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The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence of diastasis recti abdominis (DRA) and to find the possible risk factors for DRA based on two diagnostic criteria among women in long-term postpartum period. A cross-sectional study was conducted on 1000 postpartum women at five different time points (3, 5, 10, 20, and 30 years after partum, respectively). Inter-recti distance (IRD) was assessed using ultrasound imaging, while basic data were collected through self-reported questionnaires. Two diagnostic criteria, IRD > 2 cm and IRD > 3 cm, were used to present the prevalence of DRA. Univariate and multivariate analyses were employed to explore the risk factors for DRA. When using the diagnostic criterion of IRD > 2 cm for DRA, the prevalence was 36%, 31%, 22%, 26%, and 30% at 3, 5, 10, 20, and 30 years postpartum, respectively. When using the diagnostic criterion of IRD > 3 cm for DRA, the prevalence was 13%, 8%, 6%, 8%, and 10%, respectively. The results revealed that higher body mass index (BMI) was a risk factor for DRA at 10 years postpartum (p = 0.000), bigger number of parturitions was a risk factor at 3, 5, and 10 years postpartum (p = 0.000, 0.004 and 0.000), twins was a risk factor at 3 years postpartum (p = 0.001), and diabetes was a risk factor at 20 and 30 years postpartum (P = 0.000 and 0.004). (1) The prevalence of DRA in the long-term postpartum period was high, especially when IRD > 2 cm was used as the diagnostic criterion. (2) Higher BMI, bigger number of parturitions, twins and diabetes were independently associated with higher odds of DRA at different long-term postpartum time points. (3) The diagnostic criterion for DRA should be further improved to avoid excessive clinical diagnosis and treatment. (1) This study elucidated the prevalence and risk factors associated with long-term postpartum DRA, thereby enhancing clinical awareness and advocating for early intervention and prevention measures to mitigate serious adverse outcomes. (2) This study presented the research results using two diagnostic criteria, increasing comparability with existing studies. In addition, discussions on reasonable diagnostic criterion for DRA were also conducted to avoid excessive clinical diagnosis and treatment., (© 2024. The Author(s).)

Purpose: Post-pregnancy abdominal rectus diastasis (ARD) has raised attention in the field of surgery in recent years, but there is no consensus about when to consider surgery. Our aim was to find out what is the normal inter-rectus distance in fertile aged, female population in Finland and to examine whether there is a linea alba width that would predispose to diastasis-related problems after pregnancy., Methods: For this prospective cohort study, women participating early pregnancy ultrasound in Helsinki University Hospital Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology during 1.1.2018-8.3.2019, were recruited. The width of linea alba was measured by ultrasound during the early pregnancy ultrasound. Symptoms were measured by questionnaire including Health-Related Quality of Life (RAND-36) and Oswestry Disability Index for back symptoms and disability., Results: Linea alba width was measured in total of 933 women. The average inter-rectus distance (IRD) among nulliparous women was 1.81 ± 0.72 cm. After one previous pregnancy, the average linea alba width was 2.36 cm ± 0.83 cm and after more pregnancies 2.55 ± 1.09 cm. There was a positive correlation between previous pregnancies and the increased linea alba width (p = 0.00004). We did not perceive any threshold value of linea alba width that would predispose to back pain or movement control problems in this cohort, in which severe diastasis (over 5 cm) was rare., Conclusion: Mean inter-rectus distance in parous population exceeds stated normative values. Moderate ARD (3.0-5.0 cm) alone does not seem to explain low back pain or functional disability in population level. Severe post-pregnancy diastasis (over 5.0 cm) is rare., (© 2021. The Author(s).)

Introduction: Rectus abdominis diastasis (RAD) is characterized by thinning and widening of the linea alba and laxity of the ventral abdominal muscle. RAD, when coexistent with umbilical hernia, is considered a risk factor for hernia recurrence. We investigated the impact of comorbid RAD in patients with umbilical hernia who had undergone hernia repair., Methods: We enrolled 30 patients who had undergone umbilical hernia repair using either a laparoscopic or anterior approach between April 2006 and May 2018. We diagnosed RAD according to preoperative CT. The outcomes of patients with umbilical hernia, the RAD group, and the non-RAD group were compared, especially in terms of recurrence., Results: Twenty-five patients (83%) presented with RAD, including three patients (12%) with postoperative recurrence who were allocated to the RAD group. The median BMI in the RAD group was 27.2 kg/m 2 . In the RAD group, a prosthesis mesh was used in 12 patients (48%), and nonabsorbable suture material was used in four patients (16%). There was no statistically significant difference between the two groups in terms of age, hernial orifice diameter, surgical technique, or operative time., Conclusion: The rate of comorbid umbilical hernia in Japanese patients with RAD was high, as was the recurrence rate of umbilical hernia. We strongly recommend preoperative detection of RAD. We also recommend mesh-based repair of the midline and nonabsorbable suture material to decrease the recurrence rate, irrespective of hernia size., (© 2020 Asia Endosurgery Task Force and Japan Society of Endoscopic Surgery and John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd.)

Aims and Objectives: This study aimed to obtain the incidence of diastasis recti abdominis (DRA) and analyse possible risk factors in adult females. Moreover, the relationships between DRA and lower back pain, pelvic floor function and quality of life were also analysed., Background: Diastasis recti abdominis is a separation of the abdominal muscles at the linea alba. Currently, studies on the prevalence rates, risk factors and consequences of DRA are varied. In particular, reports on DRA among adult women are lacking., Design: A one-sample questionnaire study design is used following the STROBE checklist., Methods: The inter-rectus distance was measured by computed tomography in 644 women. Custom questionnaires, the Oswestry Disability Index, The International Consultation on Incontinence Questionnaire-Urinary Incontinence Short Form and the Medical Outcomes Study 36-Item Short Form Health Survey (SF-36) were used to investigate personal information, the subjects' back pain, pelvic floor function and quality of life, respectively., Results: The incidence of DRA was 28.4%. Age, the number of pregnancies, BMI and diabetes were influencing factors for DRA. After age stratification, pregnancy and diabetes were found to be risk factors for DRA in young women, and obesity and diabetes were risk factors for DRA in older women. This study showed that the association between DRA and low back pain was highly significant., Conclusions: Diastasis recti abdominis is common in adult women. Avoiding multiple pregnancies, preventing diabetes and controlling weight may prevent DRA, which may be beneficial for decreasing low back pain in women., Relevance to Clinical Practice: The findings have important implications for the health of adult women which can provide the basis for appropriate nursing implementation for DRA patients. The application of specific prevention and intervention measures for the risk factors may reduce the severity of low back pain., (© 2020 John Wiley & Sons Ltd.)

Introduction: The diastasis of the rectus abdominis muscles is common during pregnancy and post-partum., Objective: To determine the prevalence of this pathology, methods of diagnosis, association with pelvic-perineal disorders and therapies that may be proposed., Methods: Review of Pubmed, Medline, Embase and Cochrane literature using the following words and MeSH: diastasis, diastasis and pregnancy, diastasis of the rectus abdominis muscle, increase of the inter-recti distance., Results: Among the 124 articles found, 61 were selected. Ultrasound seems to be the exam of choice both in terms of feasibility and reproducibility for the diagnosis of this pathology (intra-class correlation coefficients (ICC) high 0.81 to 0.94). The risk factors identified vary from one study to another: heavy load bearing (OR=2.18 (95 % CI 1.05 to 4.52) P=0.04), weight gain. Studies are discordant regarding the association between diastasis and low back pain (RR=1.39 (95 % CI 0.91-2.14), P=0.17), urinary incontinence (RR=0.86 (95 % CI 0.55-1.33) P>0.65) and prolapse (OR=2.25 (95 % CI 1.51-3.37) P<0.001), but the diastasis seems to play a role in the alteration of the quality of life for these patients., Conclusion: Knowledge about risk factors, consequences of diastasis and management is still limited today. It is therefore necessary to establish prospective studies on larger numbers in order to improve knowledge on the diastasis of the rectus abdominis muscles., (Copyright © 2019 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.)

Background: Diastasis of the rectus abdominis muscle (DRAM) is common during and after pregnancy., Objectives: To determine the association between: the presence of DRAM and low back pain, lumbo-pelvic pain, incontinence, pelvic organ prolapse, abdominal muscle performance or health-related quality of life; and between DRAM width and severity of these outcomes., Data Sources: Six electronic databases (EMBASE, Medline, CINAHL, PUBMED, AMED and PEDro)., Study Selection: Included studies of all designs with adults with DRAM that assessed low back pain, lumbo-pelvic pain incontinence, pelvic organ prolapse, abdominal performance or health-related quality of life., Study Appraisal & Synthesis Methods: Methodological quality was assessed using the Effective Public Health Practice Project tool. A narrative summary was completed for DRAM presence and presence of the various musculoskeletal dysfunctions, and DRAM width and the severity of these dysfunctions., Results: Twelve studies involving 2242 participants were included. There was no significant association between the presence of DRAM and lumbo-pelvic pain or incontinence. There was a small association between the presence of DRAM and pelvic organ prolapse. DRAM width may be associated with health-related quality of life, abdominal muscle strength and severity of low back pain., Limitations: Quality of studies was weak. There was variability in the methods used to assess DRAM., Conclusion: There is weak evidence that DRAM presence may be associated with pelvic organ prolapse, and DRAM severity with impaired health-related quality of life, impaired abdominal muscle strength and low back pain severity. Systematic Review Registration Number: PROSPERO CRD42017058089., (Copyright © 2018 Chartered Society of Physiotherapy. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Introduction: Postoperative incisional hernias (PIH) are an established complication of abdominal surgery with rates after radical cystectomy (RC) poorly defined. The objective of this analysis is to compare rates and risk factors of PIH after open (ORC) and robotic-assisted (RARC) cystectomy at a tertiary-care referral center., Materials and Methods: We performed a retrospective review of patients undergoing ORC and RARC from 2000-2015 with pre and postoperative cross-sectional imaging available. Images were evaluated for anthropometric measurements and presence of postoperative radiographic PIH (RPIH). Patient demographics, type of urinary diversion and postoperative hernia repair (PHR) were also assessed., Results: Of the patients that met inclusion criteria (n = 469), the incidence of RPIH and PHR were 14.3% and 9.0%, respectively. Between ORC and RARC, analysis revealed no statistically significant differences in rates of RPIH (13.6% versus 20.3%, p = 0.152) or PHR (8.2% versus 12.5%, p = 0.214). Body mass index was associated with a slightly increased likelihood of RPIH on univariate analysis alone (OR 1.08, p = 0.008). Ileal conduit was associated with a decreased likelihood of RPIH (OR 0.42, p = 0.034) and PHR (OR 0.36, p = 0.023). Supraumbilical rectus diastasis width (RDW) was an independent predictor of both RPIH (OR 1.52, p = 0.023) and PHR (OR 1.43, p = 0.039) on multivariate analysis., Conclusions: Patients undergoing RC are at significant risk of RPIH and PHR regardless of surgical approach. Anthropomorphic factors and urinary diversion type appear to be associated with PIH risk. Further research is needed to understand how risks of PIH can be reduced in patients undergoing cystectomy.