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Copyright of Revista Brasileira de Políticas Públicas is the property of Revista Brasileira de Politicas Publicas and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista Debates is the property of Revista Debates and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The municipality of Governador Valadares, MG, has approximately two hundred and eighty thousand inhabitants and remained in 5th place in the state ranking of violence in 2015. We measured, through the accountability methodology, public costs, private costs, and social losses resulting from violence. The results indicate that the aggregate value of these three cost categories, in the year 2015, reached approximately the equivalent of 5.8% of the municipal GDP. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper is aimed at assessing how institutions, whether at the individual level or at the more aggregated level (institutional environment of the countries), relate to a categorical measure of individual income. To meet this need, as variables at different levels are included, the hierarchical logistic regression model is used, and the individual income category is the dependent variable. The results show that institutional dimensions such as family, trust, gender equality, interest in politics and democracy, competition and government size are positively related to higher income. Otherwise, institutional dimensions such as religion, obedience, authority and income equality are inversely related to the highest income category. Furthermore, regarding formal institutions at the aggregate level (countries), a positive association between individual income and being in an institutional environment with better guarantees of property rights and smaller government size is suggested. These results strengthen arguments that institutional environments that value trust, democracy and property rights can positively influence the determination of the individuals' income levels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]