW Mediterranean Sea)

Author

Giulia Prato, Celine Barrier, Patrice Francour, Valentina Cappanera, Vasiliki Markantonatou, Paolo Guidetti, Luisa Mangialajo, Riccardo Cattaneo‐Vietti, and Didier Gascuel

Subjects
artisanal fishing, Ecopath, EcoTroph, food web, high trophic level predators, keystone species, Ecology, QH540-549.5
Abstract

Abstract Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) have spread across the Mediterranean to protect its rich biodiversity and manage human activities for a more sustainable coastal development. Within MPAs, traditional artisanal fishing is competing for space and resources with increasing recreational fishing, likely leading to interacting ecological effects. Such effects are difficult to unravel, given the multispecies character of both fisheries and the complexity of the food webs upon which they both impact. To address these issues, we developed an Ecopath and EcoTroph trophic model for the Portofino MPA case study (NW Mediterranean), in particular to (1) identify keystone species and assess fishing impact on them; (2) analyze the interacting impact of artisanal and recreational fishing on ecosystem biomass and trophic structure; and (3) assess the impact of recreational fishing on artisanal fishing catches. Two high trophic level predator (HTLP) groups coupled important keystone roles with high sensitivity to fishing pressure and should thus be regarded as “sentinels” to be prioritized for the definition of management actions. Recreational fishing had the widest impact on the food web, strongly impacting HTLP. Simulation of different mortality scenarios for each fishery highlighted that the ecosystem is far from its carrying capacity for HTLP. Forbidding recreational fishing allowed a 24% increase in HTLP biomass and benefited artisanal fishing by increased availability of HTLP catches. Artisanal fishing alone could instead be maintained with a moderate impact on the food web. Overall, Ecopath and EcoTroph modeling is a valuable tool to advise MPA management, but it is essential to increase data availability and quality by developing long‐term monitoring programs on key species and on artisanal and recreational fishing.

Published
2016
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9. Assessing the contribution of marine protected areas to the trophic functioning of ecosystems: a model for the Banc d'Arguin and the Mauritanian shelf.

Author

Sylvie Guénette, Beyah Meissa, and Didier Gascuel

Subjects
Medicine, Science
Abstract

Most modelling studies addressed the effectiveness of marine protected areas (MPA) for fisheries sustainability through single species approach. Only a few models analysed the potential benefits of MPAs at the ecosystem level, estimating the potential export of fish biomass from the reserve or analysing the trophic relationships between organisms inside and outside the MPA. Here, we propose to use food web models to assess the contribution of a MPA to the trophic functioning of a larger ecosystem. This approach is applied to the Banc d'Arguin National Park, a large MPA located on the Mauritanian shelf. The ecosystem was modeled using Ecopath with Ecosim, a model that accounts for fisheries, food web structure, and some aspects of the spatial distribution of species, for the period 1991-2006. Gaps in knowledge and uncertainty were taken into account by building three different models. Results showed that the Banc d'Arguin contributes about 9 to 13% to the total consumption, is supporting about 23% of the total production and 18% of the total catch of the Mauritanian shelf ecosystem, and up to 50% for coastal fish. Of the 29 exploited groups, 15 depend on the Banc for more than 30% of their direct or indirect consumptions. Between 1991 and 2006, the fishing pressure increased leading to a decrease in biomass and the catch of high trophic levels, confirming their overall overexploitation. Ecosim simulations showed that adding a new fleet in the Banc d'Arguin would have large impacts on the species with a high reliance on the Banc for food, resulting in a 23% decrease in the current outside MPA catches. We conclude on the usefulness of food web models to assess MPAs contribution to larger ecosystem functioning.

Published
2014
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10. European Union's public fishing access agreements in developing countries.

Author

Frédéric Le Manach, Christian Chaboud, Duncan Copeland, Philippe Cury, Didier Gascuel, Kristin M Kleisner, André Standing, U Rashid Sumaila, Dirk Zeller, and Daniel Pauly

Subjects
Medicine, Science
Abstract

The imperative to increase seafood supply while dealing with its overfished local stocks has pushed the European Union (EU) and its Member States to fish in the Exclusive Economic Zones of other countries through various types of fishing agreements for decades. Although European public fishing agreements are commented on regularly and considered to be transparent, this is the first global and historical study on the fee regime that governs them. We find that the EU has subsidized these agreements at an average of 75% of their cost (financial contribution agreed upon in the agreements), while private European business interests paid the equivalent of 1.5% of the value of the fish that was eventually landed. This raises questions of fisheries benefit-sharing and resource-use equity that the EU has the potential to address during the nearly completed reform of its Common Fisheries Policy.

Published
2013
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15. An evolution towards scientific consensus for a sustainable ocean future

Author

Françoise Gaill, Tanya Brodie Rudolph, Lara Lebleu, Denis Allemand, Robert Blasiak, William W. L. Cheung, Joachim Claudet, Leopoldo Cavaleri Gerhardinger, Nadine Le Bris, Lisa Levin, Hans- Otto Pörtner, Martin Visbeck, Anna Zivian, Pierre Bahurel, Laurent Bopp, Chris Bowler, Frédérique Chlous, Philippe Cury, Didier Gascuel, Sylvie Goyet, Nathalie Hilmi, Frédéric Ménard, Fiorenza Micheli, Lauren Mullineaux, Rémi Parmentier, Marie-Alexandrine Sicre, Sabrina Speich, Olivier Thébaud, Torsten Thiele, Martha Bowler, Philippe Charvis, Raphael Cuvelier, François Houllier, Sarah Palazot, Francis Staub, Olivier Poivre d’Arvor, Plateforme Océan et Climat, Institut Ecologie et Environnement (INEE), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Stellenbosch, Stellenbosch University, Centre Scientifique de Monaco (CSM), Stockholm Resilience Centre, Stockholm University, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences [UTokyo] (GSALS), The University of Tokyo (UTokyo), Institute for the Oceans and Fisheries, University of British Columbia (UBC), Centre de recherches insulaires et observatoire de l'environnement (CRIOBE), Université de Perpignan Via Domitia (UPVD)-École Pratique des Hautes Études (EPHE), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), École Pratique des Hautes Études (EPHE), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL), Institute of Environmental Science and Technology [Barcelona] (ICTA), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Sorbonne Université (SU), Center for Marine Biodiversity and Conservation, Scripps Institution of Oceanography (SIO - UC San Diego), University of California [San Diego] (UC San Diego), University of California (UC)-University of California (UC)-University of California [San Diego] (UC San Diego), University of California (UC)-University of California (UC), University of California (UC), Climate Sciences Department [Bremerhaven], Alfred-Wegener-Institut, Helmholtz-Zentrum für Polar- und Meeresforschung (AWI), Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research [Kiel] (GEOMAR), Ocean Conservancy, University of California [Santa Cruz] (UC Santa Cruz), Mercator Océan, Société Civile CNRS Ifremer IRD Météo-France SHOM, Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER)-Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER), Laboratoire de Météorologie Dynamique (UMR 8539) (LMD), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-École des Ponts ParisTech (ENPC)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Département des Géosciences - ENS Paris, École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL), Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité), Institut de biologie de l'ENS Paris (IBENS), Département de Biologie - ENS Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN), MARine Biodiversity Exploitation and Conservation (UMR MARBEC), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Montpellier (UM), Pôle halieutique, Institut Agro Rennes Angers, Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro), Institut méditerranéen d'océanologie (MIO), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Toulon (UTLN)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Hopkins Marine Station [Stanford], Stanford University, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution (WHOI), The Varda Group, Variabilité de l'Océan et de la Glace de mer (VOG), Laboratoire d'Océanographie et du Climat : Expérimentations et Approches Numériques (LOCEAN), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité), Aménagement des Usages des Ressources et des Espaces marins et littoraux - Centre de droit et d'économie de la mer (AMURE), Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER)-Université de Brest (UBO)-Institut Universitaire Européen de la Mer (IUEM), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Brest (UBO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institute for Advanced Sustainability Studies [Potsdam] (IASS), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD) Marseille (IRD Marseille), Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER), International Coral Reef Initiative, Oakland, USA, and Ministère de l'Europe et des Affaires étrangères (MEAE)

Subjects
Environmental sciences, [SDU.OCEAN]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean, Atmosphere, Environmental social sciences, Ocean sciences, Scientific community, Ecology, [SDE.MCG]Environmental Sciences/Global Changes, [SDE]Environmental Sciences, Systems biology, [SDE.ES]Environmental Sciences/Environmental and Society, Climate sciences, Environmental studies, Social sciences
Abstract

The ocean has recently taken centre stage in the global geopolitical landscape. Despite rising challenges to the effectiveness of multilateralism, attention to ocean issues appears as an opportunity to co-create pathways to ocean sustainability at multiple levels. The ocean science community, however, is not sufficiently well organised to advance these pathways and provide policy input. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change and the Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services demonstrate how knowledge consensus and integration have been instrumental in charting global pathways and eliciting commitments to address, respectively, climate change and biodiversity loss. An equally impactful global platform with a thematic focus on ocean sustainability is needed. Here we introduce the International Panel for Ocean Sustainability (IPOS) as a coordinating mechanism to integrate knowledge systems to forge a bridge across ocean science-policy divides collectively. The IPOS will enrich the global policy debate in the Ocean Decade and support a shift toward ocean sustainability.

Published
2022

16. Energy Flow Through Marine Ecosystems: Confronting Transfer Efficiency

Author

Tilla Roy, Colleen M. Petrik, Didier Gascuel, Rebecca L. Selden, Colette C. C. Wabnitz, Charles A. Stock, Reg Watson, Julia L. Blanchard, Joey R. Bernhardt, Kelly A. Kearney, Ryan R. Rykaczewski, Elizabeth A. Fulton, Hubert Du Pontavice, Mathieu Colléter, Tyler D. Eddy, William W. L. Cheung, Belle W. Baruch Institute for Marine and Coastal Sciences (BWBIMCS ), University of South Carolina [Columbia], Department of Biology [Montréal], McGill University = Université McGill [Montréal, Canada], Institute for the Oceans and Fisheries, University of British Columbia (UBC), Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies and Centre for Marine Socioecology, University of Tasmania [Hobart, Australia] (UTAS), Écologie et santé des écosystèmes (ESE), AGROCAMPUS OUEST, Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology [New Haven], Yale University [New Haven], CSIRO Agriculture and Food (CSIRO), Joint Institute for the Study of the Atmosphere and Ocean (JISAO), University of Washington [Seattle], Department of Oceanography [College Station], Texas A&M University [College Station], École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL), Pacific Islands Fisheries Science Center (PIFSC), NOAA National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS), National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)-National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), Wellesley College, NOAA Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory (GFDL), National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), Stockholm Resilience Centre, Stockholm University, Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-AGROCAMPUS OUEST, and Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)

Subjects
0106 biological sciences, Food Chain, Natural resource economics, fishing impacts, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], Fishing, Biome, Fisheries, Climate change, trophic efficiency, 010603 evolutionary biology, 01 natural sciences, Energy flow, Ecosystem, Marine ecosystem, 14. Life underwater, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics, Apex predator, trophic ecology, [SDV.EE]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Ecology, environment, Evolutionary Biology, energy transfer, food web, 010604 marine biology & hydrobiology, Biological Sciences, Food web, climate change, 13. Climate action, Environmental science, Environmental Sciences
Abstract

Transfer efficiency is the proportion of energy passed between nodes in food webs. It is an emergent, unitless property that is difficult to measure, and responds dynamically to environmental and ecosystem changes. Because the consequences of changes in transfer efficiency compound through ecosystems, slight variations can have large effects on food availability for top predators. Here, we review the processes controlling transfer efficiency, approaches to estimate it, and known variations across ocean biomes. Both process-level analysis and observed macroscale variations suggest that ecosystem-scale transfer efficiency is highly variable, impacted by fishing, and will decline with climate change. It is important that we more fully resolve the processes controlling transfer efficiency in models to effectively anticipate changes in marine ecosystems and fisheries resources.

Published
2021

17. The role of marine protected areas in sustaining fisheries: The case of the National Park of Banc d’Arguin, Mauritania

Author

Beyah Meissa, Pierre Failler, Abou Ciré Bal, Didier Gascuel, Oumar Hamet Wagne, Mohamed Saleck Haidallah, Abdou Daïm Dia, Ousmane Sarr, Yeslem El Valy, Assane Deda Fall, Ewan Trégarot, Elimane Abou Kane, Centre for Blue Governance., Institut Mauritanien de Recherches Océanographiques et des Pêches (IMROP), Écologie et santé des écosystèmes (ESE), Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-AGROCAMPUS OUEST, Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro), AGROCAMPUS OUEST, and Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)

Subjects
Economics, Fishing, Marine Protected Areas, Fisheries, Aquatic Science, lcsh:Aquaculture. Fisheries. Angling, Ecosystem services, 03 medical and health sciences, Monetary evaluation, West Africa, Marine protected areas, 14. Life underwater, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics, 030304 developmental biology, [SDV.EE]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Ecology, environment, lcsh:SH1-691, 0303 health sciences, Ecology, National park, Marine habitats, 04 agricultural and veterinary sciences, Fishery, Overexploitation, Geography, [SDV.SA.STP]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Agricultural sciences/Sciences and technics of fishery, 040102 fisheries, 0401 agriculture, forestry, and fisheries, Marine protected area, Fisheries management, National Park of Banc d’Arguin, Protected area
Abstract

International audience; Mauritania is characterized by fast-growing fisheries that have developed over the past several decades from low levels of fishing to intense fishing and have led to severe decreases in biomass and severe signs of overexploitation. To ensure sustainable fisheries, a primary goal of science-based fisheries policy is to provide an adequate conservation status of marine habitats that are directly, or indirectly, fundamental for the lifecycle of fish populations of commercial interest. The National Park of Banc d'Arguin has been recognized for its nursery and fish biomass export functions. In this paper, we present the economic value of the fish provisioning service of marine coastal ecosystems of the protected area. We estimated the added value of artisanal fisheries, the spatial distribution of fishing activities, the contribution of the Park to the Mauritanian fisheries and the heritage value of artisanal fisheries. Overall, the average added value for artisanal fisheries is about 43 million MRU (1 million euros) over the period 2006-2017. It mainly benefits to the shipowners , which generates inequalities and threatens the livelihoods of the Imraguen. The spatial distribution of fishing activities and associated revenues shows high variability throughout the years, the seasons and the geographic areas, and reveals the high adaptability of Imraguen fishers. Fishing grounds are mostly located close to the shore, associated with seagrass beds, confirming the service of fish provisioning rendered by this ecosystem. Furthermore, the high productivity of seagrass beds contributes to the spill-over of biomass. The contribution of the Park to fishing activities that occur within the Mauritanian Exclusive Economic Zone is estimated to 15%, representing an added value creation of 3.2 billion MRU (71 million euros). The heritage value of the fisheries is assessed, through fishers' willingness to accept to stop their fishing activities, at 17.5 million MRU (0.4 million euros). Thus, this paper highlights the necessity of incorporating an ecosystem-based approach along with fishers' knowledge and adaptability into future conservation plan of the National Park of Banc d'Arguin and fisheries management at the local, national and regional scale.

Published
2020

18. Climate change undermines the global functioning of marine food webs

Author

Aurore Maureaud, Hubert Du Pontavice, Gabriel Reygondeau, William W. L. Cheung, Didier Gascuel, Écologie et santé des écosystèmes (ESE), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-AGROCAMPUS OUEST, University of British Columbia (UBC), DTU Centre for Ocean Life, Technical University of Denmark [Lyngby] (DTU), and Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)

Subjects
0106 biological sciences, Food Chain, Trophic Transfer Efficiency, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Climate Change, Oceans and Seas, Fisheries, Climate change, Fish stock, Residence time (fluid dynamics), 010603 evolutionary biology, 01 natural sciences, [SDV.EE.ECO]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Ecology, environment/Ecosystems, Biomass Flow, Biomass Residence Time, SDG 13 - Climate Action, Animals, Environmental Chemistry, Ecosystem, Marine ecosystem, SDG 14 - Life Below Water, Species Assemblage, Biomass, 14. Life underwater, Biomass Flow Biomass Residence Time Climate Change, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, General Environmental Science, Trophic level, [SDV.EE]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Ecology, environment, Global and Planetary Change, Biomass (ecology), Ecology, [SDV.EE.MOD]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Ecology, environment/domain_sdv.ee.mod, Fishes, Ecosystem Modelling Accepted Article, 15. Life on land, Trophic Ecology, Food web, 13. Climate action, Ecosystem Modelling, Environmental science, Marine Food Web
Abstract

International audience; Sea water temperature affects all biological and ecological processes that ultimately impact ecosystem functioning. In this study, we examine the influence of temperature on global biomass transfers from marine secondary production to fish stocks. By combining fisheries catches in all coastal ocean areas and life history traits of exploited marine species, we provide global estimates of two trophic transfer parameters which determine biomass flows in coastal marine food web: the trophic transfer efficiency and the biomass residence time in the food web. We find that biomass transfers in tropical ecosystems are less efficient and faster than in areas with cooler waters. In contrast, biomass transfers through the food web became faster and more efficient between 1950 and 2010. Using simulated changes in sea water temperature from three Earth system models, we project that the mean trophic transfer efficiency in coastal waters would decrease from 7.7% to 7.2% between 2010 and 2,100 under the ‘no effective mitigation’ Representative Concentration Pathway (RCP 8.5), while biomass residence time between trophic level 2 and 4 is projected to decrease from 2.7 to 2.3 year on average. Beyond the global trends, we show that the trophic transfer efficiencies and biomass residence times may vary substantially among ecosystem types and that the polar ecosystems may be the most impacted ecosystems. The detected and projected changes in mean trophic transfer efficiency and biomass residence time will undermine food web functioning. Our study provides quantitative understanding of temperature effects on trophodynamic of marine ecosystems under climate change.

Published
2020

19. <scp> EcoDiet: </scp> A hierarchical <scp>Bayesian</scp> model to combine stomach, biotracer, and literature data into diet matrix estimation

Author

Dorothee Kopp, Didier Gascuel, Marianne Robert, Etienne Rivot, and Pierre-Yves HERNVANN

Subjects
trophic ecology, ecosystem modeling, Food Chain, Ecology, Stomach, Bayes Theorem, biotracers, mixing model, diet matrix, food-web topology, Diet, stable isotope analyses, stomach content analyses, Animals, Bayesian integrated model, Ecosystem
Abstract

While, quantifying trophic interactions is a critical path to understanding and forecasting ecosystem functioning, fitting trophic models to field data remains challenging. It requires flexible statistical tools to combine different sources of information from the literature and fieldwork samples. We present EcoDiet, a hierarchical Bayesian modeling framework to simultaneously estimate food-web topology and diet composition of all consumers in the food web, by combining (i) a priori knowledge from the literature on both food-web topology and diet proportions; (ii) stomach content analyses, with frequencies of prey occurrence used as the primary source of data to update the prior knowledge on the topological food-web structure; (iii) and biotracers data through a mixing model (MM). Inferences are derived in a Bayesian probabilistic rationale that provides a formal way to incorporate prior information and quantifies uncertainty around both the topological structure of the food web and the dietary proportions. EcoDiet was implemented as an open-source R package, providing a user-friendly interface to execute the model as well as examples and guidelines to familiarize with its use. We used simulated data to demonstrate the benefits of EcoDiet and how the framework can improve inferences on diet matrix by comparison with classical network MM. We applied EcoDiet to the Celtic Sea ecosystem, and showed how combining multiple data types within an integrated approach provides a more robust and holistic picture of the food-web topology and diet matrices than the literature or classical MM approach alone. EcoDiet has the potential to become a reference method for building diet matrices as a preliminary step of ecosystem modeling and to improve our understanding of prey-predator interactions.

Published
2022

20. Food for thought from French scientists for a revised EU Common Fisheries Policy to protect marine ecosystems and enhance fisheries performance

Author

Hilaire Drouineau, Fabien Moullec, Didier Gascuel, Francis Laloë, Sterenn Lucas, Nicolas Bez, Patrice Guillotreau, Jérôme Guitton, Pierre-Yves Hernvann, Martin Huret, Sigrid Lehuta, Marc Léopold, Stéphanie Mahévas, Marianne Robert, Mathieu Woillez, and Youen Vermard

Subjects
Economics and Econometrics, Management, Monitoring, Policy and Law, Aquatic Science, Law, General Environmental Science
Abstract

Since the 1980s, the Common Fisheries Policy (CFP) has shaped European fisheries. It has often been criticised for being too prescriptive and, above all, for failing to protect either fishermen or ecosystems. The last reform dates back to the early 2010 s and has led to a slight but slow improvement in the state of ecosystems. Given that the CFP is in the process of evaluation, a group of French fishery scientists set up an initiative to add to the debate on what should be retained, reinforced or added to a possible new reform. This initiative came 10 years after a previous manifesto that presented their vision for fisheries in Europe. Four major issues emerged from the current initiative: (1) a need for transparency and simplification in fisheries management, (2) a need for more consultation and dialogue between stakeholders, (3) the urgency of the situation in the Mediterranean Sea, and (4) the necessity of putting into practice all research developments for an ecosystem approach to fisheries. Compared to 10 years ago, the response of scientists shows that the focus is no longer on achieving the maximum sustainable yield, but rather on the following steps to protect ecosystems and fisheries. An ecosystem approach to fisheries remains indispensable for both ecosystems and fishing activities. To this end, scientists put forward numerous proposals to improve the CFP, acknowledging that the final solutions should emerge from consultation with stakeholders. Climate change, an issue raised much more than in the manifest, reinforces the need to act.

Published
2023

21. Disentangling diverse responses to climate change among global marine ecosystem models

Author

Colleen M. Petrik, Travis C. Tai, Jason D. Everett, Nicolas Barrier, Ryan F. Heneghan, Tyler D. Eddy, Eric D. Galbraith, Olivier Maury, Juliano Palacios-Abrantes, Jeroen Steenbeek, Cheryl S. Harrison, Derek P. Tittensor, Marta Coll, Hubert Du Pontavice, William W. L. Cheung, Julia L. Blanchard, Phoebe A. Woodworth-Jefcoats, Catherine M. Bulman, Anthony J. Richardson, Jan Volkholz, Maite Erauskin-Extramiana, Didier Gascuel, Jose A. Fernandes-Salvador, Jérôme Guiet, Australian Research Council, European Commission, Agence Nationale de la Recherche (France), Jarislowsky Foundation, Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades (España), Agencia Estatal de Investigación (España), Fisheries and Oceans Canada, MARine Biodiversity Exploitation and Conservation (UMR MARBEC), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Écologie et santé des écosystèmes (ESE), AGROCAMPUS OUEST, Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Institute for the Oceans and Fisheries, University of British Columbia (UBC), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-INSTITUT AGRO Agrocampus Ouest, Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro), ANR-17-CE32-0008,CIGOEF,Impacts des changements climatiques sur les écosystèmes et les pêcheries océaniques globaux.(2017), and Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-AGROCAMPUS OUEST

Subjects
0106 biological sciences, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, [SDE.MCG]Environmental Sciences/Global Changes, Climate change, Aquatic Science, Oceanography, 01 natural sciences, Modelling, Ecosystem services, Marine ecology, Structural uncertainty, Marine ecosystem, 14. Life underwater, Organism, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Trophic level, Biomass (ecology), business.industry, 010604 marine biology & hydrobiology, Scale (chemistry), Environmental resource management, Geology, Redistribution (cultural anthropology), 15. Life on land, FishMIP, Fish MIP, MIP, Climatic change, Climate Action, Fish, 13. Climate action, [SDE]Environmental Sciences, Environmental science, business, Fishery oceanography
Abstract

16 pages, 6 figures, 3 tables, supplementary data https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pocean.2021.102659.-- Code and data availability: The experimental protocol in this paper has no code associated with it. Forcing data from CMIP5 used for the protocol, and the FishMIP model outputs presented in this paper are available on the ISIMIP servers (https://www.isimip.org/), Climate change is warming the ocean and impacting lower trophic level (LTL) organisms. Marine ecosystem models can provide estimates of how these changes will propagate to larger animals and impact societal services such as fisheries, but at present these estimates vary widely. A better understanding of what drives this inter-model variation will improve our ability to project fisheries and other ecosystem services into the future, while also helping to identify uncertainties in process understanding. Here, we explore the mechanisms that underlie the diversity of responses to changes in temperature and LTLs in eight global marine ecosystem models from the Fisheries and Marine Ecosystem Model Intercomparison Project (FishMIP). Temperature and LTL impacts on total consumer biomass and ecosystem structure (defined as the relative change of small and large organism biomass) were isolated using a comparative experimental protocol. Total model biomass varied between −35% to +3% in response to warming, and -17% to +15% in response to LTL changes. There was little consensus about the spatial redistribution of biomass or changes in the balance between small and large organisms (ecosystem structure) in response to warming, an LTL impacts on total consumer biomass varied depending on the choice of LTL forcing terms. Overall, climate change impacts on consumer biomass and ecosystem structure are well approximated by the sum of temperature and LTL impacts, indicating an absence of nonlinear interaction between the models’ drivers. Our results highlight a lack of theoretical clarity about how to represent fundamental ecological mechanisms, most importantly how temperature impacts scale from individual to ecosystem level, and the need to better understand the two-way coupling between LTL organisms and consumers. We finish by identifying future research needs to strengthen global marine ecosystem modelling and improve projections of climate change impacts, JDE was funded by Australian Research Council Discovery Projects DP150102656 and DP190102293. MC, JS, NB and OM received financial support by the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement No 817578 (Triatlas project). CH received funding from the Open Philanthropy Project. NB and OM also acknowledge the support of the French ANR project CIGOEF (grant ANR-17-CE32-0008-01). DPT acknowledges funding from the ISI-MIP project to support a workshop on this topic, and the Jarislowsky Foundation. EDG received funding from the European Research Council (ERC) under the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme (grant agreement No 682602, BIGSEA). RFH was funded by the Spanish Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities through the Acciones de Programación Conjunta Internacional (PCIN-2017-115). MC acknowledges the ‘Severo Ochoa Centre of Excellence’ accreditation (CEX2019-000928-S) to the Institute of Marine Science (ICM-CSIC). TDE acknowledges funding from the ISIMIP project to support a workshop on this topic and the Fisheries and Oceans Canada Atlantic Fisheries Fund. All authors declare no conflict of interest with respect to this study. JAFS received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 FutureMARES project (#869300).

Published
2021

22. Mesoscale productivity fronts and local fishing opportunities in the European Seas

Author

Alessandro Mannini, Cecilia Pinto, Zeynep Hekim, Chiara Piroddi, Jann T. Martinsohn, Jean-Marc Fromentin, Natalia Serpetti, Francesco Colloca, Joanna K. Bluemel, Maurizio Gibin, Didier Gascuel, Francois Bastardie, Michaël Gras, Jean-Noël Druon, Paraskevas Vasilakopoulos, Antonella Zanzi, Jordi Guillen, Pierre Hélaouët, Marta Coll, Andreas Palialexis, Henning Winker, Jeroen Steenbeek, Laurent Dubroca, Diego Macias-Moy, European Commission - Joint Research Centre [Ispra] (JRC), Écologie et santé des écosystèmes (ESE), AGROCAMPUS OUEST, Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), MARine Biodiversity Exploitation and Conservation (UMR MARBEC), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn (SZN), Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom (MBA), DTU Aqua, National Institute of Aquatic Resources, Technical University of Denmark [Lyngby] (DTU), Scottish Association for Marine Science (SAMS), Institute of Marine Sciences / Institut de Ciències del Mar [Barcelona] (ICM), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas [Madrid] (CSIC), European Commission - Joint Research Centre [Geel] (JRC), Laboratoire Ressources Halieutiques [Port-en-Bessin], Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER), Agencia Estatal de Investigación (España), Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-AGROCAMPUS OUEST, Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro), Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-INSTITUT AGRO Agrocampus Ouest, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Danmarks Tekniske Universitet = Technical University of Denmark (DTU), Laboratoire Ressources Halieutiques de Port-en-Bessin (LRHPB), Halieutique Manche Mer du Nord (HMMN), and Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER)-Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER)

Subjects
0106 biological sciences, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, [SDE.MCG]Environmental Sciences/Global Changes, Fishing, Mesoscale meteorology, habitat, integration, Management, Monitoring, Policy and Law, Aquatic Science, Oceanography, migration, 01 natural sciences, Landings per unit of effort, local-scale, landings per unit of effort, atlantic cod, 14. Life underwater, SDG 14 - Life Below Water, mediterranean sea, Productivity, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, 010604 marine biology & hydrobiology, food, Local scale, chlorophyll-a gradient, Fishery, catches per unit of effort, fisheries, Environmental science, bluefin tuna, ecology, [SDE.BE]Environmental Sciences/Biodiversity and Ecology, spatial fisheries management, Plankton-to- fish estimate, Plankton-to-fish estimate, management, local-scale
Abstract

This study evaluates the relationship between both commercial and scientific spatial fisheries data and a new satellite-based estimate of potential fish production (Ocean Productivity available to Fish, OPFish) in the European Seas. To construct OPFish, we used productivity frontal features derived from chlorophyll-a horizontal gradients, which characterize 10%–20% of the global phytoplankton production that effectively fuels higher trophic levels. OPFish is relatively consistent with the spatial distribution of both pelagic and demersal fish landings and catches per unit of effort (LPUEs and CPUEs, respectively). An index of harvest relative to ocean productivity (HP index) is calculated by dividing these LPUEs or CPUEs with OPFish. The HP index reflects the intensity of fishing by gear type with regard to local fish production. Low HP levels indicate lower LPUEs or CPUEs than expected from oceanic production, suggesting over-exploitation, while high HP levels imply more sustainable fishing. HP allows comparing the production-dependent suitability of local fishing intensities. Our results from bottom trawl data highlight that over-exploitation of demersal species from the shelves is twice as high in the Mediterranean Sea than in the North-East Atlantic. The estimate of HP index by dominant pelagic and demersal gears suggests that midwater and bottom otter trawls are associated with the lowest and highest overfishing, respectively. The contrasts of fishing intensity at local scales captured by the HP index suggest that accounting for the local potential fish production can promote fisheries sustainability in the context of ecosystem-based fisheries management as required by international marine policies., With the institutional support of the ‘Severo OchoaCentre of Excellence’ accreditation (CEX2019-000928-S).

Published
2021

23. Climate‐induced decrease in biomass flow in marine food webs may severely affect predators and ecosystem production

Author

Charles A. Stock, Gabriel Reygondeau, Didier Gascuel, William W. L. Cheung, Hubert Du Pontavice, Écologie et santé des écosystèmes (ESE), Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-AGROCAMPUS OUEST, Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro), Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences Program [Princeton] (AOS Program), NOAA Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory (GFDL), National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)-National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)-Princeton University, Institute for the Oceans and Fisheries, University of British Columbia (UBC), National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), Changing Ocean Research Unit, AGROCAMPUS OUEST, and Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)

Subjects
0106 biological sciences, Food Chain, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Fisheries, Climate change, Marine life, 010603 evolutionary biology, 01 natural sciences, Environmental protection, Ecosystem model, Environmental Chemistry, Animals, Marine ecosystem, Ecosystem, 14. Life underwater, Biomass, biomiass flow, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, General Environmental Science, Trophic level, trophic ecology, Global and Planetary Change, Biomass (ecology), ecosystem modeling, Ecology, marine food web, EcoTroph, Food web, climate change, 13. Climate action, trophic structure, [SDE]Environmental Sciences, Environmental science, [SDE.BE]Environmental Sciences/Biodiversity and Ecology
Abstract

International audience; Climate change impacts on marine life in the world ocean are expected to accelerate over the 21st century, affecting the structure and functioning of food webs. We analyzed a key aspect of this issue, focusing on the impact of changes in biomass flow within marine food webs and the resulting effects on ecosystem biomass and production. We used a modeling framework based on a parsimonious quasi-physical representation of biomass flow through the food web, to explore the future of marine consumer biomass and production at the global scale over the 21st century. Biomass flow is determined by three climate-related factors: primary production entering the food web, trophic transfer efficiency describing losses in biomass transfers from one trophic level (TL) to the next, and flow kinetic measuring the speed of biomass transfers within the food web. Using climate projections of three earth system models, we calculated biomass and production at each TL on a 1 degrees latitude x1 degrees longitude grid of the global ocean under two greenhouse gas emission scenarios. We show that the alterations of the trophic functioning of marine ecosystems, mainly driven by faster and less efficient biomass transfers and decreasing primary production, would lead to a projected decline in total consumer biomass by 18.5% by 2090-2099 relative to 1986-2005 under the "no mitigation policy" scenario. The projected decrease in transfer efficiency is expected to amplify impacts at higher TLs, leading to a 21.3% decrease in abundance of predators and thus to a change in the overall trophic structure of marine ecosystems. Marine animal production is also projected to decline but to a lesser extent than biomass. Our study highlights that the temporal and spatial projected changes in biomass and production would imply direct repercussions on the future of world fisheries and beyond all services provided by Ocean.

Published
2021

24. The environmental impact of the consumption of fishery and aquaculture products in France

Author

Xavier Irz, Louis-Georges Soler, Joël Aubin, Thomas Cloâtre, Sterenn Lucas, Didier Gascuel, Structures et Marché Agricoles, Ressources et Territoires (SMART-LERECO), AGROCAMPUS OUEST-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Pôle halieutique, AGROCAMPUS OUEST, Alimentation et sciences sociales (ALISS), Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), University of Helsinki, Écologie et santé des écosystèmes (ESE), Sol Agro et hydrosystème Spatialisation (SAS), COMITE NATIONAL DES PECHES MARITIMES ET DES ELEVAGES MARINS PARIS FRA, Partenaires IRSTEA, Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA), Department of Economics and Management, Agricultural Economics, Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro), and Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-AGROCAMPUS OUEST

Subjects
020209 energy, Strategy and Management, Context (language use), 02 engineering and technology, Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering, FILLETS, 0202 electrical engineering, electronic engineering, information engineering, Ecosystem, Marine ecosystem, Environmental impact assessment, 14. Life underwater, PERSPECTIVE, Life-cycle assessment, 1172 Environmental sciences, 0505 law, General Environmental Science, 2. Zero hunger, Ecological footprint, GREENHOUSE-GAS EMISSIONS, MEAT, Renewable Energy, Sustainability and the Environment, LCA, 05 social sciences, Global warming, Building and Construction, [SHS.ECO]Humanities and Social Sciences/Economics and Finance, Fishery, LIFE-CYCLE ASSESSMENT, 13. Climate action, Greenhouse gas, 050501 criminology, Environmental science, PRODUCTION SYSTEMS
Abstract

In the context of climate change, diet is a key driver of environmental impacts. Previous research has emphasized the environmental benefit of increasing consumption of fishery and aquaculture products (FAPs) in Europe. However, increasing the proportion of FAPs in consumer diets could also lead to a transfer of environmental damage from earth to sea. It is thus important to evaluate the environmental impacts of FAPs on marine ecosystems globally. For that purpose, an original database characterizing the origin of FAPs consumed in France has been constructed, and matched to indicators of environmental impact. Use of the database revealed that the FAPs in the French diets (1.7 Mt live weight) had a corresponding primary production required (PPR) worth 1252 Mt, with an impact per ton of product live weight worth 2622 kg CO2 eq. for climate change, 18 kg PO(4)(3)(-)eq. for eutrophication, and 26,604 MJ for energy use. Some heterogeneity across species was found, implying that the species composition of the FAPS consumed had a strong influence on environmental footprint. Furthermore, production methods also substantially affect global impact. The results show that, among FAPS consumed in France, trawled crustaceans and farmed shrimps or prawns are the greatest contributors to global warming (27,800 and 13,344 kg CO2 eq. per ton live weight, respectively), despite good performances regarding trophic level based ecosystem indicators (a PPR of 3 and 9 Mt respectively). Shellfish register the smallest footprint both globally and at ecosystem level (545 kg CO2 eq., 1 kg PO43- eq., 10,414 MJ, and a PPR of 5 Mt per ton live weight). Our result suggest that, to avoid a transfer of environmental burden from land to sea, policies aimed at promoting consumption of FAPs in European diets should be refined to take account of differential impacts across species, origin and production methods of those FAPs. (C) 2021 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Published
2021

25. Progress towards ending overfishing in the Northeast Atlantic

Author

Rainer Froese, Athanassios C. Tsikliras, Didier Gascuel, Giuseppe Scarcella, Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research [Kiel] (GEOMAR), Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Institute for Biological Resources and Marine Biotechnology (IRBIM), Écologie et santé des écosystèmes (ESE), Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-AGROCAMPUS OUEST, Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro), AGROCAMPUS OUEST, and Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)

Subjects
0106 biological sciences, Economics and Econometrics, Overfishing, 010604 marine biology & hydrobiology, Member states, 04 agricultural and veterinary sciences, Management, Monitoring, Policy and Law, Aquatic Science, 01 natural sciences, [SDE.ES]Environmental Sciences/Environmental and Society, Fishery, Geography, [SDV.SA.STP]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Agricultural sciences/Sciences and technics of fishery, 040102 fisheries, 0401 agriculture, forestry, and fisheries, 14. Life underwater, [SDE.BE]Environmental Sciences/Biodiversity and Ecology, Law, General Environmental Science
Abstract

International audience; The reformed Common Fisheries Policy of the EU, in force since 2014, stipulates that overfishing by the fleets of its member states has to end latest in the year 2020. This study examines exploitation and status of 119 stocks fished by 20 countries in the Northeast Atlantic. In the year 2018, about 40% of the stocks were still subject to overfishing (F > Fmsy), about 34% of the stocks were outside safe biological limits (B < Bpa) and about 68% of the stocks were too small to produce maximum sustainable yields (B < Bmsy). Reduction in the number of overfished stocks has stalled, possible because of an agreement between the European Commission (EC) and the International Council for the Exploration of the Seas (ICES), its advisory body for total allowed catches (TACs), wherein the EC requests ICES to give TAC advice leading to overfishing for many stocks. Scientific advice is often overruled or ignored by politicians/fisheries ministers, whose main objective is to get us much quota as possible for their country. As a result, of the TACs set for 2020, about 46% exceeded scientific advice, suggesting that the goal of ending overfishing in 2020 will not be met.

Published
2021
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26. Préface

Author

Alassane Samba and Didier Gascuel

Published
2021

27. Are we ready to track climate-driven shifts in marine species across international boundaries? - A global survey of scientific bottom trawl data

Author

Marcos Llope, Evangelos Tzanatos, Vladimir Kulik, Laurene Pecuchet, Renato Guevara-Carrasco, Didier Jouffre, Helle Torp Christensen, Arnaud Auber, Itai van Rijn, Hicham Masski, Tarek Hattab, Jonathan Belmaker, Manuel Hidalgo, Matthew McLean, Jacqueline Palacios León, Esther Román-Marcote, Helle Siegstad, Richard J. Bell, Nancy L. Shackell, Tracey P. Fairweather, Sean C. Anderson, Luis A. Cubillos, Ian Knuckey, Richard L. O'Driscoll, Margrete Emblemsvåg, Mariano Koen-Alonso, Henrik Gislason, Oren Sonin, Heino O. Fock, Jorge E. Ramos, Cecilia A. O'Leary, Jérôme Guitton, Matt Koopman, Paul A.M. van Zwieten, Bastien Mérigot, Francis K. E. Nunoo, Ingrid Spies, Kevin D. Friedland, Mohamed Lamine Camara, Johannes N. Kathena, Beyah Meissa, Fabrice Stephenson, Ya’arit Levitt-Barmats, Romain Frelat, Aurore Maureaud, Menachem Goren, Alexander Arkhipkin, Laurène Mérillet, Hamet Diaw Diadhiou, James T. Thorson, Daniela V. Yepsen, Malin L. Pinsky, Wahid Refes, Kofi Amador, Iça Barri, Vesselina Mihneva, G. Tserpes, Didier Gascuel, Elitsa Petrova, Saïkou Oumar Kidé, Esther Beukhof, Billy Ernst, Camilo B. García, Feriha Tserkova, Martin Lindegren, Paraskevas Vasilakopoulos, Petur Steingrund, Jón Sólmundsson, Félix Massiot-Granier, Philippe Ziegler, Nir Stern, Ignacio Sobrino, Jason Conner, Junghwa Choi, Dori Edelist, DTU Centre for Ocean Life, Technical University of Denmark [Lyngby] (DTU), Wageningen University and Research [Wageningen] (WUR), MARine Biodiversity Exploitation and Conservation (UMR MARBEC), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Directorate of Natural Resources - Fisheries of the Falkland Islands Government, Laboratoire Ressources halieutiques Manche Mer du nord, IFREMER Centre Manche Mer du Nord, (HMMN), Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER), Tel Aviv University [Tel Aviv], Universidad de Concepción - University of Concepcion [Chile], Thünen Institute, Écologie et santé des écosystèmes (ESE), Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-AGROCAMPUS OUEST, Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro), DTU Aqua, National Institute of Aquatic Resources, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon (UNICANCER/CRCL), Centre Léon Bérard [Lyon]-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre Léon Bérard [Lyon], Biologie des Organismes et Ecosystèmes Aquatiques (BOREA), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université des Antilles (UA)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Université de Caen Normandie (UNICAEN), Normandie Université (NU)-Normandie Université (NU), Dalhousie University [Halifax], Institut Mauritanien de Recherches Océanographiques et des Pêches (IMROP), Centre d'Ecologie et des Sciences de la COnservation (CESCO), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institute of Marine Research [Bergen] (IMR), University of Bergen (UiB), Unité de recherche Sciences et Technologies Halieutiques (STH), University of Ghana, Ecole Nationale Supérieure des Sciences de la Mer et de l'Aménagement du Littoral (ESSMAL), Australian Antarctic Division (AAD), Australian Government, Department of the Environment and Energy, AGROCAMPUS OUEST, Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Danmarks Tekniske Universitet = Technical University of Denmark (DTU), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire Ressources halieutiques Boulogne sur mer (LRHBL), Halieutique Manche Mer du Nord (HMMN), Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER)-Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER), Tel Aviv University (TAU), Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-INSTITUT AGRO Agrocampus Ouest, Université de Caen Normandie (UNICAEN), Normandie Université (NU)-Normandie Université (NU)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université des Antilles (UA), and Sciences et Technologies Halieutiques (STH)

Subjects
0106 biological sciences, VDP::Mathematics and natural scienses: 400::Zoology and botany: 480::Marine biology: 497, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Range (biology), Global data synthesis, Species distribution, global data synthesis, 01 natural sciences, transboundary conservation, Aquaculture and Fisheries, Surveys and Questionnaires, open science, SDG 13 - Climate Action, Climate change, Artssammensetning / Species composition, Pesquerías, boundaries, Demersal fish, catch, General Environmental Science, biodiversity, Global and Planetary Change, Ecology, Aquacultuur en Visserij, Environmental resource management, Fishes, conservation, Sampling (statistics), bottom trawl survey, transboundary, Geography, climate change, data, VDP::Matematikk og naturvitenskap: 400::Zoologiske og botaniske fag: 480::Marinbiologi: 497, Fisheries policy, Open science, Bunnfisk / Demersal fish, Bottom trawl survey, management, Opinion, Stock assessment, sea, [SDE.MCG]Environmental Sciences/Global Changes, Sede Central IEO, Centro Oceanográfico de Cádiz, 010603 evolutionary biology, range shifts, international boundaries, fisheries policy, demersal fish, Environmental Chemistry, Animals, 14. Life underwater, SDG 14 - Life Below Water, Transboundary conservation, impacts, climate, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, fish, ecosystem, long-term, business.industry, 010604 marine biology & hydrobiology, Business Manager projecten Midden-Noord, Global warming, 15. Life on land, 13. Climate action, fisheries, Sustainability, Seascapes, WIAS, responses, Survey data collection, species distribution, [SDE.BE]Environmental Sciences/Biodiversity and Ecology, business, Business Manager projects Mid-North
Abstract

Marine biota are redistributing at a rapid pace in response to climate change and shifting seascapes. While changes in fish populations and community structure threaten the sustainability of fisheries, our capacity to adapt by tracking and projecting marine species remains a challenge due to data discontinuities in biological observations, lack of data availability, and mismatch between data and real species distributions. To assess the extent of this challenge, we review the global status and accessibility of ongoing scientific bottom trawl surveys. In total, we gathered metadata for 283,925 samples from 95 surveys conducted regularly from 2001 to 2019. We identified that 59% of the metadata collected are not publicly available, highlighting that the availability of data is the most important challenge to assess species redistributions under global climate change. Given that the primary purpose of surveys is to provide independent data to inform stock assessment of commercially important populations, we further highlight that single surveys do not cover the full range of the main commercial demersal fish species. An average of 18 surveys is needed to cover at least 50% of species ranges, demonstrating the importance of combining multiple surveys to evaluate species range shifts. We assess the potential for combining surveys to track transboundary species redistributions and show that differences in sampling schemes and inconsistency in sampling can be overcome with spatio‐temporal modeling to follow species density redistributions. In light of our global assessment, we establish a framework for improving the management and conservation of transboundary and migrating marine demersal species. We provide directions to improve data availability and encourage countries to share survey data, to assess species vulnerabilities, and to support management adaptation in a time of climate‐driven ocean changes., While many species are changing their spatial distributions rapidly with climate change, the global capacity to track these changes and then adapt management and policy has been limited. To build this capacity for demersal fishes, we compiled the largest worldwide collection of bottom trawl survey metadata and demonstrate how surveys can be combined to follow species across national and survey boundaries. Open data and transparent scientific assessment can be a key step towards improved management of redistributing transboundary species and stocks.

Published
2021

28. Next-generation ensemble projections reveal higher climate risks for marine ecosystems

Author

Jason S. Link, Marta Coll, Eric D. Galbraith, Jérôme Guiet, Jose A. Fernandes-Salvador, Gregory L. Britten, Didier Gascuel, William W. L. Cheung, Julia L. Blanchard, John P. Dunne, Yunne-Jai Shin, Elizabeth A. Fulton, Ryan F. Heneghan, Matthias Büchner, Jasmin G. John, Tyler D. Eddy, Daniele Bianchi, Heike K. Lotze, Charles A. Stock, Camilla Novaglio, Nicolas Barrier, Laurent Bopp, Jeroen Steenbeek, Derek P. Tittensor, Olivier Maury, Jonathan Rault, Kelly Ortega-Cisneros, Lynne J. Shannon, Colleen M. Petrik, Juliano Palacios-Abrantes, Hubert Du Pontavice, Anthony J. Richardson, Jason D. Everett, Andrea Bryndum-Buchholz, Cheryl S. Harrison, Villy Christensen, MARine Biodiversity Exploitation and Conservation (UMR MARBEC), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Laboratoire de Météorologie Dynamique (UMR 8539) (LMD), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-École des Ponts ParisTech (ENPC)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Département des Géosciences - ENS Paris, École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL), Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Interférométrie (LCAR), Laboratoire Collisions Agrégats Réactivité (LCAR), Institut de Recherche sur les Systèmes Atomiques et Moléculaires Complexes (IRSAMC), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées - Toulouse (INSA Toulouse), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées - Toulouse (INSA Toulouse), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche sur les Systèmes Atomiques et Moléculaires Complexes (IRSAMC), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institute for the Oceans and Fisheries, University of British Columbia (UBC), NOAA Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory (GFDL), National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), Écologie et santé des écosystèmes (ESE), Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-AGROCAMPUS OUEST, Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro), NOAA National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS), Dalhousie University [Halifax], Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER), University of Aberdeen, Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies and Centre for Marine Socioecology, University of Tasmania [Hobart, Australia] (UTAS), Jarislowsky Foundation, Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada, Australian Research Council, European Commission, Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades (España), UK Research and Innovation, Global Challenges Research Fund, One Ocean Hub, Simons Foundation, Belmont Forum, BiodivERsA, Agencia Estatal de Investigación (España), Ocean Frontier Institute, Agence Nationale de la Recherche (France), California Ocean Protection Council, Alfred P. Sloan Foundation, Extreme Science and Engineering Discovery Environment (US), National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (US), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), AGROCAMPUS OUEST, Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées - Toulouse (INSA Toulouse), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut de Recherche sur les Systèmes Atomiques et Moléculaires Complexes (IRSAMC), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley [Brownsville, TX] (UTRGV), Louisiana State University (LSU), Queensland University of Technology [Brisbane] (QUT), University of California [Los Angeles] (UCLA), University of California (UC), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research (PIK), Instituto de Ciencias del Mar de Barcelona (ICM), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas [Madrid] (CSIC), Centre for Fisheries Ecosystems Research (CFER), Memorial University of Newfoundland = Université Memorial de Terre-Neuve [St. John's, Canada] (MUN), University of Queensland [Brisbane], Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation [Canberra] (CSIRO), University of New South Wales [Sydney] (UNSW), Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), AZTI - Tecnalia, McGill University = Université McGill [Montréal, Canada], Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-INSTITUT AGRO Agrocampus Ouest, University of Cape Town, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Texas A&M University [College Station], Princeton University, and ANR-17-CE32-0008,CIGOEF,Impacts des changements climatiques sur les écosystèmes et les pêcheries océaniques globaux.(2017)

Subjects
0106 biological sciences, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Environmental Science and Management, [SDE.MCG]Environmental Sciences/Global Changes, Climate change, Environmental Science (miscellaneous), 01 natural sciences, Physical Geography and Environmental Geoscience, Article, Atmospheric Sciences, Ecosystem, Marine ecosystem, 14. Life underwater, Life Below Water, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Ecological modelling, Marine biology, Coupled model intercomparison project, Biomass (ecology), business.industry, 010604 marine biology & hydrobiology, Environmental resource management, Climate-change ecology, Primary production, 15. Life on land, Climate Action, 13. Climate action, Environmental science, Climate model, [SDE.BE]Environmental Sciences/Biodiversity and Ecology, business, Social Sciences (miscellaneous)
Abstract

22 pages, 5 figures, 1 table, supplementary information https://doi.org/10.1038/s41558-021-01173-9.-- Data availabilityAll standardized forcing variables from the ESMs are available at https://doi.org/10.48364/ISIMIP.575744.1; all outputs from the MEMs are available via ISIMIP (https://www.isimip.org/gettingstarted/data-access/).-- Code availabilityAll code used to analyse simulations is available at https://github.com/Fish-MIP/CMIP5vsCMIP6, Projections of climate change impacts on marine ecosystems have revealed long-term declines in global marine animal biomass and unevenly distributed impacts on fisheries. Here we apply an enhanced suite of global marine ecosystem models from the Fisheries and Marine Ecosystem Model Intercomparison Project (Fish-MIP), forced by new-generation Earth system model outputs from Phase 6 of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP6), to provide insights into how projected climate change will affect future ocean ecosystems. Compared with the previous generation CMIP5-forced Fish-MIP ensemble, the new ensemble ecosystem simulations show a greater decline in mean global ocean animal biomass under both strong-mitigation and high-emissions scenarios due to elevated warming, despite greater uncertainty in net primary production in the high-emissions scenario. Regional shifts in the direction of biomass changes highlight the continued and urgent need to reduce uncertainty in the projected responses of marine ecosystems to climate change to help support adaptation planning, This work was supported by the Jarislowsky Foundation (D.P.T.), the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada Discovery Grant programme (D.P.T., H.K.L., T.D.E., W.W.L.C., J.P.-A. and V.C.); Australian Research Council (ARC) Discovery Projects DP170104240 (J.L.B. and C.N.), DP190102293 (J.L.B., C.N., A.J.R., J.D.E. and D.P.T.) and DP150102656 (J.D.E.); the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreements 817578 (TRIATLAS) (M.C., J.S., L.S., O.M., L.B., Y.-J.S., N.B. and J.R.), 869300 (FutureMARES) (J.A.F.-S.,Y.-J.S. and M.C.) and 862428 (MISSION ATLANTIC (J.A.F.-S, Y.-J.S. and M.C.); the Spanish National Project ProOceans (PID2020-118097RB-I00) (M.C. and J.S.); the Open Philanthropy Project (C.S.H.); the United Kingdom Research and Innovation (UKRI) Global Challenges Research Fund (GCRF) One Ocean Hub (NE/S008950/1) (K.O.-C. and L.S.); the Simons Foundation (nos. 54993, 645921) (G.L.B.); the Belmont Forum and BiodivERsA under the BiodivScen ERA-Net COFUND programme (SOMBEE project, ANR-18-EBI4-0003-01) (Y.-J.S. and N.B.); the MEOPAR Postdoctoral Fellowship Award 2020–2021 and the Ocean Frontier Institute (Module G) (A.B.-B.); the French ANR project CIGOEF (grant ANR-17-CE32-0008-01) (O.M., L.B. and J.R.); the California Ocean Protection Council Grant C0100400, the Alfred P. Sloan Foundation and the Extreme Science and Engineering Discovery Environment (XSEDE) allocation TG-OCE170017 (D.B. and J.G.); the National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Association (NA20OAR4310441, NA20OAR4310442) (C.M.P.). M.C. acknowledges the Severo Ochoa Centre of Excellence accreditation (CEX2019-000928-S) to the Institute of Marine Science (ICM-CSIC)

Published
2021

29. La pêchécologie : Manifeste pour une pêche vraiment durable

Author

Didier Gascuel and Didier Gascuel

Subjects
Sustainable fisheries, Fishing
Abstract

En quelques décennies, la pêche maritime a fait de gros dégâts : elle a vidé la mer d'une partie de ses ressources et perturbé en profondeur le fonctionnement des écosystèmes marins. Elle est ainsi considérée par les instances internationales comme la première cause d'érosion de la biodiversité marine.Pourtant, il est possible de faire autrement et d'inverser la tendance pour reconstruire des écosystèmes sains, productifs et résilients. Une nouvelle forme de pêche est à inventer qui vise à réconcilier conservation de la biodiversité et exploitation durable des ressources vivantes de la mer. C'est l'ambition de la pêchécologie, une forme d'agroécologie pour l'océan. L'ouvrage présente ce concept nouveau, dans ses dimensions écologiques, économiques et sociales, mais aussi culturelles, éthiques et sociétales, en apportant des réponses concrètes pour la mise en place d'une pêche vraiment durable.Dans cet essai, Didier Gascuel identifie les ruptures à opérer avec le productivisme et la pensée libérale. Il propose des solutions pratiques pour minimiser les impacts de la pêche sur les écosystèmes, et maximiser l'utilité sociétale des biens fournis par la nature. Il montre qu'il y a urgence à opérer de profondes mutations, face aux bouleversements du changement climatique. Il trace ainsi la perspective d'une durabilité nouvelle, pour une pêche au service des sociétés humaines et des territoires côtiers, afin de replacer l'homme au cœur des enjeux de la nature.Cet ouvrage est destiné à tous les amoureux de la mer qui s'inquiètent du vivant dans l'océan, aux acteurs de la gestion des pêches maritimes, ainsi qu'aux citoyens qui veulent penser la transition écologique en interaction avec les enjeux économiques et sociaux.

Published
2023

30. Revolution in the Seas : Ending Overfishing and Building Pesco-Ecology, Sustainable Agro-Ecology of Fishing

Author

Didier Gascuel and Didier Gascuel

Subjects
Fishery management--Environmental aspects, Overfishing--Prevention
Abstract

Revolution in the Seas: Ending Overfishing and Building Pesco-ecology, Sustainable Agro-Ecology of Fishing provides an in-depth analysis of the dynamics between humans and disrupting marine ecosystems by extracting its wild animals. It highlights practical changes that can be implemented to prevent overfishing and create a new way of fishing, the pesco-ecology that benefits marine life, coastal communities, and human consumers alike. Written by a leader in fisheries science and conservation, this book begins by diagnosing the issue of overexploitation, showing the dynamics and consequences on living marine resources and ecosystems. It then goes on to demonstrate how recent scientific discoveries, including tropic network functionality, are changing humans'approach to fishing sustainably. The final sections are devoted to ecological, economic, and social solutions. Revolution in the Seas: Ending Overfishing and Building Pesco-ecology and Sustainable Agro-Ecology of Fishing is a vital resource for fisheries scientists, managers, academics and students in marine biology or fisheries studies. All stakeholders and citizens involved in building a sustainable relationship between humans and the sea will also benefit from this book's revolutionary content. - Translated to English for global accessibility - Analyzes systems and protocols that have led to overexploitation - Examines innovations and key rules for implementing a new way of fishing and rethinking sustainability

Published
2023

32. Fishing Without a Trace? Assessing the Balanced Harvest Approach Using EcoTroph

Author

Didier Gascuel, Jennifer Rehren, Écologie et santé des écosystèmes (ESE), AGROCAMPUS OUEST, Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-AGROCAMPUS OUEST, and Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)

Subjects
0106 biological sciences, ecosystem structure, lcsh:QH1-199.5, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Fishing, Biodiversity, Ocean Engineering, lcsh:General. Including nature conservation, geographical distribution, Aquatic Science, Oceanography, 01 natural sciences, ecosystem impact of fishing, Ecosystem, 14. Life underwater, lcsh:Science, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Water Science and Technology, Trophic level, Ecological stability, Global and Planetary Change, Biomass (ecology), 010604 marine biology & hydrobiology, 15. Life on land, Fishery, fisheries management, Productivity (ecology), [SDE]Environmental Sciences, trophic modeling, Environmental science, lcsh:Q, fisheries selectivity, Fisheries management, [SDE.BE]Environmental Sciences/Biodiversity and Ecology
Abstract

International audience; Distributing fishing mortality across the widest possible range of species, stocks, and sizes in proportion to their natural productivity (i.e., balanced harvest, BH) has been suggested as a new paradigm of fisheries management to minimize the effects of fishing on the ecosystem structure while maximizing overall yield. Models that have been used to test the effects of BH, however, usually concentrate on fish and assume full alignment of fishing mortality with the productivity of each species. Here, we used the trophic-level-based approach EcoTroph to investigate the effects of BH on the biomass and catch trophic spectra of a virtual ecosystem assuming (1) a full implementation, where all trophic levels can be fished according to their productivity and (2) a more realistic implementation, where low and intermediate trophic levels are only partially exploitable by fisheries mimicking current technological and practical limitations. EcoTroph simulations show that a BH fishing pattern does not fully maintain ecosystem structure but results in small structural changes and a large total yield. The resulting catch, however, was dominated by low trophic levels (i.e., 2-2.5). Considering that fishing mortality cannot be fully aligned to all species, we observed an additional adverse impact of BH: the increase in unexploitable biomass. In contrast, protecting lower trophic levels appeared as an efficient way to limit the impact of fisheries on the highest trophic levels, which play a crucial role in ecosystem stability and biodiversity. We conclude that given our inability to align fishing mortality to the productivity of each species, BH could lead to strong adverse impacts on the ecosystem. Instead of expanding fishing pressure toward new species and trophic levels, we first should ensure the sustainable management of those that are currently harvested beyond their capacity to replenish.

Published
2020

33. An iron cycle cascade governs the response of equatorial Pacific ecosystems to climate change

Author

Alessandro, Tagliabue, Nicolas, Barrier, Hubert, Du Pontavice, Lester, Kwiatkowski, Olivier, Aumont, Laurent, Bopp, William W L, Cheung, Didier, Gascuel, and Olivier, Maury

Subjects
Climate Change, Iron, Fisheries, Animals, Biomass, Ecosystem
Abstract

Earth System Models project that global climate change will reduce ocean net primary production (NPP), upper trophic level biota biomass and potential fisheries catches in the future, especially in the eastern equatorial Pacific. However, projections from Earth System Models are undermined by poorly constrained assumptions regarding the biological cycling of iron, which is the main limiting resource for NPP over large parts of the ocean. In this study, we show that the climate change trends in NPP and the biomass of upper trophic levels are strongly affected by modifying assumptions associated with phytoplankton iron uptake. Using a suite of model experiments, we find 21st century climate change impacts on regional NPP range from -12.3% to +2.4% under a high emissions climate change scenario. This wide range arises from variations in the efficiency of iron retention in the upper ocean in the eastern equatorial Pacific across different scenarios of biological iron uptake, which affect the strength of regional iron limitation. Those scenarios where nitrogen limitation replaced iron limitation showed the largest projected NPP declines, while those where iron limitation was more resilient displayed little future change. All model scenarios have similar skill in reproducing past inter-annual variations in regional ocean NPP, largely due to limited change in the historical period. Ultimately, projections of end of century upper trophic level biomass change are altered by 50%-80% across all plausible scenarios. Overall, we find that uncertainties in the biological iron cycle cascade through open ocean pelagic ecosystems, from plankton to fish, affecting their evolution under climate change. This highlights additional challenges to developing effective conservation and fisheries management policies under climate change.

Published
2020

34. Species richness in North Atlantic fish: Process concealed by pattern

Author

Jón Sólmundsson, Didier Gascuel, Jónas P. Jonasson, Luis Gil de Sola, Jakov Dulčić, Jákup Reinert, Melita Peharda, Jan G. Hiddink, Heino O. Fock, Henrik Gislason, Mark R. Payne, Sanja Matić-Skoko, Lilja Stefansdottir, Nedo Vrgoč, F. Velasco, Corina Chaves, Cristina Silva, Remment ter Hofstede, Igor Isajlović, Andrey V. Dolgov, Hicham Masski, Gudrun Marteinsdottir, Maria de Fátima Borges, Anders Nielsen, Jeremy S. Collie, Teresa Bottari, Ole A Jørgensen, Kristján Kristinsson, Daniel E. Duplisea, Brian R. MacKenzie, DTU Aqua, National Institute of Aquatic Resources, Technical University of Denmark [Lyngby] (DTU), Graduate School of Oceanography [Narragansett], University of Rhode Island (URI), Instituto Português de Investigação do Mar e da Atmosfera (IPMA), Institute for Biological Resources and Marine Biotechnology (IRBIM), RUSSIAN FEDERAL RESEARCH INSTITUTE OF FISHERIES AND OCEANOGRAPHY MOSCOW RUS, Partenaires IRSTEA, Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA), Institute of Oceanography, Fisheries, Maurice-Lamontagne Institute, Fisheries and Oceans Canada (DFO), Thünen-Institute of Sea Fisheries, Écologie et santé des écosystèmes (ESE), AGROCAMPUS OUEST, Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Instituto Español de Oceanografía (IEO). Centro Costero de Málaga, Muelle Pesquero s/n. 29.640 Fuengirola (Málaga), Spain, School of Ocean Sciences [Menai Bridge], Bangor University, MARINE AND FRESHWATER RESEARCH INSTITUTE REYKJAVIK ISL, Institute of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Iceland, INRH, Faroe Marine Research Institute, INSTITUTO ESPANOL DE OCEANOGRAFIA SANTANDER ESP, Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-AGROCAMPUS OUEST, and Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)

Subjects
0106 biological sciences, Centro Oceanográfico de Santander, abundance, biodiversity, density, marine fish, species size, temperature, Biodiversity, 010603 evolutionary biology, 01 natural sciences, Latitude, Abundance (ecology), SDG 14 - Life Below Water, 14. Life underwater, Pesquerías, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics, [SDV.EE]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Ecology, environment, Global and Planetary Change, Extinction, Ecology, 010604 marine biology & hydrobiology, Generalized additive model, [SDV.SA.STP]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Agricultural sciences/Sciences and technics of fishery, Environmental science, Species richness, Neutral theory of molecular evolution, Global biodiversity
Abstract

Aim: Previous analyses of marine fish species richness based on presence-absence data have shown changes with latitude and average species size, but little is known about the underlying processes. To elucidate these processes we use metabolic, neutral and descriptive statistical models to analyse how richness responds to maximum species length, fish abundance, temperature, primary production, depth, latitude and longitude, while accounting for differences in species catchability, sampling effort and mesh size. Data: Results from 53,382 bottom trawl hauls representing 50 fish assemblages. Location: The northern Atlantic from Nova Scotia to Guinea. Time period: 1977–2013. Methods: A descriptive generalized additive model was used to identify functional relationships between species richness and potential drivers, after which nonlinear estimation techniques were used to parameterize: (a) a ‘best’ fitting model of species richness built on the functional relationships, (b) an environmental model based on latitude, longitude and depth, and mechanistic models based on (c) metabolic and (d) neutral theory. Results: In the ‘best’ model the number of species observed is a lognormal function of maximum species length. It increases significantly with temperature, primary production, sampling effort, and abundance, and declines with depth and, for small species, with the mesh size in the trawl. The ‘best’ model explains close to 90% of the deviance and the neutral, metabolic and environmental models 89%. In all four models, maximum species length and either temperature or latitude account for more than half of the deviance explained. Main conclusions: The two mechanistic models explain the patterns in demersal fish species richness in the northern Atlantic almost equally well. A better understanding of the underlying drivers is likely to require development of dynamic mechanistic models of richness and size evolution, fit not only to extant distributions, but also to historical environmental conditions and to past speciation and extinction rates, Sí

Published
2020

35. Front Cover

Author

Henrik Gislason, Jeremy Collie, Brian R. MacKenzie, Anders Nielsen, Maria de Fatima Borges, Teresa Bottari, Corina Chaves, Andrey V. Dolgov, Jakov Dulčić, Daniel Duplisea, Heino O. Fock, Didier Gascuel, Luís Gil de Sola, Jan Geert Hiddink, Remment Hofstede, Igor Isajlović, Jónas Páll Jonasson, Ole Jørgensen, Kristján Kristinsson, Gudrun Marteinsdottir, Hicham Masski, Sanja Matić‐Skoko, Mark R. Payne, Melita Peharda, Jakup Reinert, Jón Sólmundsson, Cristina Silva, Lilja Stefansdottir, Francisco Velasco, and Nedo Vrgoč

Subjects
Global and Planetary Change, Ecology, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics
Published
2020

36. Efficiency of two contrasted marine protected areas (MPA) in West Africa over a decade of fishing closure

Author

Justin Kantoussan, Hamet Diaw Diadhiou, Modou Thiam, Oumar Sadio, Saliou Faye, Modou Thiaw, I. Ndour, Patrice Brehmer, Beyah Meissa, and Didier Gascuel

Subjects
0106 biological sciences, Biomass (ecology), 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, 010604 marine biology & hydrobiology, Fishing, Management, Monitoring, Policy and Law, Aquatic Science, Oceanography, 01 natural sciences, Predation, Fishery, Abundance (ecology), Environmental science, Ecosystem, Marine protected area, Mangrove, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Trophic level
Abstract

Using trophodynamic models, the present study evaluated how a decade fishing closure inside and outside two marine protected areas (MPAs) in Senegal has influenced on the ecosystem trophic network. Scientific surveys in the Bamboung MPA (68 km2, mangrove) were conducted since 2003, one year before fishery closure. The resulting dataset was used to generate a time series of abundance indices, and Ecopath mass-balanced models were constructed for the 2003, 2008–2012, and 2015–2016 periods (one fished and two unfished periods, respectively). These three Bamboung MPA models were subsequently used to evaluate the effects of fishing closure. Based on the biomass trophic spectrum of the 2015–2016 model, the trophic structure of the Bamboung MPA was compared to that constructed in the same period of an area that was still fished (Bolong de Sankago). Using a model based on ecosystem trophic levels (EcoTroph) we simulated fishery activity in the Bamboung MPA from 2008, to assess possible poaching in the MPA. Then, the effect of fishing closure was also evaluated on the continental shelf for the Joal-Fadiouth MPA (174 km2; sandy coast/mangrove), and comparing the trophic structure inside and outside of this second MPA. The results showed that the Bamboung MPA had high biomass, especially for higher trophic level species. After a decade of fishing closure, a 2-fold increase in predator biomass and a 1.5-fold decrease in prey biomass was recorded. The models showed that poaching effects exist both studied MPA. So official fishing closure had after a decade a lower effect in both MPAs. For the Joal-Fadiouth MPA, low-mobility species had high biomass, suggesting that high habitat diversity and fishery closure had a positive effect. However, the biomass of large species from high-trophic-levels was still low inside this MPA. The obtained results could serve as a reference for future studies in this MPA. In conclusion, fishery closure increased the total biomass in the MPAs over the medium and long-term; however, the trophic network might also be modified by high natural variability in the annual recruitment of some stocks.

Published
2021

37. List of contributors

Author

Juan José Alava, Edward H. Allison, Rebecca G. Asch, Joey R. Bernhardt, Mike Bithell, Robert Blasiak, Andre Boustany, Richard Caddell, Brooke Campbell, Hing Man Chan, Oai Li Chen, William W.L. Cheung, Andrés M. Cisneros-Montemayor, Guillermo Ortuño Crespo, Larry B. Crowder, Lisa Maria Dellmuth, B. Derrick, Hubert du Pontavice, Daniel C. Dunn, Tyler D. Eddy, Timothy H. Frawley, Thomas L. Frölicher, Didier Gascuel, Kristen M. Green, Stephanie J. Green, Solène A. Guggisberg, Patrick N. Halpin, Natasha Henschke, L. Hood, Tiff-Annie Kenny, John N. Kittinger, Vicky W.Y. Lam, Elizabeth J. Mansfield, Julia G. Mason, Chris McOwen, Andrew Merrie, Erik J. Molenaar, Josheena Naggea, Katrina Nakamura, William K. Oestreich, Henrik Österblom, Yoshitaka Ota, Muhammed A. Oyinlola, M.L.D. Palomares, D. Pauly, Matilda Tove Petersson, Colleen M. Petrik, Malin Pinsky, U. Rashid Sumaila, Gabriel Reygondeau, Sarah M. Roberts, Jorge L. Sarmiento, Rachel Seary, Rebecca Selden, Jennifer C. Selgrath, Katherine Seto, Gerald G. Singh, Tom Spencer, Jessica Spijkers, Charles A. Stock, Elsie M. Sunderland, Shannon S. Swanson, Wilf Swartz, Fernando González Taboada, Kisei R. Tanaka, Lydia C.L. Teh, Colin P. Thackray, G. Tsui, Jose Urteaga, Marjo Vierros, Colette C.C. Wabnitz, Timothy D. White, and D. Zeller

Published
2019

38. Recovery Debts Can Be Revealed by Ecosystem Network-Based Approaches

Author

Didier Gascuel, Mélodie Dubois, Joachim Claudet, Marta Coll, Centre de recherches insulaires et observatoire de l'environnement (CRIOBE), Université de Perpignan Via Domitia (UPVD)-École pratique des hautes études (EPHE)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Écologie et santé des écosystèmes (ESE), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-AGROCAMPUS OUEST, MARine Biodiversity Exploitation and Conservation (UMR MARBEC), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), ANR-14-CE03-0001,ACRoSS,Capacité d'adaptation, résilience et changement de régime des récifs coralliens au sein des systèmes côtiers socio-écologiques(2014), European Project: 689518,H2020,H2020-SC5-2015-two-stage,MERCES(2016), Université de Perpignan Via Domitia (UPVD)-École Pratique des Hautes Études (EPHE), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université de Perpignan Via Domitia (UPVD)-École pratique des hautes études (EPHE), Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Agence Nationale de la Recherche (France), Fondation de France, and European Commission

Subjects
0106 biological sciences, Coral reefs, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Trophic modelling, Ecopath, 010603 evolutionary biology, 01 natural sciences, Ecosystem services, Food chain, Environmental Chemistry, Ecosystem, 14. Life underwater, Restoration ecology, network analysis, Ecological disturbance, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Trophic level, Biomass (ecology), Ecology, business.industry, Impact assessment, Environmental resource management, technology, industry, and agriculture, ecological disturbance, trophic modelling, ecopath, 15. Life on land, [SDE.ES]Environmental Sciences/Environmental and Society, Disturbance (ecology), 13. Climate action, Environmental science, coral reef, Network analysis, [SDE.BE]Environmental Sciences/Biodiversity and Ecology, business
Abstract

19 pages, 7 figures, 3 tables, supplementary material https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10021-018-0294-5, Ecosystems are increasingly disturbed by natural disturbances and human stressors. Understanding how a disturbance can propagate through an entire ecosystem and how induced changes can last after apparent recovery is key to guide management and ecosystem restoration strategies. Monitoring programs and impact assessment studies rely mostly on indicators based only on species relative abundance and biomass, potentially misinforming management efforts. Impacts on ecosystem structure and functioning, and subsequent delivery of ecosystem services, are too often overlooked. Here we use an ecosystem network approach to assess the recovery pathway and potential recovery debts of a coral reef ecosystem, following a pulse disturbance. We show that although species abundance and biomass indicators recovered in a decade after the perturbation, the ecosystem as a whole presented a recovery debt. The ecosystem structure lost complexity (became “food chain like”) and lost about 29% of its overall cycling efficiency and 9% of its transfer efficiency. Although the ecosystem trophic network in the fore reef may have maintained its general functioning, the ecosystem network in the lagoon, not directly exposed to the disturbance, presented a stronger recovery debt. Our results give new insights on how ecosystem network approaches can help identify ecosystem impacts and recovery pathways, This work was made possible through financial support from ANR (ANR-14-CE03-0001-01) and Fondation de France (INTHENSE). MC was partially funded by the European Unions Horizon research program grant agreement No 689518 for the MERCES project

Published
2019

39. The Impact of Fisheries Discards on Scavengers in the Sea

Author

Telmo Morato, Michael R. Heath, Marie Savina-Rolland, Raphael Girardin, David G. Reid, Ambre Soszynski, Jordan P. Feekings, Jochen Depestele, Didier Gascuel, Pierre-Yves Hernvann, Robin Cook, Flanders Research Institute for Agriculture, Fisheries and Food (ILVO), DTU Aqua, National Institute of Aquatic Resources, Technical University of Denmark [Lyngby] (DTU), Marine Institute [Oranmore], University of Strathclyde, Écologie et santé des écosystèmes (ESE), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-AGROCAMPUS OUEST, Laboratoire Ressources halieutiques Manche Mer du nord, IFREMER Centre Manche Mer du Nord, (HMMN), Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER), Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre [Portugal] (MARE), Instituto Universitário de Ciências Psicológicas, Sociais e da Vida (ISPA), Research Institute for Agricultural, Fisheries and Food (ILVO), University of Strathclyde [Glasgow], Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro), Uhlmann, S., Ulrich, C., and Kennely, S.

Subjects
0106 biological sciences, Ecology (disciplines), Biology, 010603 evolutionary biology, 01 natural sciences, Scavenger, fluids and secretions, QA273, Marine ecosystem, Carrion, Ecosystem, 14. Life underwater, SDG 14 - Life Below Water, SH, health care economics and organizations, Trophic level, [SDV.EE]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Ecology, environment, Food web models, 010604 marine biology & hydrobiology, food and beverages, social sciences, Discards, humanities, Fishery, [SDV.SA.STP]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Agricultural sciences/Sciences and technics of fishery, Discard consumption, Scavengers, Food subsidies
Abstract

International audience; A scavenger is an animal that feeds on dead animals (carrion) that it has not killed itself. Fisheries discards are often seen as an important food source for marine scavengers so the reduction of discards due to the Landing Obligation may affect their populations. The literature on scavenging in marine ecosystems is considerable, due to its importance in the trophic ecology of many species. Although discards undoubtedly contribute to these species’ food sources, few can be seen to be solely dependent on carrion (including discards). Ecosystem models predicted that discards contributed very little to the diet of scavengers at a regional scale. A reduction in discards through the Landing Obligation may therefore affect populations for a few species in some areas, but generally this is unlikely to be the case. But it is challenging to identify how important discards might be to scavengers, as they are taxonomically diverse and vary in the role they play in scavenging interactions.

Published
2019

40. Marine biodiversity and ecosystem services: the large gloomy shadow of climate change

Author

William W. L. Cheung and Didier Gascuel

Subjects
0106 biological sciences, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, business.industry, 010604 marine biology & hydrobiology, Environmental resource management, Biodiversity, Climate change, Context (language use), Global change, 15. Life on land, 01 natural sciences, Ecosystem services, Marine biodiversity, Geography, 13. Climate action, Ecosystem, 14. Life underwater, business, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Shadow (psychology)
Abstract

The chapters in this section review various aspects of the impact of climate change on marine biodiversity and ecosystems. This synthesis chapter for this section aims to summarize the main finding from the various contributions on the effects of global change on ecosystem functions and services, and put it in the context of the broader understanding of the changing ocean biodiversity and ecosystems under climate change.

Published
2019

41. Exploring the impacts of fishing and environment on the Celtic Sea ecosystem since 1950

Author

Pierre-Yves Hernvann, Didier Gascuel, Écologie et santé des écosystèmes (ESE), AGROCAMPUS OUEST, Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Département Sciences et Technologies halieutiques - Laboratoire Biologie halieutique (STH-LBH), Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER), Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-AGROCAMPUS OUEST, and Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)

Subjects
0106 biological sciences, Fishing impac, Fishing, t Celtic Sea, Celtic Sea, Aquatic Science, Catch reconstruction, 01 natural sciences, [SDV.EE.ECO]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Ecology, environment/Ecosystems, Fish productivity, Ecosystem, 14. Life underwater, Trophic cascade, Continuous Plankton Recorder, Trophic level, Overfishing, 010604 marine biology & hydrobiology, Species diversity, 04 agricultural and veterinary sciences, Plankton, Ecosystem regime shifts, Fishery, 13. Climate action, [SDV.SA.STP]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Agricultural sciences/Sciences and technics of fishery, Fishing impact, Biomass production model, 040102 fisheries, 0401 agriculture, forestry, and fisheries, Environmental science
Abstract

International audience; Analyzing the long-term changes in ecosystems and disentangling the influence of overfishing and environment require historical data integration. Fisheries-independent data are available only since the mid-1980s in the Celtic Sea and thus provide a short-term and truncated vision of fishing impacts. We conducted a catch-based study over the 1950–2015 period. We successively (i) reconstituted catch time-series, including unreported catch estimates, and studied them through a trophic-spectrum approach and ecosystem indicators based on trophic level, size and species diversity; (ii) estimated biomass trends of the main Celtic Sea target species from catch and effort time-series, using production models that detect potential shifts in productivity; and (iii) explored linkages between species productivity potential and both fishing and environment using long-term time-series of large-scale climatic indices, locally observed hydroclimatic variables and plankton data from the Continuous Plankton Recorder. Our results highlight that fishing has caused a drastic depletion of the main exploited species in the Celtic Sea since World War II. The biomass reduction of larger demersal species may reach more than 80 %; additionally, this depletion occurred earlier than previously thought and may have initiated a trophic cascade in the ecosystem. North Atlantic hydroclimatic variability affected species productivity, worsening the early stock depletion while potentially mitigating fishing impact in the 1990s. The common pattern in productivity changes among analyzed species highlights an abrupt transition whose timing matches that of the ecosystem shifts identified in several Atlantic ecosystems. Finally, we show that the recent fishing pressure reduction led by the European Common Fisheries Policy initiated a partial recovery of stocks and ecosystem status over the last decade.

Published
2020

42. Long-term fishing impact on the Senegalese coastal demersal resources: diagnosing from stock assessment models

Author

Omar Thiom Thiaw, Didier Jouffre, Massal Fall, Beyah Meissa, Didier Gascuel, Kamarel Ba, Ndiaga Thiam, Modou Thiaw, Centre de Recherche Océanographique de Dakar-Thiaroye (CRODT), Institut Sénégalais de Recherches Agricoles [Dakar] (ISRA), Institut Mauritanien de Recherches Océanographiques et des Pêches, MARine Biodiversity Exploitation and Conservation (UMR MARBEC), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Cheikh Anta Diop [Dakar, Sénégal] (UCAD), Écologie et santé des écosystèmes (ESE), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-AGROCAMPUS OUEST, Institut Mauritanien de Recherches Océanographiques et des Pêches (IMROP), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), and Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)

Subjects
0106 biological sciences, SENEGAL, Stock assessment, [SDE.MCG]Environmental Sciences/Global Changes, Fishing, Aquatic Science, overexploitation, 010603 evolutionary biology, 01 natural sciences, Demersal zone, delta-GLM models, [SDV.EE.ECO]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Ecology, environment/Ecosystems, Abundance (ecology), West Africa, Ecosystem, 14. Life underwater, Biomass (ecology), 010604 marine biology & hydrobiology, Bayesian approach, Coastal demersal species, Fishery, Overexploitation, Environmental science, Fisheries management, surplus production models, [SDE.BE]Environmental Sciences/Biodiversity and Ecology
Abstract

ISI Document Delivery No.: FU9CL Times Cited: 0 Cited Reference Count: 60 Cited References: Gascuel D, 2008, Dynamique des populations et gestion des stocks halieutiques, Support de cours, Ba, Kamarel Thiaw, Modou Fall, Massal Thiam, Ndiaga Meissa, Beyah Jouffre, Didier Thiaw, Omar Thiom Gascuel, Didier Senegalese Government; European Union (10th FED) We would like to thank the editor and two anonymous reviewers for their insightful comments on the manuscript and their very useful suggestions, which significantly improved its quality. We are also grateful to ADUPES (Amenagement Durable des Pecheries du Senegal) project funded by the Senegalese Government and European Union (10th FED) which supported this work. Edp sciences s a Les ulis cedex a Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology Haefer mb, 1991, bulletin of mathematical biology, v53, p253; International audience; For the first time in Senegal, assessments based on both stochastic and deterministic production models were used to draw a global diagnosis of the fishing impact on coastal demersal stocks. Based one national fisheries databases and scientific trawl surveys data: (i) trends in landings since 1971 were examined, (ii) abundance indices of 10 stocks were estimated using linear models fitted to surveys data and commercial catch per unit efforts, and (iii) stock assessments were carried out using pseudo-equilibrium Fox and Pella-Tomlinson models and a Biomass dynamic production model fitted in a Bayesian framework to abundance indices. Most stocks have seen their abundance sharply declining over time. All stocks combined, results of stock assessments suggest a 63% reduction compared to virgin state. Three fifth of demersal stocks are overexploited and excess in fishing effort was estimated until 75% for the worst case. We conclude by suggesting that the fishing of such species must be regulated and an ecosystem approach to fisheries management should be implemented in order to monitor the whole ecosystem.

Published
2018

43. Integrated ecological-economic fisheries models : Evaluation, review and challenges for implementation

Author

Jan Horbowy, Elizabeth I. van Putten, Aniol Esteban, Rik C. Buckworth, Youen Vermard, Sarah Simons, Sophie Gourguet, Francois Bastardie, Rosa Mato-Amboage, Mathieu Merzéréaud, Siems Bossier, Steven Mackinson, Dorleta Garcia, Staffan Waldo, Bruce D. Mapstone, Olivier Guyader, Raúl Prellezo, Sean Pascoe, Daniel S. Holland, Paul Marchal, Stéphanie Mahévas, Clara Ulrich, Heleen Bartelings, Sonia Sanchez, Claire Macher, Ralf Doering, Didier Gascuel, Catherine M. Dichmont, Anton Paulrud, Éva E. Plagányi, Roy Deng, Rolf A. Groeneveld, Artur Palacz, L. Richard Little, Griffin Carpenter, J.M. Da-Rocha, Francesc Maynou, Michel Bertignac, Asbjørn Christensen, Rüdiger Voss, Jose A. Fernandes, Trevor Hutton, J. Rasmus Nielsen, Sigrid Lehuta, Eckhard Bethke, Hans Frost, Jörn Schmidt, Maciej T. Tomczak, Martin F. Quaas, Icarus Allen, Jordi Guillen, Jordi Lleonart, Villy Christensen, Katell G. Hamon, Eric Thunberg, Lars Ravn-Jonsen, Elizabeth A. Fulton, Olivier Thébaud, Loïc Gasche, Ayoe Hoff, Diana van Dijk, André E. Punt, DTU Aqua, National Institute of Aquatic Resources, Technical University of Denmark [Lyngby] (DTU), Northeast Fisheries Science Center (NEFSC), NOAA National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS), National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)-National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), Northwest Fisheries Science Center (NWFSC), Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel (CAU), CSIRO Marine and Atmosphere Research [Hobart], Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation [Canberra] (CSIRO), University of Washington [Seattle], Plymouth Marine Laboratory (PML), Plymouth Marine Laboratory, Wageningen University and Research Centre [Wageningen] (WUR), Unité de recherche Sciences et Technologies Halieutiques (STH), Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER), Thünen-Institute of Sea Fisheries, New economics foundation, University of British Columbia (UBC), Universidate de Vigo, University of Copenhagen = Københavns Universitet (KU), AZTI - Tecnalia, Écologie et Modèles pour l'halieutique (EMH), Écologie et santé des écosystèmes (ESE), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-AGROCAMPUS OUEST, Aménagement des Usages des Ressources et des Espaces marins et littoraux - Centre de droit et d'économie de la mer (AMURE), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Brest (UBO)-Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER)-Institut Universitaire Européen de la Mer (IUEM), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université de Brest (UBO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Institute of Marine Sciences / Institut de Ciències del Mar [Barcelona] (ICM), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas [Spain] (CSIC), National Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Scottish Pelagic Fishermen's Association, Laboratoire Ressources halieutiques Manche Mer du nord, IFREMER Centre Manche Mer du Nord, (HMMN), Swedish Agency for Marine Water Management, University of Southern Denmark (SDU), Stockholm University, Swiss Federal Insitute of Aquatic Science and Technology [Dübendorf] (EAWAG), Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Wageningen University and Research [Wageningen] (WUR), Universidade de Vigo, Écologie et Modèles pour l'Halieutique (IFREMER EMH), Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer - Atlantique (IFREMER Atlantique), Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER)-Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER), Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro), Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER)-Université de Brest (UBO)-Institut Universitaire Européen de la Mer (IUEM), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Brest (UBO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas [Madrid] (CSIC), Danmarks Tekniske Universitet = Technical University of Denmark (DTU), Sciences et Technologies Halieutiques (STH), University of Copenhagen = Københavns Universitet (UCPH), Écologie et Modèles pour l'Halieutique (EMH), Laboratoire Ressources halieutiques Boulogne sur mer (LRHBL), and Halieutique Manche Mer du Nord (HMMN)

Subjects
0106 biological sciences, Performance and Impact Agrosectors, Oceanography, 01 natural sciences, Performance en Impact Agrosectoren, Environmental Economics and Natural Resources, Multidisciplinary approach, International Policy, Comparative model evaluation, Bio‐economic models, Ecology, Communication, Environmental resource management, Social dynamics, Ecologically sustainable development, Performance criteria and scales and risks, Bio-economic models, Integrated ecological–economic fisheries models, Marine spatial planning and cross‐sector management, Marine conservation, Use and acceptance and implementation and communication and flexibility and complexity, Performance criteria, [SDE.MCG]Environmental Sciences/Global Changes, 5312.01 Agricultura, Silvicultura, Pesca, Management, Monitoring, Policy and Law, Aquatic Science, 010603 evolutionary biology, 12. Responsible consumption, Scales and risks, 14. Life underwater, SDG 14 - Life Below Water, bio-economic models, Internationaal Beleid, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics, Flexibility (engineering), marine spatial planning and cross-sector management, User Friendly, WIMEK, business.industry, Marine spatial planning and cross-sector management, 010604 marine biology & hydrobiology, Marine spatial planning, Cross-sector management, Complexity, Integrated ecological-economic fisheries models, Fishery, Acceptance, 13. Climate action, Implementation, Sustainability, [SDV.SA.STP]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Agricultural sciences/Sciences and technics of fishery, Fisheries management advice, Flexibility, [SDE.BE]Environmental Sciences/Biodiversity and Ecology, business, Milieueconomie en Natuurlijke Hulpbronnen
Abstract

Nielsen, J.R. ... et al.-- 29 pages, 8 figures, 2 tables, supporting information https://doi.org/10.1111/faf.12232, Marine ecosystems evolve under many interconnected and area‐specific pressures. To fulfil society's intensifying and diversifying needs while ensuring ecologically sustainable development, more effective marine spatial planning and broader‐scope management of marine resources is necessary. Integrated ecological–economic fisheries models (IEEFMs) of marine systems are needed to evaluate impacts and sustainability of potential management actions and understand, and anticipate ecological, economic and social dynamics at a range of scales from local to national and regional. To make these models most effective, it is important to determine how model characteristics and methods of communicating results influence the model implementation, the nature of the advice that can be provided and the impact on decisions taken by managers. This article presents a global review and comparative evaluation of 35 IEEFMs applied to marine fisheries and marine ecosystem resources to identify the characteristics that determine their usefulness, effectiveness and implementation. The focus is on fully integrated models that allow for feedbacks between ecological and human processes although not all the models reviewed achieve that. Modellers must invest more time to make models user friendly and to participate in management fora where models and model results can be explained and discussed. Such involvement is beneficial to all parties, leading to improvement of mo‐dels and more effective implementation of advice, but demands substantial resources which must be built into the governance process. It takes time to develop effective processes for using IEEFMs requiring a long‐term commitment to integrating multidisciplinary modelling advice into management decision‐making

Published
2018

44. Environmental life cycle assessment of seafood production: A case study of trawler catches in Tunisia

Author

Joël Aubin, Mohamed Salah Romdhane, Khaled Abdou, Didier Gascuel, François Le Loc'h, Frida Ben Rais Lasram, Laboratoire des Sciences de l'Environnement Marin (LEMAR) (LEMAR), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER)-Université de Brest (UBO)-Institut Universitaire Européen de la Mer (IUEM), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Brest (UBO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Brest (UBO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Ecosystèmes et Ressources Aquatiques (UR03AGRO1), Institut National Agronomique de Tunisie, Écologie et santé des écosystèmes (ESE), Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-AGROCAMPUS OUEST, Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro), Sol Agro et hydrosystème Spatialisation (SAS), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-AGROCAMPUS OUEST, Laboratoire d’Océanologie et de Géosciences (LOG) - UMR 8187 (LOG), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université du Littoral Côte d'Opale (ULCO)-Université de Lille-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), ANR-10-LABX-19, ANR-10-LABX-0019,LabexMER,LabexMER Marine Excellence Research: a changing ocean(2010), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut Universitaire Européen de la Mer (IUEM), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université de Brest (UBO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Brest (UBO)-Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER)-Université de Brest (UBO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), AGROCAMPUS OUEST-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Institut Universitaire Européen de la Mer (IUEM), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Brest (UBO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Brest (UBO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Brest (UBO), AGROCAMPUS OUEST, Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Brest (UBO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Brest (UBO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-INSTITUT AGRO Agrocampus Ouest, and Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université du Littoral Côte d'Opale (ULCO)-Université de Lille-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Nord])

Subjects
0106 biological sciences, Tunisia, Environmental Engineering, CONSEQUENCE ECOLOGIQUE, Fishing, Fisheries, CYCLE DE DEVELOPPEMENT, 010501 environmental sciences, CHALUTAGE, Ozone depletion potential, 01 natural sciences, Demersal zone, Environmental impact, chemistry.chemical_compound, Life cycle assessment, Mediterranean Sea, Environmental Chemistry, Environmental impact assessment, 14. Life underwater, Waste Management and Disposal, Life-cycle assessment, Gulf of Gabes, Ecosystem, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, PECHE DEMERSALE, Trawling, PRODUCTION BIOLOGIQUE, 010604 marine biology & hydrobiology, ACL, Catch per unit effort, Pollution, Demersal trawling, Fishery, Seafood, chemistry, 13. Climate action, Sustainability, [SDV.SA.STP]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Agricultural sciences/Sciences and technics of fishery, Environmental science, [SDE.BE]Environmental Sciences/Biodiversity and Ecology, IMPACT SUR L'ENVIRONNEMENT
Abstract

International audience; The Gulf of Gabes is one of the most productive fishery areas in the southern Mediterranean Sea. It is archetypal of an ecosystem in which the effects of fisheries are most pronounced. Demersal trawling is the main fishing activity in the Gulf of Gabes. Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) was applied to assess the environmental performance landing 1 t of seafood with wooden demersal trawlers in the Gulf of Gabes. Impact categories included in the study were abiotic depletion potential (ADP), acidification potential (AP), eutrophication potential (EP), global warming potential (GWP), ozone depletion potential (ODP), photochemical oxidant formation potential (POFP), human toxicity potential (HTP), marine eco-toxicity potential (METP), terrestrial eco-toxicity potential (TETP), land occupation potential (LOP), and total cumulative energy demand (TCED). Demersal trawlers were classified based on their impact intensity. Results showed that 70% of the vessels had relatively low impacts. Impact intensity was proportional to the amount of fuel consumed to land 1 t of seafood. Ships that fished less had the highest impacts per ton, due to lower fishing effort and catch per unit effort. This is likely to typify vessels that target highly valuable species such as shrimp. Onboard vessel activities contributed most to different environmental impacts (AP, EP, GWP and POFP), related to the high energy use of this fishery. Several impacts (ADP, ODP, METP, LOP and TCED) were associated mainly with fuel and lubricating oil production. Therefore, improvements must focus on minimizing fuel consumption. LCA is a valuable tool for assessing how to increase environmental sustainability of demersal trawling and it can help stakeholders identify the main operational issues that require improvement.

Published
2018

45. Global overview of the applications of the Ecopath with Ecosim modeling approach using the EcoBase models repository

Author

Daniel Pauly, Mathieu Colléter, Jérôme Guitton, Audrey Valls, Didier Gascuel, Villy Christensen, Écologie et santé des écosystèmes (ESE), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-AGROCAMPUS OUEST, Fisheries Centre, University of British Columbia (UBC), and Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)

Subjects
0106 biological sciences, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], Biology, Information repository, 010603 evolutionary biology, 01 natural sciences, Correspondence analysis, Ecosystem model, EcoSim, 14. Life underwater, Temporal scales, Metadata, business.industry, Ecology, 010604 marine biology & hydrobiology, Ecological Modeling, Environmental resource management, Food web, ristensen v, EcoBase, Ecopath with Ecosim, Marine protected area, ecological modelling, Fisheries management, business
Abstract

The 'Ecopath', later expanded to 'Ecopath with Ecosim' ('EwE'), modeling approach has been applied to hundreds of ecosystems around the world, since its first implementation in 1984. The 'EcoBase' model repository was developed to gather EwE models published worldwide. For the 433 unique models documented in EcoBase, we compiled, standardized, and analyzed all available metadata describing critical aspects of the models. We proposed a general description of the EwE applications and we analyzed their evolution over the last 30 years, based on the year of publication of the models. Then, we performed a correspondence analysis on the metadata to identify the main types of EwE models. Overall, most models were built to analyze ecosystem functioning and fisheries, principally in the Northern and Central Atlantic Ocean. During the first decade (1984-1993), most EwE applications were Ecopath models representing tropical marine systems and using simple food web representations to analyze trophic functioning only. Over the last two decades (1994-2014), EwE models were applied to study a wider variety of ecosystems, including polar regions and terrestrial systems, and a wider range of research topics, including pollution, aquaculture and Marine Protected Areas. The modeling practices also evolved toward Ecopath (but also Ecosim and Ecospace) models with larger spatial scales, shorter temporal scales, and more complex representations of the food web. In parallel, the numbers of both publications and modelers have steadily increased, while the proportion of journal articles presenting EwE-based studies has been growing. The correspondence analysis confirmed these trends and discriminated three types of models: the basic Ecopath models developed during the first decade, the average models developed over the last two decades using Ecopath and Ecosim routines and an intermediate number of groups, and the most elaborated models including Ecospace simulations and a high number of groups with multi-stanza. We concluded by discussing the challenges and potentials of the compilation and meta-analysis of EwE models, notably by using the EcoBase repository. This global overview showed that the usage of and interest for the EwE modeling approach in the scientific community had evolved and expended over the last three decades to support ecosystem-based fishery management. (C) 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Published
2015

46. Global change in the trophic functioning of marine food webs

Author

Didier Gascuel, Mathieu Colléter, Daniel Pauly, William W. L. Cheung, Aurore Maureaud, Hubert Du Pontavice, Maria Lourdes D. Palomares, Écologie et santé des écosystèmes (ESE), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-AGROCAMPUS OUEST, University of British Columbia (UBC), AGROCAMPUS OUEST, Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro), Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro), and Tsikliras, Athanassios C.

Subjects
0106 biological sciences, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, lcsh:Medicine, 01 natural sciences, Food Web Structure, SDG 13 - Climate Action, Biomass, lcsh:Science, Trophic level, Marine Ecosystems, Biomass (ecology), Multidisciplinary, Ecology, efficiencies, Fishes, Agriculture, Biodiversity, ocean, Food web, Shannon Index, Community Ecology, climate-change, Large marine ecosystem, Ecosystem Functioning, Research Article, trends, Conservation of Natural Resources, Food Chain, Ecological Metrics, Climate Change, Oceans and Seas, [SDE.MCG]Environmental Sciences/Global Changes, Biomass (Ecology), Fisheries, Ecosystems, [SDV.EE.ECO]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Ecology, environment/Ecosystems, pacific, Animals, Humans, Marine ecosystem, Ecosystem, SDG 14 - Life Below Water, 14. Life underwater, impacts, [SDU.STU.OC]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Oceanography, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, ecosystem, fish, Models, Statistical, r-package, 010604 marine biology & hydrobiology, Ecology and Environmental Sciences, lcsh:R, Global warming, Biology and Life Sciences, Species Diversity, Global change, fisheries catch, 13. Climate action, Tropical Ecosystems, Environmental science, lcsh:Q, sense organs, [SDE.BE]Environmental Sciences/Biodiversity and Ecology
Abstract

For AM, the present work was conducted while a master thesis at UMR 985 Ecology and ecosystem health, funded by Agrocampus Ouest (http//www.agrocampus-ouest.fr/). The work has been done in collaboration with the Institute for the Oceans and Fisheries at the University of British Columbia. This collaboration was funded by the Nippon Foundation-UBC Nereus Program (http.//www.nippon-foundation.or.jp/; http://www.nereusprogram.org/). MC, HDP and WWLC acknowledge funding support from the Nippon Foundation-UBC Nereus Program. DP, MLDP and MC acknowledge funding support from the Sea Around Us (http://www.seaaronndns.org/), funded by the Paul G. Allen Family Foundation (ham;// www.pgafamilyfoundation.orgi) and the Oak Foundation (http://oakfnd.org/). The funders had no role to play in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.; We wish to thank the Nippon Foundation-UBC Nereus program and Yoshitaka Ota for supporting the collaboration between Agrocampus Ouest, Rennes, and the University of British Columbia, Vancouver. Mathieu Colleter, Hubert Du Pontavice and William W.L. Cheung acknowledge funding supporting from the Nippon Foundation-UBC Nereus Program. Daniel Pauly, Maria L.D Palomares and Mathieu Colleter acknowledge support from the Sea Around Us, funded by the Paul G. Allen Family Foundation, and the Oak Foundation. We acknowledge assistance from the FishBase and EcoBase consortia, from Gabriel Reygondeau, Francois Gouffier and Maxime Olmos for sharing data and ideas.; International audience; The development of fisheries in the oceans, and other human drivers such as climate warming, have led to changes in species abundance, assemblages, trophic interactions, and ultimately in the functioning of marine food webs. Here, using a trophodynamic approach and global databases of catches and life history traits of marine species, we tested the hypothesis that anthropogenic ecological impacts may have led to changes in the global parameters defining the transfers of biomass within the food web. First, we developed two indicators to assess such changes: the Time Cumulated Indicator (TCI) measuring the residence time of biomass within the food web, and the Efficiency Cumulated Indicator (ECI) quantifying the fraction of secondary production reaching the top of the trophic chain. Then, we assessed, at the large marine ecosystem scale, the worldwide change of these two indicators over the 1950–2010 time-periods. Global trends were identified and cluster analyses were used to characterize the variability of trends between ecosystems. Results showed that the most common pattern over the study period is a global decrease in TCI, while the ECI indicator tends to increase. Thus, changes in species assemblages would induce faster and apparently more efficient biomass transfers in marine food webs. Results also suggested that the main driver of change over that period had been the large increase in fishing pressure. The largest changes occurred in ecosystems where ‘fishing down the marine food web’ are most intensive.

Published
2017

47. Using trophic models to assess the impact of fishing in the Bay of Biscay and the Celtic Sea

Author

Didier Gascuel, Abdelkrim Bentorcha, Sylvie Guénette, Écologie et santé des écosystèmes (ESE), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-AGROCAMPUS OUEST, Fisheries and Oceans Canada (DFO), and Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)

Subjects
0106 biological sciences, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, [SDE.MCG]Environmental Sciences/Global Changes, Celtic Sea, Aquatic Science, 01 natural sciences, Ecopath, Transfer efficiency, EcoSim, Marine ecosystem, Ecosystem, 14. Life underwater, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Trophic level, Biomass (ecology), Ecology, 010604 marine biology & hydrobiology, Food web, EcoTroph, Bay of Biscay, Fishing down the food web, EwE, Fishery, 13. Climate action, Fishing impact, Environmental science, Fisheries management, [SDE.BE]Environmental Sciences/Biodiversity and Ecology, Ecosystem approach to fisheries management (EAFM)
Abstract

International audience; Using the Bay of Biscay and Celtic Sea area as a case study, we showed how stock-assessments and trophic models can be useful and complementary tools to quantify the fishing impacts on the whole food web and to draw related diagnoses at the scale of marine ecosystems. First, an integrated synthesis of the status and trends in fish stocks, derived from ICES assessments, was consolidated at the ecosystem level. Then, using the well-known Ecopath and Ecosim and the more recently developed EcoTroph approach, we built advice-oriented ecosystem models structured around the stocks assessed by ICES. We especially analysed trends over the last three decades and investigated the potential ecosystem effects of the recent decrease observed in the overall fishing pressure. The Celtic/Biscay ecosystem appeared heavily fished during the 1980–2015 period. Some stocks would have started to recover recently, but changes in species composition seem to lead to more rapid and less efficient transfers within the food web. This could explain why the biomass of intermediate and high trophic levels increased at lower rates than anticipated from the decrease in the fishing pressure. We conclude that, in the frame of the Ecosystem approach to fisheries management, trophic models are key tools to expand stock assessment results at the scale of the whole ecosystem, and to reveal changes occurring in the global parameters of the trophic functioning of ecosystems.

Published
2017

48. Eutrophisation : manifestations, causes, conséquences et prédictibilité

Author

Lynda Aissani, Anschutz, P., Barthelemy, C., Fabrice Béline, Gudrun Bornette, Catherine Boutin, Magalie Bourblanc, Chapelle, A., Christian Chauvin, Claquin, P., Alain Crave, Pascal Denoroy, Dorioz, J. M., Douguet, J. M., Doussan, I., Durand, P., Claire Etrillard, Euzen, A., Didier Gascuel, Gross, E., Hoepffner, N., Humbert, J. F., Lacroix, G., Olivier Le Pape, Lefebvre, A., Jean-Marie Lescot, Alix Levain, Miossec, L., Florentina Moatar, Mostajir, B., Pannaud, A., Frédéric Rimet, Nicolas Rossi, Jose Miguel SANCHEZ PEREZ, Sauvage, S., Souchu, P., Jean-Philippe Terreaux, Usseglio Polatera, P., Vinçon Leite, B., Gilles Pinay, Chantal Gascuel, Ménesguen, A., Yves Souchon, Le Moal, M., Optimisation des procédés en Agriculture, Agroalimentaire et Environnement (UR OPAALE), Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Aix Marseille Université (AMU), Milieux aquatiques, écologie et pollutions (UR MALY), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad), Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER), Ecosystèmes aquatiques et changements globaux (UR EABX), Université de Caen Normandie (UNICAEN), Normandie Université (NU), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Université Paris-Saclay, AGROCAMPUS OUEST, Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro), Université de Lorraine (UL), JOINT RESEARCH CENTER ITA, Partenaires IRSTEA, Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC), ROYAL BELGIAN INSTITUTE OF NATURAL SCIENCES BEL, Université de Tours (UT), Université de Rennes 1 (UR1), Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES), CENTRE D'ETUDE ET DE VALORISATION DES ALGUES FRA, Environnement, territoires et infrastructures (UR ETBX), École des Ponts ParisTech (ENPC), National Recherche, irstea, Ministères en charge de l'environnement et de l'agriculture Agence française pour la biodiversité, Université de Tours, Université de Rennes (UR), and Centre d'études et de valorisation des algues (CEVA)

Subjects
[SDE]Environmental Sciences
Abstract

[Departement_IRSTEA]Eaux [Departement_IRSTEA]Ecotechnologies [Departement_IRSTEA]Territoires [TR1_IRSTEA]BELCA [TR2_IRSTEA]TED [TR2_IRSTEA]DTAM [TR2_IRSTEA]QUASARE [Type_IRSTEA]Rapport d'expertise; Synthèse du rapport d'une expertise scientifique collective. Elle établit un état des lieux critique sur les connaissances scientifiques disponibles au plan international sur les causes, les mécanismes, les conséquences et la prédictibilité des phénomènes d'eutrophisation.

Published
2017

49. Trophic models: What do we learn about Celtic Sea and Bay of Biscay ecosystems?

Author

Didier Gascuel, Karim Bentorcha, Sylvie Guénette, Fabien Moullec, Marianne Robert, Écologie et santé des écosystèmes (ESE), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-AGROCAMPUS OUEST, Fisheries and Oceans Canada (DFO), Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER), and Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)

Subjects
0106 biological sciences, [SDE.MCG]Environmental Sciences/Global Changes, Fishing, Celtic Sea, Aquatic Science, Oceanography, 010603 evolutionary biology, 01 natural sciences, EcoSim, Ecosystem Approach to Fisheries Management (EAFM) Bay of Biscay Celtic Sea Ecopath with Ecosim EcoTroph Trophic indicators, Ecosystem, 14. Life underwater, Ecosystem Approach to Fisheries Management (EAFM), Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics, Trophic level, Biomass (ecology), Ecology, 010604 marine biology & hydrobiology, 15. Life on land, EcoTroph, Bay of Biscay, Fishing down the food web, Food web, Trophic indicators, Fishery, 13. Climate action, Ecopath with Ecosim, Environmental science, Fisheries management, [SDE.BE]Environmental Sciences/Biodiversity and Ecology
Abstract

International audience; Trophic models are key tools to go beyond the single-species approaches used in stock assessments to adopt a more holistic view and implement the Ecosystem Approach to Fisheries Management (EAFM). This study aims to: (i) analyse the trophic functioning of the Celtic Sea and the Bay of Biscay, (ii) investigate ecosystem changes over the 1980–2013 period and, (iii) explore the response to management measures at the food web scale. Ecopath models were built for each ecosystem for years 1980 and 2013, and Ecosim models were fitted to time series data of biomass and catches. EcoTroph diagnosis showed that in both ecosystems, fishing pressure focuses on high trophic levels (TLs) and, to a lesser extent, on intermediate TLs. However, the interplay between local environmental conditions, species composition and ecosystem functioning could explain the different responses to fisheries management observed between these two contiguous ecosystems. Indeed, over the study period, the ecosystem's exploitation status has improved in the Bay of Biscay but not in the Celtic Sea. This improvement does not seem to be sufficient to achieve the objectives of an EAFM, as high trophic levels were still overexploited in 2013 and simulations conducted with Ecosim in the Bay of Biscay indicate that at current fishing effort the biomass will not be rebuilt by 2030. The ecosystem's response to a reduction in fishing mortality depends on which trophic levels receive protection. Reducing fishing mortality on pelagic fish, instead of on demersal fish, appears more efficient at maximising catch and total biomass and at conserving both top-predator and intermediate TLs. Such advice-oriented trophic models should be used on a regular basis to monitor the health status of marine food webs and analyse the trade-offs between multiple objectives in an ecosystem-based fisheries management context.

Published
2017
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50. Assessing interacting impacts of artisanal and recreational fisheries in a small Marine Protected Area (Portofino, NW Mediterranean Sea)

Author

Luisa Mangialajo, Riccardo Cattaneo-Vietti, Patrice Francour, Vasiliki Markantonatou, Celine Barrier, Didier Gascuel, Giulia Prato, Valentina Cappanera, Paolo Guidetti, Ecosystèmes Côtiers Marins et Réponses aux Stress (ECOMERS), Université Nice Sophia Antipolis (... - 2019) (UNS), COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-Université Côte d'Azur (UCA), Portofino Marine Protected Area, Università Politecnica delle Marche [Ancona] (UNIVPM), Laboratoire d'océanographie de Villefranche (LOV), Observatoire océanologique de Villefranche-sur-mer (OOVM), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Universita degli studi di Genova, AGROCAMPUS OUEST, Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro), Université Nice Sophia Antipolis (1965 - 2019) (UNS), and Università degli studi di Genova = University of Genoa (UniGe)

Subjects
0106 biological sciences, high trophic level predators, recreational fishing, Fishing, Artisanal fishing, 010603 evolutionary biology, 01 natural sciences, Ecopath, lcsh:QH540-549.5, Ecosystem, 14. Life underwater, Keystone species, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics, Trophic level, Marine Protected Area, [SDV.EE]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Ecology, environment, Biomass (ecology), Ecology, food web, 010604 marine biology & hydrobiology, 15. Life on land, EcoTroph, Food web, Fishery, Geography, 13. Climate action, Marine protected area, lcsh:Ecology, artisanal fishing, keystone species
Abstract

MMMPA-Training Network for Monitoring Mediterranean Marine Protected Areas; European Community's Seventh Framework Programme [290056] This study was supported by the MMMPA-Training Network for Monitoring Mediterranean Marine Protected Areas, which has received funding from the European Community's Seventh Framework Programme (FP7/2007-2013) under Grant Agreement no. 290056.; International audience; Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) have spread across the Mediterranean to protect its rich biodiversity and manage human activities for a more sustainable coastal development. Within MPAs, traditional artisanal fishing is competing for space and resources with increasing recreational fishing, likely leading to interacting ecological effects. Such effects are difficult to unravel, given the multispecies character of both fisheries and the complexity of the food webs upon which they both impact. To address these issues, we developed an Ecopath and EcoTroph trophic model for the Portofino MPA case study (NW Mediter-ranean), in particular to (1) identify keystone species and assess fishing impact on them; (2) analyze the interacting impact of artisanal and recreational fishing on ecosystem biomass and trophic structure; and (3) assess the impact of recreational fishing on artisanal fishing catches. Two high trophic level predator (HTLP) groups coupled important keystone roles with high sensitivity to fishing pressure and should thus be regarded as " sentinels " to be prioritized for the definition of management actions. Recreational fishing had the widest impact on the food web, strongly impacting HTLP. Simulation of different mortality scenarios for each fishery highlighted that the ecosystem is far from its carrying capacity for HTLP. Forbidding recreational fishing allowed a 24% increase in HTLP biomass and benefited artisanal fishing by increased availability of HTLP catches. Artisanal fishing alone could instead be maintained with a moderate impact on the food web. Overall, Ecopath and EcoTroph modeling is a valuable tool to advise MPA management, but it is essential to increase data availability and quality by developing long-term monitoring programs on key species and on artisanal and recreational fishing.

Published
2016

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