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Objetivou-se neste estudo realizar a caracterização fitossociológica das espécies arbóreas e samambaias arborescentes de um plantio com regeneração de Floresta Ombrófila Mista na Floresta Nacional de Irati. Foram avaliadas 22 unidades amostrais, com 500m² cada, as quais foram distribuídas de forma sistemática dentro de parcelas permanentes de 10ha, instaladas num plantio de araucária sem intervenção há 70 anos. Foram medidos e identificados os indivíduos arbóreos com mais de 10cm de DAP e as samambaias arborescentes com altura superior a 1,3m. Foram calculados os parâmetros fitossociológicos de dominância, densidade e frequência, obtendo o índice de valor de importância (IVI). Também foi calculada a distribuição espacial com o Índice de MacGuinnes para as 10 espécies arbóreas com maior IVI e para as samambaias arborescentes. Foram amostrados 1.632 indivíduos, 950 arbóreos e 682 samambaias arborescentes, distribuídos em 51 espécies arbóreas e quatro espécies de pteridófitas. A espécie Alsophila setosa apresentou maior densidade (601 indivíduos/ha), a maior dominância foi da espécie Araucaria angustifolia (34,1450m²/ ha), sendo também a espécie com maior frequência e maior IVI (30,66 %). A única espécie que se classificou no estrato superior foi a Araucaria angustifolia e todas as samambaias arborescentes no estrato inferior. Para o padrão de distribuição a Araucaria angustifolia seguiu padrão uniforme, juntamente com a Cedrela fissilis, Ilex paraguariensis e as espécies do gênero Cyathea. Já a maioria das espécies tendeu ao agrupamento e apenas duas se classificaram com agregada, sendo a Alsophila setosa e a Cabralea canjerana. The objective of this study was to carry out the phytosociological characterization of tree species and tree ferns from a plantation with mixed rainforest regeneration in the Irati National Forest. Twenty-two sample units (500m² each) were evaluated. Which were systematically distributed within permanent plots of 10 hectares, installed in an araucaria plantation without intervention for 70 years. Tree individuals with a DBH of more than 10cm and tree ferns with a height greater than 1.3m were measured and identified. The phytosociological parameters of dominance, density and frequency were calculated, obtaining the importance value index (IVI). The spatial distribution was also calculated using the MacGuinnes Index, for the 10 tree species with the highest IVI and for the tree ferns. A total of 1,632 individuals were sampled, 950 arboreal and 682 arborescent ferns, distributed in 51 arboreal species and four species of ferns. The species Alsophila setosa had the highest density (601 individuals/ha), the highest dominance was the species Araucaria angustifolia (34.1450m²/ha), being also the species with the highest frequency and highest IVI (30.66%). The only species classified in the upper stratum was Araucaria angustifolia, and all tree ferns in the lower stratum. For the distribution pattern, Araucaria angustifolia followed a uniform pattern, along with Cedrela fissilis, Ilex paraguariensis and species of the genus Cyathea. On the other hand, most species tended to cluster and only two were classified as aggregated, namely Alsophila setosa and Cabralea canjerana. El objetivo de esta investigación fue analizar las características fitosociológicas de especies arbóreas y helechos arborescentes de una plantación con regeneración de Bosque Mixto Ombrofilo en el Bosque Nacional de Irati. Se evaluaron 22 unidades muestrales, de 500m² cada una, las cuales se distribuyeron sistemáticamente en parcelas permanentes de 10 hectáreas, instaladas en una plantación de Araucaria sin intervención durante 70 años. Se midieron e identificaron individuos arbóreos con un DAP mayor a 10cm y helechos arborescentes con una altura mayor a 1.3m. Se calcularon los parámetros fitosociológicos de dominancia, densidad y frecuencia, obteniendo el índice de valor de importancia (IVI). También se calculó la distribución espacial utilizando el Índice de MacGuinnes, para las 10 especies arbóreas con mayor IVI y para los helechos arborescentes. Se muestrearon un total de 1.632 individuos, 950 árvores y 682 helechos arborescentes, distribuidos en 51 especies arbóreas y cuatro especies de pteridofitas. La especie Alsophila setosa presentó la mayor densidad (601 individuos/ha), la mayor dominancia fue la especie Araucaria angustifolia (34,1450m²/ ha), siendo también la especie con mayor frecuencia y mayor IVI (30,66%). La única especie clasificada en el estrato superior fue Araucaria angustifolia y todos los helechos arborescentes en el estrato inferior. Para el comportamiento de distribución, Araucaria angustifolia siguió un comportamiento uniforme, junto con Cedrela fissilis, Ilex paraguariensis y especies del género Cyathea. Por otro lado, la mayoría de las especies tendieron a agruparse y solo dos se clasificaron como agregadas, a saber, Alsophila setosa y Cabralea canjerana.

Dicksonia sellowiana is the only species of the genus occurring in Brazil. Its distribution is restricted to humid areas of the Atlantic Forest biome. The distribution pattern of biodiversity in this biome is known to have been influenced by historical and environmental factors, although the pattern for ferns remains unknown. This study is first to describe the genetic structure of D. sellowiana along the latitudinal gradient of the Atlantic Forest biome. We use microsatellite markers to estimate genetic diversity and structure for 267 individuals representing 14 populations of D. sellowiana from the Atlantic Forest. The results (Ho, He, Fst, Fis, distance genetic) support the hypothesis of a pattern of biodiversity discontinuity. We found greater genetic variability in populations located in regions of higher humidity and milder temperatures. Our data suggest that there is a clinal distribution pattern of genetic variation along the north to south latitudinal gradient of the Atlantic Forest. This clinal variation has a genetic basis in the frequencies of the two genetic groups. This structure does not evidence long-standing historical barriers to gene flow and favors the influence of landscape characteristics on the establishment of populations.

Tree ferns are important elements of tropical forests, mainly because they are common and provide microhabitats for epiphytic plants. Due to their ecological importance, the aim of this study was to evaluate population structure, distribution, and influence of environmental variables on tree ferns in the state of Santa Catarina, southern Brazil. All tree ferns with a diameter at breast height ≥ 10 cm on 418 sampling units (SUs) systematically distributed throughout the study area were measured (total sampled area of ​​153.4 ha). Population structure was evaluated through classical phytosociological parameters and the relationships among dominance and environmental variables were evaluated through multiple linear regression models. Dicksonia sellowiana presented the greatest importance value among all species (IV = 13.19 %), followed by Alsophila setosa (IV = 4.37 %) and Cyathea phalerata (IV = 2.71 %). Altitude and mean rainfall of the driest quarter were significantly related to the dominance of D. sellowiana in most of the SUs. The mean temperature of the driest quarter and aspect were significantly related to the dominance of Cyatheaceae. Our study demonstrates that tree ferns are important elements of forest communities in the state of Santa Catarina.

The richness of ferns and lycophytes associated with the semi-deciduous forests of southern Brazil remains poorly known. Addressing this situation, the richness of lycophytes and ferns in 11 semi-deciduous forest remnants, located in the northwestern region of Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil, is presented. In total, four species of lycophytes (two families and two genera) and 88 species of ferns (15 families and 44 genera) were recorded. The most diverse families were Pteridaceae and Polypodiaceae, with 18 and 17 species respectively; Asplenium (10 spp.) was the most diverse genus. Among the recorded species, only Dicksonia sellowiana is cited in the Brazilian List of Threatened Plant Species. Most of the surveyed species have a broad distribution, occurring in South America (44.6%) and Tropical America (32.6%). The surveyed remnants showed intermediate species richness in relation to other areas previously studied in the state of Rio Grande do Sul, except for Parque Estadual do Turvo, where 81 species were recorded. The floristic similarity analysis shows that the Parque Estadual do Turvo is the most dissimilar area, presenting a high number (28) of exclusive species. The observed high value of the cophenetic correlation coefficient (0.968), indicate a small distortion between the similarity matrix and multidimensional space shown in the dendrogram. The present study constitutes an important contribution to the knowledge of the richness of ferns and lycophytes occurring in semi-deciduous forests in southern Brazil.

This study aimed to determine the tree structure, floristic composition and species diversity in the Araucaria State Park, southern Brazil. We allocated 100 plots of 100 m2 (1 ha) each one, and we recorded all trees with diameters at breast height ≥ 5 cm. We sampled 1368 individuals of 106 species, 75 genera and 44 families. Fabaceae, Lauraceae and Myrtaceae showed the greatest richness of species. The diversity of tree species was high (H ‘= 3.96), although the observed richness was less than the estimated one. The basal area was 46.88 m2 ha-1. We observed an intrinsic association between Araucaria angustifolia and Nectandra megapotamica, and a predominance of secondary and zoochorous (> 70%) species. Endangered and vulnerable species in the Santa Catarina state, such as Araucaria angustifolia, Cedrela fissilis, Dicksonia sellowiana and Ocotea porosa were sampled in the Park, highlighting its importance for the conservation of the Mixed Ombrophylous Forest.

Known as green insecticides, natural plant-based products have become a promising alternative to conventional insecticides. The primary objective of the present study was to analyze, under laboratory conditions, the insecticidal activity of crude ethanol extracts of the fern species Dicksonia sellowiana and Nephrolepis cordifolia against Oncopeltus fasciatus (Hemiptera). Fern leaves were collected from Itatiaia National Park (Brazil), dried and ground using 96% ethanol, with the extract concentrated in a rotary evaporator. The crude extract was used to prepare a 50 mg/mL solution, with acetone as solvent. Qualitative analysis of the terpenoid and phenolic substance profile in the extracts was performed by thin-layer chromatography (TLC). Fourth-instar insects were used, in groups of 10 animals per treatment, with three repetitions. Four treatments were used: D. sellowiana and N. cordifolia extracts, acetone control and water control. Then, 1 μL either of the respective solution was topically applied to the insect abdominal cuticle. After 21 days, all the insects in the water control group had reached adult. The N. cordifolia extract was responsible for 63% (p < 0.0001) of insect mortality around 16 days after treatment, whereas the D. sellowiana exhibited 50% (p < 0.0001) on the 21st day post-treatment. The extracts also caused delays in insect molting and metamorphosis. The D. sellowiana and N. cordifolia extracts exhibited 18% similarity in the terpenoid profile and 0% for phenolic substances. N. cordifolia and D. sellowiana show potential for research on selective biodegradable substances for use as green insecticides. Conocidos como insecticidas verdes, los productos naturales de origen vegetal han demostrado ser una alternativa prometedora a los insecticidas convencionales. El presente documento tiene por objeto evaluar la actividad insecticida de los extractos etanólicos brutos de helechos, Dicksonia sellowiana y Nephrolepis cordifolia en Oncopeltus fasciatus (Hemiptera). Las hojas se colectaron en el Parque Nacional Itatiaia (Brasil), se secaron, se maceraron con 96% de etanol y el extracto se concentró en un evaporador rotativo. A partir del extracto crudo se preparó una solución a una concentración de 50 mg/mL, utilizando acetona como disolvente. El análisis cualitativo del perfil de las sustancias terpenoides y fenólicas se realizó mediante cromatografía en capa fina. Se usaron insectos en su 4º estadio en grupos de 10 animales por triplicado por tratamiento. En cada grupo se aplicaron tópicamente las siguientes soluciones a la cutícula abdominal de los insectos 1 μL: extracto de D. sellowiana, de N. cordifolia, control de agua y control de acetona. Después de 21 días todos los insectos del grupo control de agua habían alcanzado la edad adulta. El extracto de N. cordifolia fue responsable del 63% (p < 0,0001) de la mortalidad de los insectos alrededor del 16º día después del tratamiento, mientras que el extracto de D. sellowiana presentó un 50% (p < 0,0001) al 21º día después del tratamiento. Los extractos también promovieron retrasos en el período de muda y metamorfosis de los insectos. Los extractos de D. sellowiana y N. cordifolia mostraron una similitud del 18% en el perfil terpenoide y del 0% para las sustancias fenólicas. N. cordifolia y D. sellowiana presentan un potencial prometedor para la investigación de sustancias para su uso como insecticidas verdes. Conhecidos como inseticidas verdes, os produtos naturais de origem vegetal têm se revelado uma promissora alternativa aos inseticidas convencionais. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar a atividade inseticida dos extratos etanólicos brutos das samambaias, Dicksonia sellowiana e Nephrolepis cordifolia sobre Oncopeltus fasciatus (Hemiptera). As folhas foram coletadas no Parque Nacional de Itatiaia, secas, maceradas com etanol 96% e o extrato concentrado em evaporador rotatório. A partir do extrato bruto foi preparada uma solução na concentração de 50 mg/mL, usando acetona como solvente. A análise qualitativa do perfil de terpenoides e substâncias fenólicas foi realizada por meio de cromatografia em camada delgada. Foram utilizados insetos no 4º ínstar em grupos de 10 animais em triplicatas por tratamento. Em cada grupo foi topicamente aplicado à cutícula abdominal dos insetos 1 μL das seguintes soluções: extrato de D. sellowiana, de N. cordifolia, controle água e controle acetona. Após 21 dias todos os insetos do grupo controle negativo (água) haviam atingido a idade adulta. O extrato de N. cordifolia foi responsável por 63% (p < 0,0001) de mortalidade nos insetos, em torno do 16º dia após o tratamento, enquanto que o extrato de D. sellowiana apresentou 50% (p < 0,0001) no 21º dia após o tratamento. Os extratos também promoveram atrasos no período de muda e metamorfose dos insetos. Os extratos de D. sellowiana e N. cordifolia apresentaram similaridade de 18% no perfil de terpenoides e 0% para substâncias fenólicas. N. cordifolia e D. sellowiana apresentam um potencial promissor para a pesquisa de substâncias para uso como inseticidas verdes.

One new species of genus Transeius is described from arborescent ferns from Brazilian Mixed Ombrophylus Forest, Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil. These new species differ from other species by having smaller spermathecae and differences in the setae Z4 Z5 and s4 as well as in the macrosetae. The male of Transeius kroeffis Goncalves & Ferla is described and the female redescribed to account for a new hypothesis on the j-series setae. A dichotomous key for the Brazilian Transeius species is provided.

This study reports a comparative analysis of trees used in public squares located in Brazilian cities where the Atlantic Forest is present. This overview uses databases including SciVerse Scopus, Web of Science, Scientific Electronic Library Online (SciELO), and Google Scholar using the following descriptors: “vegetation” AND “public square” AND “qualitative analysis” AND “Atlantic forest.” Each species had its origin investigated: originating species from the Brazilian biomes (native) or species not belonging to the Brazilian biomes (exotic). The Kruskal-Wallis test did not show significant differences between the numbers of species or individuals considering their origins (native or exotic) in the analyzed public squares. More than 15 % of the species are endemic to the Atlantic Forest including Clusia fluminensis Planch and Triana, Dalbergia nigra (Bojer ex Hook.) Raf., Jacaranda micrantha Cham. Licania tomentosa (Benth.) Fritsch, and others. Four threatened species were found: Araucaria angustifolia (Bertol.) Kuntze, Cariniana legalis (Mart.) Kuntz, Dicksonia sellowiana Hook, and Ocotea odorifera (Vell.) Rohwer. Floristic similarities between surveys were generally low, but it was relatively high between the geographic surveys nearby suggesting a distribution influenced by the combination of ecology, occupation history, and local culture. Replication of new studies in public areas of the Atlantic Forest is recommended to broaden the knowledge base on vegetation. These studies can identify species that best represent biological and cultural diversity while prioritizing the use of native plants. Exotic (naturalized) trees can also be used as long as they contribute to local biodiversity.

Dicksonia sellowiana Hook. (Dicksoniaceae) is target of extractive exploitation and is threatened with extinction. We analyzed the population structure, the spatial distribution pattern of D. sellowiana and its relationship with environmental parameters within three fragments of Araucaria Forest in Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. The fragments are of different sizes, namely, large (H1LF) with 246 ha, medium (H2MF) with 57 ha and small (H3SF) with 5.2 ha. Within each site, 1 ha was delimited, divided into 100 subplots (100 m2), of which 20 were selected with a draw. In each subplot, counting of the individuals, the registration of the caudice height and the coverage of leaves (SC) (m2), measurements of photosynthetically active radiation (PAR), canopy opening degree (CO), soil moisture (SM) and litter thickness (LT). The temperature (T) was measured inside each site. A total of 792 plants were sampled, of which 551 were concentrated in H1LF, 108 in H2MF and 133 in H3SF. An average of 1320 ha-1 individuals were estimated. Of the total including the three fragments, 96.9% of the individuals are in the first class of height (up to 0.8 m), indicating a great potential of population development. The spatial distribution pattern (AI) was aggregated in the three populations and the plants presented a heterogeneous total coverage, between 4.73 m2 (H2MF) and 2,223.47 m2 (H1LF). The highest values of SC and SM were more related to the distribution of individuals in H1LF whereas the opposite was recorded in H2MF. The highest values of PAR, LT and CO correlated with the distribution of D. sellowiana in H3SF. In addition to revealing that the H1LF population is among the most dense in southern Brazil, the results demonstrated a significant structural distinction between the interior populations of the fragments, in spite of them being located near to one another and being part of the same natural field matrix. Resumo Dicksonia sellowiana Hook. (Dicksoniaceae) é alvo de exploração extrativista e encontra-se ameaçada de extinção. Analisamos a estrutura populacional, o padrão de distribuição espacial de D. sellowiana e sua relação com parâmetros ambientais no interior de três fragmentos de Floresta com Araucária, no Rio Grande do Sul (RS), Brasil. Os fragmentos possuem diferentes tamanhos sendo denominados de grande (H1LF) com 246 ha, médio (H2MF) com 57 ha e de pequeno (H3SF) com 5,2 ha. No interior de cada sítio, foi demarcado 1 ha, fracionado em 100 subparcelas (100m2), das quais 20 foram sorteadas. Em cada subparcela foi feita a contagem dos indivíduos, o registro da altura do cáudice e da cobertura (SC) (m2) das folhas, as medições da radiação fotossinteticamente ativa (PAR), grau de abertura do dossel (CO), umidade do solo (SM) e espessura da serapilheira (LT). A temperatura (T) foi medida no interior de cada sítio. Foram amostradas 792 plantas, das quais 551 concentradas no H1LF, 108 no H2MF e 133 no H3SF e em média foram estimados 1320 indivíduos ha-1. Do total dos três fragmentos, 96,9% dos indivíduos estão na primeira classe de altura (até 0,8 m), indicando grande potencial de desenvolvimento das populações. O padrão de distribuição espacial (AI) foi agregado nas três populações e as plantas apresentaram uma cobertura total heterogênea, entre 4,73m2 (H2MF) e 2.223,47m 2 (H1LF). Os maiores valores de SC e de SM foram mais relacionadas com a distribuição dos indivíduos no H1LF enquanto que o contrário foi registrado no H2MF. Os maiores valores de PAR, LT e de CO relacionaram-se com a distribuição de D. sellowiana no H3SF. Além de revelar que a população do H1LF está entre as mais densas já descritas no sul do Brasil, os resultados demonstraram uma significativa distinção estrutural entre as populações dos interiores dos fragmentos com diferentes tamanhos, embora muito próximos geograficamente e inseridos em uma mesma matriz de campo natural.

Dicksonia sellowiana Hook., Dicksoniaceae, is a tree-fern which is being recently used in medicine mainly for its phytotherapic activities. While several other studies have focused on D. sellowiana extract characterization in terms of its biological and antioxidant activity, the novelty of this work aims to understand the fate of this extract during thermal disposal through thermogravimetry/differential thermal analysis, thermogravimetry/mass spectrometry, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and elemental analysis, to further characterize this plant?s extract. Thermal analysis revealed mass loss within three welldefined steps, with the respective mass signals represented generated during heating. Light-volatiles were released during the first step, with release of NO2, CO2, and ethanol in the following, as a result of extract pyrolytic decomposition. Furthermore, mass signals variation during heating indicated the release of harmless by products in contrast to other pharmaceutical and personal care products. Finally, chemical characterization confirmed the observed under thermal analysis suggesting a highly polar structure within extract?s composition. Made available in DSpace on 2019-07-27T00:53:14Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2018WashingtonRBFThermal.pdf: 803047 bytes, checksum: 7391bb2ca351b256e6940468f3d54444 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018

R.N. and T.S.S. were funded by the Brazilian Government research support agency Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES). A.E.M. acknowledges the ERC (BioTIME 250189 and BioCHANGE 727440) and the Royal Society. A.R.K. is funded by the Brazilian Science Without Borders scheme/CAPES (109113-1), D.M.S.M. acknowledges the CNPq (Fellowship of Research productivity 307839/2014-1). Some species make substantial contribution to habitat heterogeneity, supporting species coexistence. Dicksonia sellowiana Hook., an endangered tree fern, is a known phorophyte for epiphytes, has the potential to be such a taxon. We tested the hypothesis that D. sellowiana increases plant diversity in Brazilian Restinga forest, a biodiversity hotspot, by augmenting the habitat heterogeneity at a fine scale. To do this we quantified α-diversity and β-diversity in three habitat types: on the tree fern trunks, immediately beneath the trunks and away from the trunks. In total, 40 ferns were sampled. Overall we recorded 2602 individuals belonging to 61 phanerophyte species in 30 families. The number of individuals sampled varied among habitats but rarefaction showed that richness did not differ. In contrast, species composition varied markedly amongst habitats. Both statistical approaches detected high levels of β-diversity, particularly between the species found in the vicinity of the fern, and those in the samples away from the trunks. Indicator species analysis was used to identify the species characteristic of the different habitats. About 30% of the species were exclusively found in “away plots”, 17% were exclusively “below plots” and 15% were found only on the trunks, 13% were found on the trunks and below them, 12% on “bellow” and “away plots”, 10% of species occurred in all areas and 3% were found on trunks and “away plots”. Our results lead us to conclude that the endangered fern D. sellowiana plays an important role in promoting habitat heterogeneity within the Restinga forest. As this iconic species is threatened, its overexploitation may lead to impoverishment of plant communities. Conservation effort towards both the area and this species are crucial to maintaining Restinga plant diversity. Postprint

The American tree fern Dicksonia sellowiana reaches its northern distribution limit in Mexico. This species grows only in the highly fragmented remnants of the montane cloud forest (MCF). Given the lack of data on ecological aspects of this endangered tree fern species, considered under special protection by Mexican legislation, the objectives of the present research were to investigate the structure of D. sellowiana populations and to characterize its habitats. The study was carried out in seven populations located at different elevations and latitudes in the MCF of the Sierra Madre Oriental in Mexico. In each locality, three sampling plots were established to characterize the habitat and to record density, height, stem diameter, number of leaves, and individual fertility. The resulting values were analyzed with univariate and multivariate statistics. In four of the D. sellowiana populations, individuals of low height predominated; these were classified as dynamic populations. However, the density of individuals by unit area was low compared with some South American populations, probably because of the high degree of fragmentation of the MCF. The variation in population density was mainly explained by the vegetation cover. Environmental factors such as elevation and slope orientation, however, explained better the variation of the basal area of tree fern populations. These results constitute the first reference on the current state of Mexican D. sellowiana populations, which is important for the management and conservation of this endangered species, and for monitoring changes in the environmental conditions of its natural habitat, the MCF of Mexico.

Microsatellite markers were developed for Dicksonia sellowiana (Dicksoniaceae), an overexploited and endangered tree-fern species native to Brazil. From an enriched genomic library, 11 primer pairs were selected and used to characterize 36 D. sellowiana individuals from six Brazilian populations. Eight primer pairs amplified dinucleotide and hexanucleotide repeats with two to ten alleles per locus; three primer pairs were monomorphic. For the set of polymorphic markers, the mean observed and expected heterozygosity ranged from 0.29 to 0.44 and from 0.27 to 0.56, respectively. Eight of the primer pairs were also successfully amplified for Cyathea vestita (Cyatheaceae). These molecular markers can be useful tools for genetic studies aiming to analyze the impact of deforestation and overexploitation on the population structure and genetic diversity of fern species from various botanical families.

Multiple uses of native plants are appropriate for neighborhood squares, workers’ gardens, green roofs and degraded areas, whereas the use of plants from hydromorphic environments applies to landscaping in legally protected areas of Brazil (permanent preservation areas and riparian forests), like phytoremediation plants from contaminated areas, generating products for crafts and floriculture. In this study, we seek to present a problematic studied at University of Passo Fundo, Brazil, which is recovery of little-known native species or those in risk of extinction, and lowmaintenance, exotic, wild, non-aggressive species, with reasonable development in degraded locations. Acca sellowiana, Pyrostegia venusta, Eugenia mattosi, Ipomoea purpurea and I. cairica, Pyptochaetium, Elephantopus, Eryngium, Aspillia and Glandularia were studied. Among the low-maintenance exotic plants, the propagation and landscaping use of Talinum, Leonurus, Aptenia, Persicaria, Lavandula and Ophiopogon were studied. Aquatic plants with greatest ornamental potential studied were Erythrina crista-galli, Dicksonia sellowiana, Juncus effusus, Nymphoides and Miriophylum. Only rushes are already valued in floral arrangements and appear in gardens. In general, if there has been no tradition in their use until recently, through lack of Brazilian tradition in the elaboration of small lakes (high cost and technology), currently, this practice is being consolidated in the landscaping market in keeping with existing environmental legislation. Nevertheless, as there is no sale of these species, it is possible that this material is indiscriminately removed from nature. The strategy of the studies undertaken is to evaluate the potential for propagation of rustic species for later use in landscaping when locally crafted substrates are used in semiprotected environments or directly in open air. The hypothesis is that rustic plants, in addition to being beautiful, if better acclimated (even to the local soil), may better meet the new requirements of contemporary sustainable landscaping.

O presente trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar a composicao floristica, a estrutura horizontal e vertical, bem como os padroes de distribuicao espacial do componente arboreo em um fragmento de Floresta Ombrofila Mista situada na FLONA de Sao Francisco de Paula, RS, Brasil. Para o levantamento floristico, analise fitossociologica e distribuicao espacial foram utilizadas dez unidades amostrais permanentes de 1 ha (100m x 100m), das quais todos os individuos com DAP ≥ 9,5cm foram medidos. O processamento e a analise dos dados foram realizados com o software SADEF. Foram encontradas 803 arvores por hectare, distribuidas em 107 especies e 41 familias botânicas, destacando-se com maior frequencia as familias Myrtaceae, Lauraceae, Araucaraceae, Aquifoliaceae, Euphorbiaceae e Sapindaceae. A especie dominante foi a Araucaria angustifolia, que tambem apresentou o maior valor de importância (49,80%), seguida por Ilex brevicuspis (14,62%), Blepharocalyx salicifolius (14,32%), Cryptocarya aschersoiana (10,01%), Casearia decandra (9,72%) e Sebastiania commersoniana (9,25%). A vegetacao arborea apresentou indice de diversidade de Shannon Weaver estimado em 3,71. O diagrama h-M demonstrou a existencia de tres estratos arboreos, sendo o estrato superior formado por 56 especies, com 147,8 (18,27%) arvores por hectare; o estrato medio com 634,3 (78,41%) arvores por hectare, distribuidas em 105 especies e o estrato inferior composto por 21,6 (3,32%) arvores por hectare, divididas em 39 especies. As especies dominantes nos estratos superior, medio e inferior foram a Araucaria angustifolia, Casearia decandra e a Dicksonia sellowiana, respectivamente. O padrao espacial foi o agrupado para 79,44% das especies e o aleatorio para 20,56% das especies. A area estudada apresentou alta riqueza floristica, com uniformidade media em que poucas especies sao as predominantes na comunidade, caracterizada principalmente pela ocorrencia de Araucaria angustifolia. Abstract The purpose of this paper was to evaluate the floristic composition, horizontal and vertical structure and the spatial distribution of the arboreal component in an Araucaria Forest remaining in Sao Francisco de Paula’s National Forest (FLONA), RS, Brazil. For the floristic and phytosociological analysis were used ten permanent sampling plots of 1ha (100 x 100 m), where all individuals with DBH ≥ 9.5cm were evaluated. The processing and data analysis were performed with the software SADEF. It were found 803 trees by hectare distributed in 107 species and 41 botanic families, standing out more often the families Myrtaceae, Lauraceae, Araucaraceae, Aquifoliaceae, Euphorbiaceae and Sapindaceae. The dominant species was the Araucaria angustifolia,which presented either the highest importance value (49.80%), followed by Ilex brevicuspis (14.62%), Blepharocalyx salicifolius (14.32%) and Cryptocarya aschersoiana (10.01%), Casearia decandra (9.72%) and Sebastiana commersoniana (9.25%). The arboreal vegetation had Shannon`s diversity index estimated at 3.71. The h-M diagram identified three stratas in the forest. The upper stratum comprising 56 species, with 147,8 (18.27%) trees by hectare, the middle stratum in 634.3 (78.41%) trees by hectare, distributed in 105 species and the bootom stratum composed of 21.6 (3.32%) trees by hectare, divided into 39 species. The dominant species in the upper, middle and bottom strata were the Araucaria angustifolia, Casearia decandra e Dicksonia sellowiana, respectively. The spatial distribution pattern was the grouped, with 79.44% of the species and the random, with 20.56% of the species. The area studied presented high species richness, with medium uniformity, in which few species are prevalent in the community, mainly characterized by the occurrence of Araucaria angustifolia.

A survey was conducted in Brazil to collect fungi on ferns. Based on morphology and inferred phylogeny from DNA sequences of two loci, namely the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) regions and the large subunit nuclear ribosomal RNA gene (LSU), several species belonging to chalara-like genera and lachnoid fungi were recognized. Eighteen fungal isolates, collected from five host species, representing 10 different localities were studied. Three novel genera (Lachnopsis, Scolecolachnum and Zymochalara), and six novel species (Bloxamia cyatheicola, Lachnopsis catarinensis, Lachnopsis dicksoniae, Scolecolachnum pteridii, Zymochalara lygodii and Zymochalara cyatheae) are introduced. Furthermore, two new combinations (Erioscyphella euterpes and Erioscyphella lushanensis) are proposed. Two novel taxa (Lachnopsis catarinensis and Lachnopsis dicksoniae) may be included in the list of potentially endangered fungal species in Brazil, if proven to be restricted to their tree-fern host, Dicksonia sellowiana, which is included in the official list of endangered plant species in Brazil.

RESUMO A espécie Dicksonia sellowiana, conhecida popularmente como xaxim, é uma samambaia natural do continente americano e encontrada no Brasil na Mata Atlântica. Em 2001 sua utilização para confecção de vasos para jardinagem foi proibida, e a mesma foi inserida na lista do IBAMA como espécie ameaçada de extinção. O presente trabalho descreve o efeito de diferentes técnicas de extração, incluindo ultra-som, turbólise, maceração, infusão, decocto e soxhlet utilizando etanol e solvente hidroalcoólico 70%, sob aspectos físicos e químicos. Foi avaliado o rendimento de cada extração, o perfil por CLAE-DAD, o conteúdo de polifenóis, flavonoides, proantocianidinas e esteroides além das atividades antioxidantes pelos métodos DPPH e redução do complexo fosfomolibdênio. Os dados foram avaliados estatisticamente através de desvio padrão, Tuckey e PCA. Os resultados demonstraram que a extração por Soxhlet utilizando ambos os solventes é a que possui maior rendimento final, porém o rendimento não está diretamente relacionado com o aumento nos teores de bioativos totais e atividades antioxidantes. As extrações por decocção e turbólise utilizando solvente hidroalcoólico foram as que apresentaram melhores resultados nos teores totais e na atividade antioxidante, resultados que ficam evidentes quando avaliados por PCA, demonstrando que este solvente e estas extrações são mais seletivas no estudo proposto. ABSTRACT The species Dicksonia sellowiana, popularly known as xaxim, is a fern native to the Americas and found in Brazil in the Atlantic Forest. In 2001, its use for making gardening pots was banned, and it was added to the IBAMA [Brazilian Institute of the Environment and Renewable Natural Resources] list as an endangered species. This paper describes the effect of different extraction techniques – including ultrasound, turbolysis, maceration, infusion, decoction, and soxhlet using ethanol and 70% hydroalcoholic solvent on its physical and chemical aspects. The yield of each extraction was evaluated, as well as the profile by HPLC-DAD, the polyphenol content, flavonoids, proanthocyanidins, and steroids, in addition to the antioxidant activities through the DPPH and phosphomolybdenum complex reduction methods. The data were statistically analyzed through standard deviation, Tukey, and PCA. The results showed that the soxhlet extraction using both solvents had the highest overall yield; however, the yield is not directly related to the increase in total bioactive content and antioxidant activities. Extractions by decoction and turbolysis using a hydroalcoholic solvent exhibited the best results in total content and antioxidant activity – results that are evident when evaluated through PCA, demonstrating that this solvent and these extractions are the most selective in the proposed study.

This study surveyed lycophyte and fern species in four forest fragments in western Parana, Brazil, and compared them to 15 other fragments with different plant formations from the Atlantic Forest biome in southern Brazil. In total, five lycophyte species (in two families and two genera) and 98 species and two varieties of ferns (in 16 families and 38 genera) were registered in the four fragments. The most represented families were Pteridaceae (23 spp.), Polypodiaceae (18 spp.), Aspleniaceae (13 spp.), and Thelypteridaceae (11 spp.). Asplenium (12 spp.), Thelypteris (10 spp.), and Blechnum (seven spp.) were among the most represented genera. The occurrence of Dicksonia sellowiana was noteworthy because it was associated with seasonal semideciduous forest and is threatened in Brazil. Similarity among areas was determined by a cluster analysis (UPGMA and Sorensen’s index) and the relation between similarity and geographic distance was determined through Matel’s analysis. The analyses revealed greater similarity among the four study areas and, for these areas as a whole, greater similarity to fragments in Rio Grande do Sul, which is evidence that these areas have similar environmental conditions.

RESUMOA espécie Dicksonia sellowiana, conhecida popularmente como xaxim, é uma samambaia natural do continente americano e encontrada no Brasil na Mata Atlântica. Em 2001 foi inserida na lista do IBAMA como espécie ameaçada de extinção em decorrência da exploração para a confecção de vasos para a jardinagem. O presente trabalho descreve o potencial antioxidante lipídico (TBARS e Sistema β-caroteno/ácido linoleico) do extrato bruto e frações obtidos através de aparato de Soxhlet de frondes de Dicksonia sellowiana, além da atividade citotóxica e hemolítica in vitro. Pelo método TBARS, todas as amostras testadas apresentaram atividade, destacando a fração acetato de etila e extrato bruto cuja atividade foi comparável ao padrão ácido ascórbico. No sistema β-caroteno/ácido linoleico, a fração acetato de etila e extrato bruto apresentaram inibição da oxidação do ácido linoleico, destaque para a fração acetato de etila que não se diferenciou estatisticamente do padrão BHT. Na avaliação da toxicidade preliminar, não fora observado atividade citotóxica e hemolítica do extrato bruto e frações nos modelos testados. Os resultados demonstram o potencial antioxidante da espécie vegetal nos modelos de inibição da oxidação lipídica sem apresentar toxicidade. ABSTRACTThe species Dicksonia sellowiana, popularly known as tree fern, are a natural fern from American continent found in the Atlantic Forest in Brazil. In 2001 it was added to the list of IBAMA as endangered species due to its exploitation for pots craft for gardening species. This paper describes the antioxidant lipid potential (TBARS and System β-carotene / linoleic acid) of the crude extract and fractions obtained by Soxhlet apparatus of Dicksonia sellowianafronds, besides the cytotoxic and hemolytic activity in vitro. By the TBARS method, all samples tested showed activity, particularly the fraction ethyl acetate and the crude extract whose activity was comparable to standard ascorbic acid. In the system β-carotene / linoleic acid, the fraction of ethyl acetate and crude extract inhibited the oxidation of linoleic acid, especially the ethyl acetate fraction which did not differ statistically from the standard BHT. In a preliminary assessment of toxicity,cytotoxic and hemolytic activity of crude extracts and fractions in the tested models were not observed. The results of this study indicate the antioxidant potential of this plant species in models of inhibiting lipid oxidation without producing toxicity.

Aims Aging and a variety of pathologies, including cancer, diabetes, cardiovascular and inflammatory diseases have been associated with reactive oxygen species (ROS), such as superoxide anion (O2 −), hydroxyl radical ( OH) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) generation. Plant polyphenols bear radical scavenging/antioxidant activity. A phytomedicinal preparation obtained from aerial parts of Dicksonia sellowiana (Dicksoniaceae), a native plant from Central and South America, has been widely used in Brazil against asthma and presents beneficial effects in several other diseases, including cardiovascular disturbance. In this work, we investigated whether Dicksonia sellowiana, which is also known to contain high levels of polyphenols, presents antioxidant activity. Methods The antioxidant activity of the hydroalcoholic extract obtained from Dicksonia sellowiana leaves (HEDS) was investigated by in vitro and in vivo tests. Results HEDS (0.1–100 μg/mL) exhibited a strong scavenging activity against all reactive species tested (DPPH, O2 −, OH and H2O2; IC50 = 6.83 ± 2.05, 11.6 ± 5.4, 2.03 ± 0.4, and 4.8 ± 0.4 μg/mL, respectively). HEDS strongly protected endothelial cells against H2O2-induced oxidative stress by mechanisms other than increasing catalase activity. In addition, HEDS protected cell membrane from oxidative damage. HEDS, (20 and 40 mg/kg) inhibited lipid peroxidation in vivo (29.8% and 24.5%, respectively). Conclusions According to our results, we can speculate that the traditional uses of Dicksonia sellowiana for cardiovascular diseases, asthma and skin diseases could be, at least in part, related to the potent antioxidant and endothelial protective activities of the plant.

Endophytic bacteria associated with the fern Dicksonia sellowiana were investigated. The bacterial communities from the surface-sterilized pinnae and rachis segments of the plants from the Brazilian Atlantic Rainforest that grew in native field conditions were compared with the bacterial communities from plants grown in greenhouses and plants that were initially grown in greenhouses and then transferred to the forest. From 540 pinnae and 540 rachis segments, 163 (30.2%) and 346 (64.2%) were colonized by bacteria, respectively. The main bacterial genera and species that were isolated included Bacillus spp. ( B. cereus, B. megaterium, B. pumilus and B. subtilis ) , Paenibacillus sp. , Amphibacillus sp. , Gracilibacillus sp. , Micrococcus sp. and Stenotrophomonas spp. ( S. maltophilia and S. nitroreducens ). B. pumilus was the most frequently isolated bacterial species . Amphibacillus and Gracilibacillus were reported as endophytes for the first time. Other commonly found bacterial genera were not observed in D. sellowiana , which may reflect preferences of specific bacterial communities inside this fern or detection limitations due to the isolation procedures. Plants that were grown in greenhouses and plants that were reintroduced into the forest displayed more bacterial genera and species diversity than native field plants, suggesting that reintroduction shifts the bacterial diversity. Endophytic bacteria that displayed antagonistic properties against different microorganisms were detected, but no obvious correlation was found between their frequencies with plant tissues or with plants from different growth regimes. This paper reports the first isolation of endophytic bacteria from a fern.

With the purpose of providing a basis for programs of sustainable management in the conservation of this endangered species, this paper presents morphological aspects on the gametophyte development of Dicksonia sellowiana (Dicksoniaceae) by light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. Dicksonia sellowiana spores were germinated in Morh's nutrient solution modified by Dyer (1979) under a 16-hour photoperiod at 23 ± 2°C. To determine the best substrate for gametophyte and sporophyte development, 30 days after spore sowing filamentous gametophytes were transferred to different substrates: soil rich in organic matter; coxim (coconut fiber); sterilized typic hapludult soil (distroferric red nitosoil); and sterilized typic hapludult soil (distroferric red nitosoil) with the addition of organic compost. The best system for D. sellowiana growth was the red soil with the addition of compost. Fifteen days after spore sowing in mineral solution, gametophytes were filamentous. Some had attained laminar...

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar substratos alternativos para o cultivo da bromélia Aechmea fasciata (Lindley) Baker, para substituir com eficiência as misturas formuladas com o xaxim Dicksonia sellowiana (Presl.) Hook. Foram testados os substratos: casca de Pinus, casca de Eucalyptus, coxim, fibra de coco e xaxim, misturados com turfa e perlita, nas proporções 2:7:1, 5:4:1 e 8:1:1. O experimento foi realizado em condições de estufa com cobertura de polietileno, sombreada com tela a 70%. As bromélias foram cultivadas durante 435 dias, até o início do florescimento - estádio de comercialização. As variáveis analisadas foram as massas de matéria seca de: folhas, raiz, inflorescência, escapo floral e caule; além da massa de matéria seca total e a qualidade comercial. Os substratos formulados com xaxim ou casca de Pinus, nas proporções 2:7:1, 5:4:1 e 8:1:1, e com casca de Eucalyptus, fibra de coco ou coxim, na proporção 2:7:1, foram as misturas que apresentaram os melhores resultados. Os substratos formulados com casca de Eucalyptus, fibra de coco ou coxim, com 10% de turfa e 10% de perlita, na proporção 8:1:1, apresentaram os piores resultados.

Dicksonia sellowiana spores were cultivated in mineral solution. After 30 days, young gametophytes were transferred to different substrates: soil rich in organic matter; coxim: coconut fiber; sterilized red soil; sterilized red soil with the addition of organic compost, to determine the best substrate for gametophytes' and sporophytes' development. Red soil with the addition of compost was the best system for growth. When sporophytes were 1.5–2.0 cm in height, they were transferred to pots containing sterilized red soil with the addition of organic compost and kept in the field for 42 days, under 75, 50, 10 and 3% of irradiance. The longest frond height, frond quantity, fresh and dry mass, and RGR were observed in plants growing in 10% of irradiance. Plants kept under 100% irradiance died after 3 days, and under 50% and 75% irradiance they died gradually after 30 days. The fresh mass/dry mass ratio was higher at 3% and lower at 30% irradiance. The levels of chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b and total ...

Investigou-se a composição florística e a estrutura fitossociológica em 0,75 ha de floresta altimontana, a 1.900 m s.n.m., localizada na divisa dos municípios de Camanducaia e Gonçalves, na Serra da Mantiqueira. Essa área situa-se no maior remanescente de mata da região, que abriga diversas nascentes de rios cujas águas abastecem várias cidades do sul de Minas Gerais e de São Paulo. O levantamento fitossociológico foi realizado em 15 parcelas de 5 × 100 m, onde todos os indivíduos com circunferência do tronco à altura do peito (ca. 1,30 m) > 15 cm foram registrados, tendo seus diâmetros medidos e alturas estimadas. O levantamento florístico registrou a presença de 66 espécies arbóreas pertencentes a 29 famílias, muitas delas típicas de formações florestais de altitude do sul e sudeste do Brasil, bem como uma espécie ameaçada de extinção, Dicksonia sellowiana (Dicksoniaceae). As famílias com maior riqueza em espécies foram Myrtaceae e Solanaceae. No levantamento fitossociológico foram amostrados 1.501 indivíduos distribuídos em 58 espécies e 29 famílias. A densidade total calculada foi de 2.001 indivíduos por hectare. As famílias mais importantes foram Myrtaceae, Lauraceae e Meliaceae. As espécies com maior IVI foram Ocotea lancifolia (42,88), Cabralea canjerana (29,53) e Psychotria velloziana (22,95). O índice de diversidade (H') foi de 2,9 (nats.ind.-1). A proteção deste remanescente é de fundamental importância para a conservação da biodiversidade da floresta atlântica de altitude e dos recursos hídricos da região sul de Minas Gerais.

The floristic composition of epiphytic bryophytes on trunks of the tree ferns species Cyathea arborea and Dicksonia sellowiana was studied in SE-Brazil. A total of 142 bryophyte species were found, of which 20 were found in more than 10% of the vegetation analyses, 77 species occurred only one to three times.Five new bryophyte associations are described in two new classes: the Syrrhopodetum proliferi, Porotricho-Syrrhopodetum incompleti and Orthostichello-Syrrhopodetum parasitici within the Hymenodontetalia aeruginosae, which is almost confined to Caythea arborea. They prefer humid habitats in coastal rain forests and cloud forests. The Campylopodetum extincti and Campylopodetum occculti are united within the class Syrrhopodetalia gaudichaudii. They grow on Dicksonia sellowiana and occur within Araucaria forests.The predominant life form in both classes are wefts and mats. The characteristic life forms of the Hymenodontetalia are short turfs, dendroids, fans and tails, which are an expression of the humid habitat conditions, but short and tall turfs in the Syrrhopodetalia.

We evaluated the spatial distribution pattern and population structure of Dicksonia sellowiana (tree fern specie) in a mixed Ombrophilous Forest fragment (26°05’73”S 51°09’35” W; elevation 986m average), located in Uniao da Vitoria country, Parana State. The samples were carried out during the month of May 2012. In the evaluation of spatial distribution, it was sampled a total of 138 individuals (10 plots of 100 m2) in a total area of 1,000 m2. The density varied from 525 (x = 13.8 ± 7.99) individuals per parcel, the size (DAP) from 26 cm to 158.2 ‘’ (x = 62.4 ± 25 cm). The values found were considered high compared to similar studies, due to regional characteristics (e.g. abundant rainfalls and seasonally homogeneous) and the good condition of the area evaluated. The population showed a distribution of aggregate type in conformity to the variance/mean ratio (4.17) and the Morisita index (1,24). This type of pattern is typically described for this specie and for other species of ferns, and may be due to plant characteristics (e.g. spore dispersal) or environmental (e.g. water availability). The population structure was evaluated in 43 individuals in a total area of 200 m2. The size of the caudex is quite variable (DAP = 54.4 ± 14 cm; DA = 58.3 ± 16.9 cm; DB = 91.3 ± 47 cm), however with most individuals with high size, which indicates a population already formed, with low number of young individuals. It was verified a greater number of mature senescent fronds and a low number of fertile fronds, probably due to the period of the year less conducive to leaf development of species. Finally, the positive relationship between the size of the caudex (DAP) and the number of fronds produced must be related to the better utilization of light energy by the largest individuals within the forest.

A Mata Atlântica rica na sua diversidade na flora e fauna abrange grande parte do território nacional, com diversos ecossistemas cujos processos ecológicos se interligam, acompanhando as características climáticas das regiões. A espécie Dicksonia sellowiana, da família Dicksoniaceae é uma espécie de samambaia característica da floresta ombrófila mista, na mata atlântica. Essa espécie também conhecida como xaxim, xaxim imperial, xaxim bugio, samambaiaçu, samambaiaçu-imperial e feto arborescente, foi muito explorada até o ano 2000 para confecção de vasos para jardinagem motivo que levou essa espécie endêmica da mata atlântica a lista oficial do IBAMA como espécie ameaçada de extinção. Esta trabalho tem como objetivo discutir sobre a espécie, gênero, família e o habitat onde predomina essa pteridófita natural do continente americano.

Este estudo teve por objetivo estabelecer predições do impacto das mudanças climáticas em cenários futuros sobre Dicksonia sellowiana (Pres.) Hook, por meio de modelos de distribuição de espécies e uso de técnicas que diminuam o grau de incerteza nesse tipo de modelagem. Para a geração dos modelos foram utilizados cinco algoritmos disponíveis no programa Openmodeller. A modelagem incluiu o modelo climático HadCM3, com projeções para o ano 2050, em dois cenários de emissão de CO2: pessimista (A2) e otimista (B2). Todos os algoritmos apresentaram eficiência nas projeções para o clima atual, o que foi validado pelos valores da área sobre a curva ROC e pelo índice de Kappa. Considerando os remanescentes de habitats disponíveis para a espécie, os resultados apresentaram diferenças significativas entre as projeções de área com o clima atual e em relação às áreas em cenários climáticos futuros. Esses modelos indicaram reduções de área potencial superiores a 50% para a espécie. Mesmo considerando os valores bons e excelentes de acurácia com os dados de clima atual, a variabilidade das projeções de distribuição para o clima no futuro indica a necessidade do uso de técnicas de consenso para a redução das incertezas associadas a este tipo de modelagem.

O uso de semente de Terminalia catappa L. (Combretaceae) como substrato para o cultivo de orquídeas das espécies Oncidium flexuosum Sims, Dendrobium nobile Lindl. e Brassavola tuberculata Hook. foi comparado ao do xaxim (Dicksonia sellowiana Hook). Esta espécie é muito usada para o cultivo de orquídeas, mas está ameaçada de extinção e com a sua exploração proibida por lei. Ao final de 12 meses de cultivo, foram avaliadas as seguintes variáveis: altura da parte aérea, diâmetro dos pseudobulbos, número de pseudobulbos e pH. Não houve interação significativa entre substratos e espécies para as variáveis avaliadas. As orquídeas desenvolvidas em substrato de T. catappa e em xaxim apresentaram alturas da parte aérea, diâmetro dos pseudobulbos e número de pseudobulbos equivalentes. O substrato de T. catappa apresentou baixa velocidade de decomposição, o que manteve a sua boa capacidade de aeração, desenvolvimento das raízes e valor de pH próximo ao encontrado para o xaxim. O uso de T. catappa apresentou-se viável como substituto ao xaxim para o cultivo das orquídeas avaliadas. The use of Terminalia catappa L. (Combretaceae) seeds as a substrate for growing orchids of the species Oncidium flexuosum Sims, Dendrobium nobile Lindl. and Brassavola tuberculata Hook was compared to the tree fern fiber Dicksonia sellowiana Hook, largely used for that purpose. This species is endangered and its exploitation is prohibited by law. After twelve months, the following parameters were evaluated: aerial part height, pseudo bulb diameter, number of pseudo bulbs and pH of substrate. There was no significant interaction between substrates and species for the evaluated parameters. The orchids developed on T. catappa substrate and tree fern fiber showed similar aerial parts, diameter and number of pseudo bulbs. T. catappa substrate showed a low rate of decomposition, which maintained good aeration capacity, root development and pH values close to that found on tree fern fiber. T. catappa used as a substrate is viable as a substitute for tree fern fiber in the cultivation of these orchid species.

The prohibition of the use of xaxim fiber as substrate, because its raw material source ( Dicksonia sellowiana ) was listed as an endangered species, lead to the need of looking for other kinds of substrate. Banana tree cultivation produces a large amount of pseudostem residues, which, due to their physical-chemical characteristics, can be an alternative in substrates composition for ornamental plants, in substitution for xaxim fiber, mainly when associated with fertilizers. This research aimed to evaluate biomass production, nutritional stage, and nutrients availability for ferns, testing substrates in xaxim fiber (XF) and banana tree pseudostem (BP), and fertilizations with N and P. The substrate proportions were sand:soil:XF and sand:soil:BP, in a relation of 1:1:2 in volume. Dosages tested were 0 mg dm -3 ; 68.5 mg dm -3 ; 137.0 mg dm -3 ; 205.5 mg dm -3 ; and 374.0 mg dm -3 of N and 0 mg dm -3 ; 97.7 mg dm -3 ; 195.4 mg dm -3 ; 291.9 mg dm -3 ; and 390.8 mg dm -3 of P 2 O 5 . The number of leaves produced by the fern did not differ significantly in response to substrates or N and P dosages. The same result was verified in most of the substrate and plant mineral evaluations. It was concluded that banana tree pseudostem could perfectly replace xaxim fiber as substrate component for ferns. KEY-WORDS: Polypodium persicifolium var. mettenii Desv.; foliar analysis; mineral nutrients; Dicksonia sellowiana ; alternative substrates.

Con el objetivo de analizar el crecimiento de helechos arbóreos en la Cordillera Central, entre marzo de 2006 y febrero de 2007 se realizó el monitoreo de la población de Dicksonia sellowiana en la Reserva Río Blanco (Manizales, Caldas), registrando trimestralmente el DAP, la altura total, el número de hojas emitidas y su estado reproductivo. Esta información se relacionó con la precipitación y se comparó con los ejemplares depositados en los herbarios COL, HUA y FAUC. El diámetro se incrementó en 1,2 cm, especialmente en la primera temporada del 2007. El crecimiento en altura del tallo fue de 6,7 cm, con la misma tendencia. La emisión de hojas se mantuvo estable, permaneciendo las 9 hojas iniciales. Únicamente las plantas con alturas mayores a 4 m se encontraron fértiles. Se concluye que D. sellowiana responde a un patrón fenológico estacional bimodal determinado por la precipitación, y coincide con la mayor esporulación registrada en los ejemplares de herbario. Igualmente, se encontró que el crecimiento en el tallo fue similar a otras especies de Cyatheales, principalmente en Alsophila. La emisión y acumulación de las hojas se presentó en módulos continuos "duplos foliares", lo que representa una estrategia adaptativa en los ecosistemas alto andinos, donde la materia orgánica acumulada y de lenta descomposición estabiliza el microclima. Estos argumentos aportan bases para el desarrollo de programas de conservación a partir del estudio y el manejo sostenible de las poblaciones naturales. In order to analyze the growth of tree ferns in the Cordillera Central, between March 2006 and February 2007, the population of Dicksonia sellowiana in the Rio Blanco Reserve (Manizales, Caldas) was monitored. The DAP, total height, leaf number and reproductive status were recorded quarterly. This information was related to precipitation and compared with specimens deposited in the COL, HUA and FAUC herbaria. The diameter increased by 1.2 cm, especially in the first 2007 season. The height growth of the stem was 6.7 cm, with the same trend. The leaf number was stable with 9 initial leaves. Only plants with a height greater than 4 m were fertile. The results showed that D. sellowiana answers to a bimodal seasonal phenological pattern determined by rainfall, coinciding with the increased sporulation recorded in herbarium specimens. Similarly, the growth in the stem was similar to other Cyatheales species, mainly Alsophila. The emission and accumulation of leaves were seen in continuous "double leaf" modules, an adaptive strategy in the high Andean ecosystems, where the accumulated organic matter of slow decomposition stabilizes the microclimate. These arguments provide a basis for the development of conservation programs from the study and sustainable management of natural populations.

A extração ilegal de Dicksonia sellowiana Hook., uma espécie de samambaia arborescente, da Floresta Ombrófila Mista, no sul do Brasil, modifica a estrutura da vegetação e reduz a disponibilidade de microhabitats para espécies epifíticas. A composição e a distribuição vertical de pteridófitas epifíticas foram estudadas sobre D. sellowiana. O estudo foi desenvolvido em área de Floresta Ombrófila Mista, do Parque Municipal da Ronda, no Estado do Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil. Foram selecionados 164 forófitos e seus cáudices foram divididos em intervalos de 1 m, a partir do solo. Em cada intervalo, foi registrada a ocorrência de espécies de pteridófitas e foi calculada a freqüência por forófitos e por intervalos. Foram registradas 20 espécies, pertencentes a 13 gêneros e sete famílias, sendo que houve o predomínio de holoepífitos habituais. A maior riqueza específica foi encontrada em Aspleniaceae (6) e no gênero Asplenium L. (6). As espécies com maior freqüência relativa nos forófitos foram Trichomanes angustatum Carmich., Blechnum binervatum (Poir.) C.V. Morton & Lellinger e Vittaria lineata (L.) Sm.. Considerando uma sub-amostra de 60 forófitos, T. angustatum e B. binervatum apresentaram freqüência decrescente de ocorrência a partir do solo até 4 m de altura. A riqueza média foi maior nos três primeiros intervalos. A riqueza encontrada sobre os cáudices de D. sellowiana representa 67% do total de pteridófitas epifíticas encontradas na área de Floresta Ombrófila Mista, no Parque Municipal da Ronda e demonstra a importância dessa planta hospedeira para a manutenção de espécies epifíticas, no ambiente florestal. Dicksonia sellowiana Hook., a tree fern species, is illegally extracted from the Mixed Ombrophylous Forest of southern Brazil, what changes the vegetation structure and reduces the availability of micro-habitats for epiphytic species. The composition and the vertical distribution of epiphytic pteridophytes were studied on D. sellowiana. The study was carried out in a Mixed Ombrophylous Forest area, at the Parque Municipal da Ronda in the State of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. One hundred and sixty four phorophytes were selected and their caudices were divided at intervals of 1 m, from the ground. At each interval the occurrence of pteridophyte species was recorded, and the frequency by phorophyte and by interval was calculated. Twenty species were recorded, from 13 genera and seven families, and habitual holoephiphytes predominated. The largest specific richness was found in Aspleniaceae (6) and in the Asplenium L. genus (6). The species with the highest relative frequency on the phorophytes were Trichomanes angustatum Carmich., Blechnum binervatum (Poir.) C.V. Morton & Lellinger and Vittaria lineata (L.) Sm.. Considering a sub-sample of 60 phorophytes, T. angustatum and B. binervatum had decreasing frequency of occurrence from the ground up to 4 m. The average richness was higher in the first three intervals. The richness found over the caudices of D. sellowiana represented 67% of the total epiphytic pteridophytes found in Mixed Ombrophylous Forest area, at the Parque Municipal da Ronda and this shows the importance of this host plant for the maintenance of epiphytic species in the forest environment.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar substratos alternativos para o cultivo da bromélia Aechmea fasciata (Lindley) Baker, para substituir com eficiência as misturas formuladas com o xaxim Dicksonia sellowiana (Presl.) Hook. Foram testados os substratos: casca de Pinus, casca de Eucalyptus, coxim, fibra de coco e xaxim, misturados com turfa e perlita, nas proporções 2:7:1, 5:4:1 e 8:1:1. O experimento foi realizado em condições de estufa com cobertura de polietileno, sombreada com tela a 70%. As bromélias foram cultivadas durante 435 dias, até o início do florescimento - estádio de comercialização. As variáveis analisadas foram as massas de matéria seca de: folhas, raiz, inflorescência, escapo floral e caule; além da massa de matéria seca total e a qualidade comercial. Os substratos formulados com xaxim ou casca de Pinus, nas proporções 2:7:1, 5:4:1 e 8:1:1, e com casca de Eucalyptus, fibra de coco ou coxim, na proporção 2:7:1, foram as misturas que apresentaram os melhores resultados. Os substratos formulados com casca de Eucalyptus, fibra de coco ou coxim, com 10% de turfa e 10% de perlita, na proporção 8:1:1, apresentaram os piores resultados. The objective of this study was to evaluate alternative substrates for the cultivation of the bromeliad Aechmea fasciata (Lindley) Baker, to substitute the formulated mixtures with fern tree fiber from Dicksonia sellowiana (Presl.) Hook. Tested substrates were: Pinus bark, Eucalyptus bark, coxim (made of coconut fiber), coir or fern tree fiber, mixed with peat and perlite, in the proportions 2:7:1, 5:4:1 and 8:1:1. The experiment was conducted in a greenhouse covered with polyethylene and shaded with shade cloth 70%. The bromeliads were cultivated during 435 days, until the beginning of the flowering, when they were suitable for commercialization. The evaluated parameters were dry masses of leaf, root, inflorescence, floral scape, and stem, besides total dry mass and the commercial quality. The substrates formulated with fern tree fiber or Pinus bark, in the proportions 2:7:1, 5:4:1 and 8:1:1, and with Eucalyptus bark, coir or coxim, in the proportion 2:7:1, showed the best results. The substrates formulated with Eucalyptus bark, coir or coxim in the proportion 8:1:1 presented the poorest results.

For this study, the germination of Aechmea nudicaulis (L.) Griseb. (Bromeliaceae) was evaluated. Production attempts from seeds for this species have taken place in an empirical form, using substrate based on xaxim ( Dicksonia sellowiana Hook.) powder, the use of which is currently restricted, as it is an endangered species. Five easily accessible alternative substratum were tested: worm humus, sand, coconut shell fiber, forest litter, and Plantmax ® . The experiment was conducted using a completely randomized design, with four replications and 50 seeds per experimental unit, at room temperature in a rustic nursery covered with 70% shade cloth. Weekly readings were performed during 70 days. The best alternative as a substitute to xaxim was forest litter, due to its germinability of 79.5% and survival rates of 97%, significantly similar to xaxim (78%; 94.75%; Tukey p < 0,05). Additionally, this product features positive characteristics such as high availability, low cost, and easy recycling