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Dicranophorus cambari Wulfert, 1957 (Figs 8, 9) The specimens seen largely fit the original description, except for some minor details, in particular the less concave lateral ramus margins. Redescription of trophi by SEM. Trophi (Fig. 9) large, stout, almost symmetrical. Rami elongate triangular, terminating distally in distinct, slightly incurved tip dorsally and very slightly outward curved tip ventrally; between dorsal and ventral tip three inwardly directed apical rami teeth at right angle to trophi axis (Fig. 9 I: at); inner margins almost straight, outer margins weakly concave, postero-ventral margins running obliquely to fulcrum, postero-dorsal ones only weakly oblique; median rami opening elongate wedge-shaped; alulae stout, triangular, pointing caudo-laterally; distal �� of inner margins with comb of 7���8 delicate caudally directed teeth (Fig. 9 E: rt), comb apparently movable (inwardly directed in Fig. 9 C or dorsally directed and lying against rami in Figs 9 A, B); subbasifenestrae fairly large, rounded triangular, basifenestrae medium-sized, elongate. Fulcrum ramus length, laminar, tapering to rounded end in lateral view. Unci widening proximally and distally; right uncus (Fig. 9 G) with median stout tooth and symmetrically placed lateral apophyses of similar shape and length; left uncus (Fig. 9 H) tricuspidate, asymmetrical with a strong ventral tooth bearing shallow blunt projection at ventral margin 1 / 3 from tip, and a smaller median and dorsal tooth; dorsal tooth with small blunt apophysis dorsally at base of head; left uncus with large rounded-triangular epiuncus (Figs 9 H, I: e) at base of median and dorsal teeth. Manubria almost straight in dorsal view, very weakly curved dorsally in lateral view; head small, median chamber with small rounded opening at inner surface, dorsal chamber lamellar, rounded dorsally, ventral chamber vestigial; caudae not expanded. Epipharynx (Figs 9 D ���F) complex, usually taking shape of two mirror S-shaped elements in trophi preparations, composed of interconnected pairs of well-sclerified combs and less stiffened laminae, connected to the unci by a pair of strong ligaments; two types of combs are present: a pair of small ones (Figs 9 D ���F: sc) bearing 7���8 fairly sharp spaced teeth, and a pair of large ones (Figs 9 D ���F: lc) bearing c. 12 blunt, appressed and fan-wise placed teeth provided with a seam. Measurements. Body (N= 5): total length 164���300 ��m, toe 24���47 ��m; trophi (N= 7) 31.8���35.5 ��m, ramus 18.3���22.6 ��m, fulcrum 14.6 ���16.0 ��m, uncus (l & r) 15.8���19.1 & 16.5 ���20.0 ��m, manubrium (l & r) 32.2���36.7 & 32.5���37.1 ��m, epipharynx (N= 4): minor comb 3.9 �� 2.4���3.1 ��m, major comb 5.1���5.4 �� 2.6���3.1 ��m. Comments. Dicranophorus cambari belongs to the D. hauerianus Wiszniewski species group which is still subject of taxonomic confusion. The general morphology of the different taxa is largely similar, and their differentiation mainly relies on the trophi. However, at the moment of description several taxa with apparent differences in trophi structure were treated as of infrasubspecific rank, but still more unfortunate, the descriptions of their trophi are often not detailed enough to allow for a clear distinction. It is now recognized that the trophi of Dicranophorus species are highly specialised and species-specific structures (Hauer 1959; De Smet 1997). In the original description of D. cambari Wulfert (1957) states that the rami are characterized by a strongly curved outer margin, somewhat lyrate in shape, with sharply projecting lateral alulae. Specimens attributed to the species by Hauer (1959) and our specimens show less curved outer rami margins, but show the characteristic double-S-shaped epipharynx only reported in D. cambari. To our knowledge, the epipharynx of the other species of the D. hauerianus complex consists of a pair of simple comb-shaped elements, which we consider homologous to the pair of large combs demonstrated by SEM (Figs 9 D ���F: lc). The rami teeth of D. cambari are pictured more or less needle-shaped, spaced and caudally directed by Wulfert (1957), Hauer (1959) and Koste (1978), which agrees fairly well with our observations by SEM. Shape of the rami teeth turns out to be a good diagnostic feature as well, as shown by the differently shaped, flattened and more or less parallel-sided teeth found in D. siedleckii Wiszniewski (De Smet 1997, SEM pictures Pl. 6). Hauer (1959) suggests that D. hauerianus var. brachygnathus described by Wiszniewski (1939) might be identical to D. cambari, but synonymization would be preliminary without precise information on the epipharynx and the rami teeth. The term epiuncus (Greek epi, upon) is proposed for the small sclerite body lying outside at the base of the unci teeth (Figs 9 H, I: e). To date, such a structure has never been reported in rotifer trophi, but a small epiuncus appears also present on the left uncus of the related D. siedleckii (De Smet 1997, Pl. 6, Fig. 3), which is the only other member of the D. hauerianus Wiszniewsi species group of which trophi were studied by SEM. Distribution and ecology. Dicranophorus cambari is now known from Germany and France. It lives in the branchial cavities of the freshwater crayfish Orconectes limosus (Rafinesque) (syn. Cambarus affinis (Say)) and Austropotamobius torrentium (Schrank) where it feeds on other epibionts. The intestine of the specimens seen contained the peritrichous ciliate Epistylis sp. and trophi of Embata laticeps., Published as part of De Smet, Willem H. & Verolet, Michel, 2016, Epibiotic rotifers of Gammarus pulex (L.) (Crustacea, Amphipoda), with descriptions of two new species and notes on the terminology of the trophi, pp. 301-320 in Zootaxa 4107 (3) on pages 312-314, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4107.3.1, http://zenodo.org/record/255018, {"references":["Wulfert, K. (1957) Ein neues Radertier aus der Kiemenhohle von Cambarus affinis. Zoologischer Anzeiger, 158, 26 - 30.","Hauer, J. (1959) Raumparasitische Rotatorien aus der Kiemenhohle des Steinkrebses (Potamobius torrentium Schrank). Beitrage zur naturkundlichen Forschung in Sudwest-Deutschland, 18, 92 - 105.","De Smet, W. H. (1997) The Dicranophoridae (Monogononta). In: De Smet, W. H. & Pourriot, R. (Eds.), Rotifera 5. In: Dumont, H. J. & Nogrady, T. (Eds.), The Dicranophoridae (Monogononta) and the Ituridae (Monogononta). Guides to the Identification of the Microinvertebrates of the Continental Waters of the World. Vol. 12. SPB Academic Publishing, Amsterdam, pp. 1 - 325.","Koste, W. (1978) Rotatoria. Die Radertiere Mitteleuropas. Ein Bestimmungswerk, begrundet von Max Voigt. Ueberordnung Monogononta. 2 nd Edition. Gebr. Borntraeger, Berlin, Stuttgart, I. Textband, 673 pp., II. Tafelband, 234 Taf.","Wiszniewski, J. (1939) O faunie jamy skrzelowej rakow rzecznych ze szczegolnym uwzglednieniem wrotkow. Uber die Fauna der Kiemenhohle der Flusskrebse mit besonderer Berucksichtigung der Radertiere. Archiwum Hydrobiologii I Rybactwa, Suwalki, 12, 122 - 152."]}

De Smet W. H. & Verolet M. 2009. — On two new species of Proales from France, with reallocation of Dicranophorus liepolti Donner, 1964 and D. secretus Donner, 1951 (Rotifera, Monogononta). Zoosystema 31 (4): 959-973.

From a survey of 36 freshwater sites in Turkey, 12 species of Rotifera were recorded as new to Turkey: Aspelta labri, Dicranophorus robustus, Encentrum uncinatum, E. wiszniewskii, Eothinia lamellata, Itura aurita, Lecane arcula, L. hornemanni, L. inopitana, Lindia torulosa, Proales theodora, and Wulfertia kivuensis. These include four genera found in Turkey for the first time (Aspelta, Eothinia, Itura and Wulfertia).

Analysis of the faunistic composition of Zooplankton in two reservoirs for watersupply nearby Kragujevac indicated a relatively great diversity. Qualitative analysis of Zooplankton composition in the Grosnica reservoir demonstrated the presence of 105 laxa, whereas somewhat fewer taxa (99) were recorded in the Gruza reservoir. Most of the taxa recorded in both reservoirs are cosmopolitan organisms. Small number of recorded taxa have been rarely registered in the territory of Serbia till present. The following species from the group of Rotatoria can be mentioned as being probably found for the first time in waters of our country: Dicranophorus rostralus, Philodina aadicomis and Trichocerca jenningsi. All three of these species were recorded only in the Grosnica reservoir. Only inspection of the complete literature on Zooplankton in our country could confirm with certainty that the Grosnica reservoir is the first record of these three species in the territory of Serbia. However, even such data as our represents a contribution to the knowledge on diversity of the Zooplankton fauna of Serbia.

From a study of the permanent shallow water in the savanna near Boa Vista, Brazil, a littoral sample was brought back by Dr. G.-O. BRANDORFF; Ahrensburg, which he gave me to examine. The analysis of the material, about 50 ml, showed 149 identifiable species as well as some preservative artifacts. Six species were hitherto unknown to that area. They were identified as the following: Cephalodella brandorffi nov. sp., Dicranophorus difflugarium (PENARD, 1924), Eothinia triphea (HARRING and MYERS, 1924), Lecane bulla papillosa nov. ssp., Macrochaetus paggiensae nov. sp., Notommata falcinella (HARRING and MYERS, 1922), and Habrotrocha pusilla pusilla (BRYCE, 1893).

Rare rotifer species have been newly found in two different gravel streams (Oberer Seebach, Austria; and Afon Mynach, North Wales, Great Britain). The taxonomy and habitat distribution is revised, and confirmed for: Philodinavus paradoxus (MURRAY), Henoceros falcatus (MILNE), Microcodides chlaena (GOSSE), Proalinopsis caudatus (COLLINS), Dicranophorus difflugiarum (PENARD), Wigrella depressa WISZNIEWSKI and Myersinella tetraglena (WISZNIEWSKI). H. falcatus is the first European record outside Great Britain, and it was found for the first time seventy-eight years after it was described. Similarly, W. depressa and M. tetraglena were found after fifty-eight years. The presence of Rotifera in the hyporheos, and video observations of their feeding behaviour are also discussed.

The epibiotic rotifers of a Gammarus pulex (L.) collection from the Ardeche, France are reported. Four species were found, of which Cephalodella jersabeki n. sp. and Proales gammaricola n. sp. are new to science and described. The other species, Dicranophorus cambari Wulfert and Embata laticeps (Murray), are commented upon. SEM micrographs of the trophi are presented, and a new or amended terminology is proposed for some diagnostic trophi parts.

In 1934, the rotifer Paradicranophorus aculeatus was discovered by NEISTWESTNOVA-SHADINA in the River Oka near Murom (Russia). She described it as a Dicranophorus species. In 1958, the rheophilic rotifer was rediscovered in the Polish River Grabia by PAWLOWSKI. This paper reports a third occurence in three samples from the Yun Nan Luoxiao River in China, allowing additional studies of this rare species.

A new dicranophorid rotifer, Encentrum (Parencentrum) walterkostei n.sp., is described from an oligotrophic alpine lake. The species was abundant in the psammolittoral of the ‘Unterer Schwarzhornsee’, 2543 m above sea level. The main distinguishing taxonomic features of the new species are long, swordshaped toes and only four vitellary nuclei. Its known occurrence in the sandy substrate of only one lake suggests a stenobiontic nature of this apparently oligothermic new species. Taxonomic problems associated with the Encentrum/Dicranophorus group are briefly discussed.

We studied Dicranophorus sp., Platyias quadricornis (Ehrb.) and Rotaria tardigrada (Ehrb.). These rotifers, systematically distant from each other, show the same pattern of the catecholaminergic (CA-ergic) part of the nervous system. It is formed of a small (23–24), but steady number of neurons characteristic for each species. Three types of CA-ergic neurons are described. The sizes of neurons vary from to two to ten µm. The distribution of the brain neurons is correlated with body shape. Such a type of nervous system is topographically comparable to the concentrated orthogon of the flatworms.

The reliability of certain structures of rotifers used for specific identification is discussed. Dicranophorus uncinalus (Milne) of Harring and Myers has been redesignated as D. aquilus (Gosse) and both species are redescribed. D. uncinalus of Weber (nee Milne) is a member of the D. rostratus-grypus group and D. cernuus Harring and Myers is a synonym of D. rostratus (D.-N. &F.), while D. coryslis H. &M. and D. haueri H. &M. are both valid species distinct from D. rostratus.