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Background: Medication overuse headache (MOH) is the third most prevalent headache type after migraine and tension-type headache. A large number of studies on the long-term prognosis have shown that MOH has a high relapse rate after treatment. Although MOH relapse-related risk factors have been reported, no related research has been performed in China. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to analyze and evaluate the risk factors for MOH relapse in China.Methods: Eighty-six out-patients of Shandong Provincial Hospital who were initially diagnosed with MOH, and who had successful withdrawal treatment within 2 months, were chosen from March 2012 to July 2013. All subjects were followed up by the investigators of this study. Of the 86 subjects, 27 who had relapsed were compared with 59 who had not relapsed (i.e. the controls). Based on a standardized questionnaire, a database was created (with Microsoft Excel 2010). The data, which included 38 indexes, were analyzed by univariate analysis with chi-square test, Fisher's exact test, t-test, or paired rank test. The statistically correlated (P<0.05) variables were chosen as the independent variables, thereby enabling the calculation of the non-conditional multivariate stepwise logistic regression.Results: The independent risk factors for medication-overuse headache relapse were determined as headache frequency before drug withdrawal, duration of primary headache, and headache frequency after drug withdrawal.Conclusion: Headache frequency before drug withdrawal, duration of primary headache, and headache frequency after drug withdrawal may be the independent risk factors for MOH relapse in China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Low efficiency is a key problem confronting the development and application of phytoremediation technology. Based on political pressure to reduce CO2emissions in China and the fact that CO2is necessary for plant photosynthesis, the effects of captured CO2fertilization on phytoremediation of soil di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) pollution by C3plant (mung bean,Vigna radiataL.) and C4plant (maize,Zea maysL.) were investigated. Results showed that DEHP pollution negatively affected the growth and rhizosphere environments of both plants. After CO2fertilization, both plants had more biomass (aboveground, belowground, and total dry weight), higher alkaline phosphatase activity, and more microbes with DEHP tolerance in their rhizospheres. Superoxide dismutase activity in leaves of both plants decreased significantly. Microbial community composition in both rhizospheres changed. CO2fertilization also increased plant uptake of DEHP, particularly in the roots, and decreased residual DEHP concentrations in the rhizospheres. These effects were more evident in the C3than in the C4plant. This study indicated that CO2fertilization can enhance the phytoremediation process of polluted soil through promoting plant growth, improving the rhizosphere environment, and increasing plant uptake of DEHP, particular in a C3plant. CO2fertilization could be considered as a measure to enhance phytoremediation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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