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The growing interest in functional foods is driven by the exploration of new foods with positive health effects. Pleasant sensory features are essential for consumer acceptance. In this work, we investigated the composition of the bioactive compounds, antioxidant activity, and aroma profiles of four edible flowers: Cucurbita moschata Duchesne, Dianthus chinensis L., Fuchsia regia (Vand. ex Vell.) Munz., and Viola cornuta L. For the first time, we quantified the water-soluble group of B vitamins. Significant variations in the content of soluble sugars, vitamins, and secondary metabolites were observed. V. cornuta showed the highest concentration of vitamin C and carotenoids, while C. moschata had the highest content of vitamin B and flavonoids. F. regia stood out for its exceptionally high content of total phenolics, while D. chinensis surpassed the other flowers in soluble sugar content. The aroma profile analysis revealed a diverse array of volatile organic compounds, with each species having its own unique composition. C. moschata was characterized by p-dimethoxybenzene and D. chinensis by non-terpene compounds; F. regia displayed high amounts of decanal and nonanal, while V. cornuta was rich in myrcene and α-farnesene. These findings provide valuable insights into the secondary metabolites and aroma profiles of these flowers, enhancing our understanding of their bioactive compounds and potential health benefits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dianthus genus, belonging to the family Caryophyllaceae, encompasses over 300 species. Various Dianthus spp. have long been utilized in traditional medicine for the treatment of a wide range of conditions including chronic pain, urinary infections, carbuncles, menostasis, gonorrhea, cough, liver diseases, and certain types of cancer. The objective of this study was to determine the biological activities (antimutagenicity, antibacterial and antioxidant), total phenol-flavonoid content and individual phenolic constituents of methanolic extracts of two different parts [FC (flower+capitulum) and LS (leaf+stem)] of seven different endemic Dianthus spp. (D. ancyrensis, D. aticii, D. balansae, D. carmelitarum, D. kastembeluensis, D. lydus and D. leucophaeus) found in Bolu, Turkey. In the antimutagenicity tests, D. carmelitarum, D. ancyrensis. D. kastembeluensis and D. lydus demonstrated higher inhibition effect against the mutagenic activity of sodium azide (NaN 3) and 4-nitro-o-phenylene diamine (NPD) on Salmonella typhimurium TA 100 and TA 98 strains, respectively. D. carmelitarum -LS displayed the highest antimutagenic effect against the mutagen (base-substitution) on the TA 100 strain, while D. carmelitarum -FC exhibited the highest inhibition against mutagenic activity (frame-shift mutagenesis) by 4-nitro-o-phenylene diamine (NPD) on S. typhimurium TA98 strain. Among the tested 17 bacteria, only 4 bacteria (Staphylococcus epidermidis, S. aureus, Streptococcus pyogenes and Klebsiella pneumonia) demonstrated sensitivity to five different Dianthus spp. D. leucophaeus exhibited moderate antibacterial activity against S. epidermidis. Furthermore, S. pyogenes was quite susceptible to D. kastembeluensis, D. aticii and D. lydus. The most powerful radical scavenging activity was observed with D. balansae -LS. Consistent with this result, D. balansae -LS showed the highest total phenolic content. D. aticii -LS had the highest content of total flavonoid. U-HPLC analysis revealed that rutin, phloridzin, ferulic acid and chlorogenic acid were the most dominant compounds in endemic Dianthus spp. These findings highlight the potential of these plants as valuable natural sources for pharmaceutical and nutraceutical applications. [Display omitted] • The best antimutagenic effect was observed with D. carmelitarum and D. ancyrensis. • D. balansae and D. aticii showed the best antioxidant capacity. • D. balansae and D. aticii had the highest TPC and TFC values, respectively. • D. leucophaeus D. kastembeluensis, D. aticii and D. lydus had antibacterial effect. • Rutin and phloridzin were the highest in D. carmelitarum and D. ancyrensis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dianthus × belkinii – межсекционный гибрид, описанный как новый из Республики Алтай (массив Талдуаир). Отмечено произрастание данного таксона и в Монголии (Баян-Улэгэйский аймак). В статье описаны морфологические признаки нового таксона и обсуждены его взаимоотношения с родительскими видами. Новый, описываемый гибрид, с бахромчатым венчиком, габитуально имеет промежуточные морфологические признаки между родительскими видами. Стебли ветвятся малообильно, относительно высокие, чем похожи на таковые у D. superbus. Доли чашечки и прицветные листья носят переходный характер между D. superbus и D. versicolor. Отгиб венчика рассечен на ⅓–¼ на немногочисленные доли. Данные цитометрии показали идентичную плоидность у нового таксона и родительских видов, а среднее значение относительного содержания ДНК занимает практически промежуточное значение, ближе к D. versicolor. Последовательности фрагментов ITS D. × belkinii содержат двойные пики, что говорит о гибридной природе этого растения. Последовательности хлоропластных маркеров D. × belkinii, идентичные D. versicolor, но отличные от D. superbus, подтверждают, что D. versicolor может быть материнским родителем данного гибрида. На основе данных полиморфизмов возможно утверждать гибридную природу последовательности ITS изученного таксона и собственно D. versicolor × superbus, где родительскими формами выступают D. versicolor и D. superbus.

Although ethnopharmacologically renowned, wax constituents of Dianthus species were sporadically studied. A combination of GC-MS analysis, synthesis, and chemical transformations enabled the identification of 275 constituents of diethyl-ether washings of aerial parts and/or flowers of six Dianthus taxa (Dianthus carthusianorum, D. deltoides, D. giganteus subsp. banaticus, D. integer subsp. minutiflorus, D. petraeus, and D. superbus) and one Petrorhagia taxon (P. prolifera) from Serbia. Seventeen of these constituents (nonacosyl benzoate, additional 12 benzoates with anteiso-branched 1-alkanols, eicosyl tiglate, triacontane-14,16-dione, dotriacontane-14,16-dione, and tetratriacontane-16,18-dione) and two additional synthesized eicosyl esters (angelate and senecioate) represent completely new compounds. The structures of the tentatively identified β-ketones were confirmed by analysis of the mass fragmentation of the corresponding pyrazoles and silyl enol ethers obtained by transformations of crude extracts and extract fractions. Silylation allowed the identification of 114 additional constituents, including a completely new natural product (30-methylhentriacontan-1-ol). The results obtained by multivariate statistical analyses showed that the chemical profile of Dianthus taxa's surface waxes is subject to both genetic and ecological factors, whereas the latter seemingly takes a more important role for the studied Dianthus samples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Egyptian Journal of Experimental Biology (Botany) is the property of Egyptian Society of Experimental Biology and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Dianthus spp. is a genus with high economic and ornamental value in the Caryophyllaceae, which include the famous fresh-cut carnation and the traditional Chinese herbal medicine, D. superbus. Despite the Dianthus species being seen everywhere in our daily lives, its genome information and phylogenetic relationships remain elusive. Thus, we performed the assembly and annotation of chloroplast genomes for 12 individuals from seven Dianthus species. On this basis, we carried out the first comprehensive and systematic analysis of the chloroplast genome sequence characteristics and the phylogenetic evolution of Dianthus. The chloroplast genome of 12 Dianthus individuals ranged from 149,192 bp to 149,800 bp, containing 124 to 126 functional genes. Sequence repetition analysis showed the number of simple sequence repeats (SSRs) ranged from 75 to 80, tandem repeats ranged from 23 to 41, and pair-dispersed repeats ranged from 28 to 43. Next, we calculated the synonymous nucleotide substitution rates (Ks) of all 76 protein coding genes to obtain the evolution rate of these coding genes in Dianthus species; rpl22 showed the highest Ks (0.0471), which suggested that it evolved the swiftest. By reconstructing the phylogenetic relationships within Dianthus and other species of Caryophyllales, 16 Dianthus individuals (12 individuals reported in this study and four individuals downloaded from NCBI) were divided into two strongly supported sister clades (Clade A and Clade B). The Clade A contained five species, namely D. caryophyllus, D. barbatus, D. gratianopolitanus, and two cultivars ('HY' and 'WC'). The Clade B included four species, in which D. superbus was a sister branch with D. chinensis, D. longicalyx, and F1 '87M' (the hybrid offspring F1 from D. chinensis and 'HY'). Further, based on sequence divergence analysis and hypervariable region analysis, we selected several regions that had more divergent sequences, to develop DNA markers. Additionally, we found that one DNA marker can be used to differentiate Clade A and Clade B in Dianthus. Taken together, our results provide useful information for our understanding of Dianthus classification and chloroplast genome evolution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Some Dianthus specimens collected from Sakarya and Bolu Provinces (Turkey) are proposed as a new species. Dianthus nezahatiae Hamzaoğlu (Caryophyllaceae) is naturally distributed in subalpine meadow habitats in the altitude range of 1450 and 1620 m a.s.l. Dianthus nezahatiae differs from D. akdaghensis Gemici et Leblebici because its inner bracts are 1.7-2.1 mm wide, the apex of the epicalyx scales is attenuate-rounded, the petal collar is almost half of the claw width, and the capsule is longer than calyx. This paper gives a description of the species, a comparison with a close taxon, photographs, the distribution map, and its habitat preference. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The chemical composition of the secondary metabolites is of great significance to the quality control of agricultural products. The genus Dianthus is famous for its beautiful flowers in the cut flower trade and also used in the traditional Chinese medicinal system and food market. However, the chemical composition in Dianthus is still unknown. The current study examined the levels of different metabolites of the flowers in Dianthus caryophyllus, Dianthus chinensis and Dianthus superbus via the use of the widely targeted metabolomic strategy. We obtained the structure and content of 423 metabolites in Dianthus, which included the primary and secondary metabolites. The principal component analysis was able to clearly seperate Dianthus caryophyllus, Dianthus chinensis and Dianthus superbus based on the flower metabolites. The differential metabolites can be categorised into 11 different classes, the majority were flavonoids, amino acids and their derivatives, phenolic acids and lipids. The results of this study provide important information for the effective use of Dianthus flowers in edible, medicinal and therapeutic aspects.

Cuticular wax plays an important role in plant drought tolerance by limiting non-stomatal water loss and has a diverse micromorphology and composition. However, the contribution of different wax components to limiting non-stomatal water loss remains unclear. We investigated and compared the micromorphology of cuticular wax on the leaves of five Dianthus plants and its role in limiting non-stomatal water loss. Furthermore, we further analyzed the chemical components of the cuticular waxes. Our results showed that cuticular wax crystals on the leaves of five Dianthus plants were mainly composed of irregular platelets or tubular epicuticular wax. The deposition of tubular wax may be related to better limiting non-stomatal water loss than platelets wax in the leaves of five Dianthus plants. Chemical component analysis revealed that the tubular wax was mainly composed of tricosane-2,4-dione. Our study suggests that tubular wax composition is an important trait for limiting non-stomatal water loss in several Dianthus species and contributes to the improvement of drought tolerance in other Dianthus plants.

Although ethnopharmacologically renowned, wax constituents of Dianthus species were sporadically studied. A combination of GC-MS analysis, synthesis, and chemical transformations enabled the identification of 275 constituents of diethyl-ether washings of aerial parts and/or flowers of six Dianthus taxa (Dianthus carthusianorum, D. deltoides, D. giganteus subsp. banaticus, D. integer subsp. minutiflorus, D. petraeus, and D. superbus) and one Petrorhagia taxon (P. prolifera) from Serbia. Seventeen of these constituents (nonacosyl benzoate, additional 12 benzoates with anteiso-branched 1-alkanols, eicosyl tiglate, triacontane-14,16-dione, dotriacontane-14,16-dione, and tetratriacontane-16,18-dione) and two additional synthesized eicosyl esters (angelate and senecioate) represent completely new compounds. The structures of the tentatively identified β-ketones were confirmed by analysis of the mass fragmentation of the corresponding pyrazoles and silyl enol ethers obtained by transformations of crude extracts and extract fractions. Silylation allowed the identification of 114 additional constituents, including a completely new natural product (30-methylhentriacontan-1-ol). The results obtained by multivariate statistical analyses showed that the chemical profile of Dianthus taxa’s surface waxes is subject to both genetic and ecological factors, whereas the latter seemingly takes a more important role for the studied Dianthus samples.

In section Leiopetali, the diploid chromosome numbers were reported from only six of total 25 taxa. There is no karyological data relating to other 19 taxa. In this study, it is intended to determine the diploid chromosome numbers of taxa of section Leiopetali. The diploid number of 13 species were detected, four of which were recorded for the first time and nine numbers compatible with the previous reports. Twelve species were diploid with 2n = 2x =30. D. leptopetalus was diploid and polyploid, which reveals only one polyploidy level of tetraploidy (2n = 4x = 60). Polyploidy might have played a role in the karyotype evolution of the genus. One of the most important reasons for this situation is that although polyploidy is observed in the genus Dianthus, the dysploidy mechanism that causes a change in the basic chromosome number has not been found until now. The basic number is x = 15 according to the all chromosomal reports. In conclusion, this study reports new data into the karyological characteristics of section Leiopetali (genus Dianthus) that can be useful for interpreting or understanding relationships among sections. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dianthus berkayii belongs to sect. Fimbriati was described and illustrated as a new species from Erzincan Province in Eastern Anatolia, Turkey. In the current study morphological, palynological, and molecular characters were compared and discussed with its closely related species. The new species is similar to D. crinitus with fimbriate corolla, linear, acuminate, ± rigid leaves. Also similar to D. vanensis with fimbriate corolla, linear, acuminate, ± rigid, curved divaricate leaves. But distinctly different from D. crinitus by having linear and curved divaricate leaves, stem with 3-4(-5) internodes (not 5-8), a style much longer than petals, and different from D. vanensis with narrower leaves, ebarbulate and long fimbriate corolla. The bracts of D. berkayii are 1/3 of the length of the calyx, but not equal to the calyx length. The IUCN threat category of D. berkayii was determined to be "CR (Critically Endangered)" therewithal it is an Irano-Turanian element. In the study, the geographical distributions of D. berkayii, D. crinitus, and D. vanensis are also mapped, the identification key of these species was provided, pollen morphology and phylogenetic analyses based on ITS region of rDNA and ecological notes are also presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, we present an overall phylogenetic framework for Dianthus using four plastid regions (matKtrnK-psbA, rpl32-trnL, trnQ-rps16) and nuclear ITS and a species-level checklist for the genus developed by using all available databases and the literature. The trees from the plastid dataset depict a clade of Dianthus that also includes Velezia and a few taxa of Petrorhagia. New combinations in Dianthus are provided for these species. The checklist of Dianthus in this new delimitation covers 1781 names, with 384 accepted species, 150 subspecies, 12 heterotypic varieties and two forms (not counting autonyms), 1050 synonyms, 22 hybrid names and 172 unresolved names, 3 names were excluded. Implications for the evolution of flower characters, life forms, biogeography, as well as sectional classification are discussed based on the phylogenetic framework. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study aimed to evaluate bioactive potential and activities of the methanolic extracts of four selected Dianthus species growing in Bosnia and Herzegovina (Dianthus sylvestris, Dianthus giganteus, Dianthus deltoides, Dianthus petraeus). Aerial parts of investigated Dianthus species were collected at the full flowering stage and used for the analysis. The total phenolic contents and total flavonoid of plant extracts were determined by Folin–Ciocalteau reagent and aluminum chloride calorimetric assay, respectively. DPPH methods was employed to determine the antioxidant potential. The flower methanolic Dianthus deltoides extract showed the highest values of total phenolic content (65,78 mgGAE/gDW) followed by flower methanolic Diantus sylvestris extract (61,76 mgGAE/gDW). A similar trend was observed with the content of total flavonoids, where the methanol extracts of the flower had a higher content compared to the vegetative part (stem and leaf). All examined extracts of all four species of the genus Dianthus showed strong antioxidant properties with a statistically lower antioxidant capacity of the extract of the vegetative part of the species D. deltoides. However, for the same species, the lowest IC50 value was recorded for the flower extract (0.18 mg/ml), i.e. the strongest antioxidant effect. D. deltoides and D. sylvestris extracts showed significant differences between the IC50 values of the flower extract and the extract of the vegetative part of the plant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

El autor, basándose en la relación C/KL, que indica cuántas unidades nucleares de espacio están en condiciones de duplicar la masa hereditaria existente durante las dos divisiones de madurez, establece 11 grupos de especies en el género Dianthus, concepto que ha sido reforzado por datos anatómicos posteriores.

The nomenclature of 14 taxa from Central and Southern Europe within the Dianthus virgineus group is discussed. Dianthus aggericola Jord., D. collivagus Jord., D. consimilis Jord., D. orophilus Jord., D. saxicola Jord., D. juratensis Jord. are here lectotypified by specimens from the Jordan herbarium in LY, while D. godronianus Jord. by a specimen in P. Dianthus subacaulis Vill. is neotypified by a specimen collected on Mont Ventoux (S. France) and housed in MPU. For D. sylvestris Wulfen, a lectotype is here designated and its previous neotypification is discussed. Dianthus caryophyllus var. tenuifolius Moris, D. caryophyllus f. minor Moris and D. sylvestris var. garganicus Ten. are lectotypified by specimens housed in herbarium Moris (TO) and herbarium Tenore (K). Dianthus virgineus var. tergestinus Rchb. is lectotypified by a drawing from the Icones florae Germanicae & Helveticae, while D. contractus var. evolutus Lojac. is neotypified by a specimen in P. For each taxon the currently accepted name is provided including new synonymies. The type indication is followed by nomenclatural and taxonomic notes, in which the original material found is commented and the reasons for the identification of the types are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The pollen morphology of 89 taxa belonging to the genus Dianthus L. is considered, utilizing light, scanning and transmission electron microscopy, and the taxa are compared based on their pollen characters. Of these, the pollen morphology of 73 taxa is reported for the first time. Pollen grains of Dianthus taxa are spheroidal, polypantoporate and 29.1–53 µm in size, and have 12–24 prominent or sunken apertures uniformly distributed on their surface. Spinules were present on all pollen grains, and puncta were seen in 73 taxa. The exine surface ornamentation can be divided into three types, namely microechinate, microechinate-punctate or microechinate-punctate-foveolate. Cluster analysis and principal component analysis demonstrate that the clustering of Dianthus taxa studied does not correlate well with the sectional classification; rather, the punctum number, the pollen diameter and the spinule number are the most valuable variables for separating the examined taxa. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dianthus spp. is a genus with high economic and ornamental value in the Caryophyllaceae, which include the famous fresh-cut carnation and the traditional Chinese herbal medicine, D. superbus. Despite the Dianthus species being seen everywhere in our daily lives, its genome information and phylogenetic relationships remain elusive. Thus, we performed the assembly and annotation of chloroplast genomes for 12 individuals from seven Dianthus species. On this basis, we carried out the first comprehensive and systematic analysis of the chloroplast genome sequence characteristics and the phylogenetic evolution of Dianthus. The chloroplast genome of 12 Dianthus individuals ranged from 149,192 bp to 149,800 bp, containing 124 to 126 functional genes. Sequence repetition analysis showed the number of simple sequence repeats (SSRs) ranged from 75 to 80, tandem repeats ranged from 23 to 41, and pair-dispersed repeats ranged from 28 to 43. Next, we calculated the synonymous nucleotide substitution rates (Ks) of all 76 protein coding genes to obtain the evolution rate of these coding genes in Dianthus species; rpl22 showed the highest Ks (0.0471), which suggested that it evolved the swiftest. By reconstructing the phylogenetic relationships within Dianthus and other species of Caryophyllales, 16 Dianthus individuals (12 individuals reported in this study and four individuals downloaded from NCBI) were divided into two strongly supported sister clades (Clade A and Clade B). The Clade A contained five species, namely D. caryophyllus, D. barbatus, D. gratianopolitanus, and two cultivars (‘HY’ and ‘WC’). The Clade B included four species, in which D. superbus was a sister branch with D. chinensis, D. longicalyx, and F1 ‘87M’ (the hybrid offspring F1 from D. chinensis and ‘HY’). Further, based on sequence divergence analysis and hypervariable region analysis, we selected several regions that had more divergent sequences, to develop DNA markers. Additionally, we found that one DNA marker can be used to differentiate Clade A and Clade B in Dianthus. Taken together, our results provide useful information for our understanding of Dianthus classification and chloroplast genome evolution.

Growth retardants like BAP have a major effect in the growth and physiology of plants. They mostly often suppress the height of stem by antagonizes the action of auxins and counteract the apical dominance and its direct application to plants fortifies cell division and growth of the dormant buds ultimately improving the plants bushiness. The experiment was conducted at the Ornamental nursery, Department of Horticulture, The University of Agriculture Peshawar during the year 2018 to evaluate the effect of Benzyl Amino Purine (BAP) and its time of application on the dwarfism and flower production of carnation using Randomized Complete Block Design with split plot arrangement. The treatments comprising of different concentration of BAP (0, 30, 60 and 90 mgL-1 ) and different time of foliar application (7, 14, 21 and 28 days after transplantation). Maximum ( days to flowering, number of branches plant-1, number of leaves planr-1, leaf area ( cm² ), number of flowers planr-1, No. of petals flower·1 and survival percentage (%)) and minimum value of plant height (cm), fresh flower weight (g) and dry flower weight (g)) were observed when BAP was applied at 90 mg L-1. Among foliar application, maximum plant height (g), number of branches plant-1, number of leaves plant"1, leaf area (cm²) and No. of petals flower-1 were observed after 28 days of foliar application of BAP. While foliar application of BAP after 7 days had observed maximum value of days to flowering, number of flowers plant-1, fresh flower weight (g), dry flower weight (g) and survival percentage (%) of carnation. Based on the findings it is concluded that BAP@ 90 mg L-1 and foliar application after 7 days of transplantation performed a better role in reducing the plant height and improving flower production in carnation under the agro-climatic condition of Peshawar valley. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BackgroundOats contain hydroxycinnamoyl anthranilates, also named avenanthramides (Avn), which have beneficial health properties because of their antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antiproliferative effects. The microbial production of hydroxycinnamoyl anthranilates is an eco-friendly alternative to chemical synthesis or purification from plant sources. We recently demonstrated in yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) that coexpression of 4-coumarate: CoA ligase (4CL) from Arabidopsis thaliana and hydroxycinnamoyl/benzoyl-CoA/anthranilate N-hydroxycinnamoyl/benzoyltransferase (HCBT) from Dianthus caryophyllusenabled the biological production of several cinnamoyl anthranilates upon feeding with anthranilate and various cinnamates. Using engineering strategies to overproduce anthranilate and hydroxycinnamates, we describe here an entire pathway for the microbial synthesis of two Avns from glucose in Escherichia coli.ResultsWe first showed that coexpression of HCBT and Nt4CL1 from tobacco in the E. coli anthranilate-accumulating strain W3110 trpD9923 allowed the production of Avn D [N-(4'-hydroxycinnamoyl)-anthranilic acid] and Avn F [N-(3',4'-dihydroxycinnamoyl)-anthranilic acid] upon feeding with p-coumarate and caffeate, respectively. Moreover, additional expression in this strain of a tyrosine ammonia-lyase from Rhodotorula glutinis (RgTAL) led to the conversion of endogenous tyrosine into p-coumarate and resulted in the production of Avn D from glucose. Second, a 135-fold improvement in Avn D titer was achieved by boosting tyrosine production using two plasmids that express the eleven genes necessary for tyrosine synthesis from erythrose 4-phosphate and phosphoenolpyruvate. Finally, expression of either the p-coumarate 3-hydroxylase Sam5 from Saccharothrix espanensis or the hydroxylase complex HpaBC from E. coli resulted in the endogenous production of caffeate and biosynthesis of Avn F.ConclusionWe established a biosynthetic pathway for the microbial production of valuable hydroxycinnamoyl anthranilates from an inexpensive carbon source. The proposed pathway will serve as a platform for further engineering toward economical and sustainable bioproduction of these pharmaceuticals and other related aromatic compounds.

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Main Conclusion: A novel electroporation method for genome editing was performed using plant tissue samples by direct RNPs-introduction in carnation. Genome editing is becoming a very useful tool in plant breeding. In this study, a novel electroporation method was performed for genome editing using plant tissue samples. The objective was to create a flower color mutant using the pink-flowered carnation 'Kane Ainou 1-go'. For this purpose, a ribonucleoprotein consisting of guide RNA and clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)-associated protein 9 (Cas9) was introduced into the stem tissue to induce mutations in the anthocyanidin synthase (ANS) gene, which is involved in anthocyanin biosynthesis. As the ANS of 'Kane Ainou 1-go' has not been previously isolated, we initially isolated the ANS gene from 'Kane Ainou 1-go' for characterization. Southern hybridization analysis confirmed that the ANS gene was present in the genome as a two-allele gene with a pair of homologous sequences (ANS-1 and 2); these sequences were used as the target for genome editing. Genome editing was performed by introducing #2_single-guide RNA into the stem tissue using the ribonucleoprotein. This molecule was used because it exhibited the highest efficiency in an analysis of cleavage activity against the target sequence in vitro. Cleaved amplified polymorphic sequence analysis of genomic DNA extracted from 85 regenerated individuals after genome editing was performed. The results indicated that mutations in the ANS gene may have been introduced into two lines. Cloning of the ANS gene in these two lines confirmed the introduction of a single nucleotide substitution mutation for ANS-1 in both lines, and a single amino acid substitution in one line. We discussed the possibility of color change by the amino acid substitution, and also the future applications of this technology., (© 2024. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature.)

Plant community assembly is the outcome of long-term evolutionary events (evident as taxonomic diversity; TD) and immediate adaptive fitness (functional diversity; FD); a balance expected to shift in favour of FD in 'harsh' habitats under intense selection pressures. We compared TD and FD responses along climatic and edaphic gradients for communities of two species (Dianthus pseudocrinitus and D. polylepis) endemic to the montane steppes of the Khorassan-Kopet Dagh floristic province, NE Iran. 75 plots at 15 sites were used to relate TD and FD to environmental gradients. In general, greater TD was associated with variation in soil factors (potassium, lime, organic matter contents), whereas FD was constrained by aridity (drought adaptation). Crucially, even plant communities hosting different subspecies of D. polylepis responded differently to aridity: D. polylepis subsp. binaludensis communities included a variety of broadly stress-tolerant taxa with no clear environmental response, but TD of D. polylepis subsp. polylepis communities was directly related to precipitation, with consistently low FD reflecting a few highly specialized stress-tolerators. Integrating taxonomic and functional diversity metrics is essential to understand the communities hosting even extremely closely related taxa, which respond idiosyncratically to climate and soil gradients., (© 2024. The Author(s).)

Dianthus superbus L. has been extensively studied for its potential medicinal properties in traditional Chinese medicine and is often consumed as a tea by traditional folk. It has the potential to be exploited in the treatment of inflammation, immunological disorders, and diabetic nephropathy. Based on previous studies, this study continued the separation of another subfraction of Dianthus superbus and established reversed-phase/reversed-phase and reversed-phase/hydrophilic (RPLC) two-dimensional (2D) high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) modes, quickly separating two C-glycosylflavones, among which 2″- O -rhamnosyllutonarin was a new compound and isomer with 6‴- O -rhamnosyllutonarin. This is the first study to investigate the effects of 2″- O -rhamnosyllutonarin and 6‴- O -rhamnosyllutonarin on cellular glucose metabolism in vitro. First, molecular docking was used to examine the effects of 2″- O -rhamnosyllutonarin and 6″- O -rhamnosyllutonarin on AKT and AMPK; these two compounds exhibited relatively high activity. Following this, based on the HepG2 cell model of insulin resistance, it was proved that both of the 2″- O -rhamnosyllutonarin and 6‴- O -rhamnosyllutonarin demonstrated substantial efficacy in ameliorating insulin resistance and were found to be non-toxic. Simultaneously, it is expected that the methods developed in this study will provide a basis for future studies concerning the separation and pharmacological effects of C-glycosyl flavonoids.

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Copyright of Journal of Agriculture & Nature / Kahramanmaraş Sütçü İmam Üniversitesi Tarım & Doğa Dergisi is the property of Kahramanmaras Sutcu Imam Universitesi and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The double-flower phenotype has been selected by humans for its attractiveness in various plant species and it is of great commercial value for the ornamental market. In this study we investigated the genetic determinant of the dominant double-flower trait in carnation, petunia, and Rosa rugosa , and identified mutant alleles of TARGET OF EAT (TOE)-type genes characterized by a disruption of the miR172 target sequence and of the C-terminal portion of the encoded protein. Despite the phylogenetic distance between these eudicots, which diverged in the early Cretaceous, the orthologous genes carrying these mutations all belong to a single TOE-type subgroup, which we name as PETALOSA (PET). Homology searches allowed us to identify PET sequences in various other species. To confirm the results from naturally occurring mutations, we used CrispR-Cas9 to induce lesions within the miR172 target site of Nicotiana tabacum PET genes, and this resulted in the development of supernumerary petaloid structures. This study describes pet alleles in economically important ornamental species and provides evidence about the possibility of identifying and engineering PET genes to obtain the desirable double-flower trait in different plants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Within many species, confusions occur between infraspecific taxa, recurrent ecotypic differentiation and phenotypic plasticity. Subspecies are often debated when they are supported only by slight morphological differentiation coupled to habitat variation. In this context we tested the evolutionary support of the four contested subspecies of Dianthus superbus. Based on 147 Eurasian accessions, our integrative study combines three complementary approaches: (i) Genetic differentiation, with neutral genetic markers, i.e. 326 AFLP markers, 25 nuclear microsatellites and nrDNA ITS ribotypes; (ii) morphological differentiation, with 20 morphometric characters measured in situ and ex situ to assess phenotypic variation; (iii) ecological differentiation, indirectly based on 128 floral volatile compounds under selection of habitat-specific pollinators. Phylogenetic, morphometric and biochemical analyses support the distinction between European and East Asian samples, with an intermediate position of Central Asian samples. However, in Europe, phylogenetic markers only slightly distinguish West from Central European samples, without support for subspecies. Morphometric differentiation was found for subsp. alpestris. This morphotype was stable ex situ under different climatic conditions, and also supported by slight differences in volatile scents and phenology. Infraspecific taxonomy still reveals interesting polymorphisms, but also calls for a revision toward refined taxa. Dianthus superbus subspecies highlighted three dissimilar cases: (i) the East Asian subsp. longicalycinus must be considered as a distinct species; (ii) the morphometric and ecological distinction of subsp. alpestris supports its ecotypic differentiation despite a lack of phylogenetic divergence; (iii) subsp. sylvestris was not supported by any markers, arguing for an artefact of phenotypic plasticity under different environmental conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Agriculture & Nature / Kahramanmaraş Sütçü İmam Üniversitesi Tarım & Doğa Dergisi is the property of Kahramanmaras Sutcu Imam Universitesi and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Lectotypes are designated for D. plumarius, D. lumnitzeri, D. lumnitzeri subsp. pseudopraecox, D. praecox, D. serotinus (superseding a previous lectotypification) and D. serotinus subsp. kitaibelianus. Epitypes are designated for D. plumarius, D. hungaricus and D. praecox, and a neotype is designated for D. serotinus var. regis‐stephani. The application of the name D. lumnitzeri in the sense of D. plumarius subsp. plumarius and the application of the name D. hungaricus as a collective species are adopted here. It is also concluded, that D. serotinus subsp. kitaibelianus and D. serotinus var. regis‐stephani were described from the same population. According to the results of the present typifications, 4(–5) taxa of the D. plumarius group can be distinguished in the Carpathian Basin and the Western Carpathians. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The goal of this study was to determine if culture-independent 16S rRNA sequencing of plant-associated microbiomes could facilitate disease diagnosis of cheddar pinks (Dianthus gratianopolitanus) with symptoms of leaf spotting at a Virginia nursery. The microbiome composition of cheddar pinks at the same nursery and at a second nursery in the absence of any disease outbreak was determined as well. After the pathogen was identified as Burkholderia andropogonis (synonym: Robbsia andropogonis) in a parallel culture-dependent study, the microbiome of plants artificially inoculated with R. andropogonis was also analyzed. The genus Robbsia was found to be ubiquitously present on all Dianthus gratianopolitanus nursery plants. However, because of the low resolution of 16S rRNA sequencing, it was not possible to determine the presence or absence of the pathogen at the species level. While relative abundance of Robbsia sequences had slightly increased during the disease outbreak, symptomatic plants did not have a significantly higher abundance of Robbsia than asymptomatic plants. Only microbiomes of artificially inoculated plants were dominated by Robbsia. We conclude that culture-independent microbiome analysis using 16S rRNA sequencing was unable to aid disease diagnosis in this specific case. Limitations and potential of the approach in disease diagnosis in general are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, the effect of brassinosteroid on pollen germination and tube growth of Dianthus calocephalus, Dianthus carmelitarum, and Dianthus deltoides were investigated. Brassinosteroid treatments did not cause a significant increase in pollen germination of Dianthus calocephalus, while the pollen tube length significantly increased by 8.39% at 0.05 mM, 43.75% at 0.25 mM, 38.40% at 0.5 mM and 7.30% at 2.5 mM in compare the control. Also, brassinosteroid treatments did not cause a significant increase in pollen germination, and tube length in Dianthus carmelitanum. Although brassinosteroid treatments did not cause a significant change in pollen tube length in Dianthus deltoides, 0.05 mM, 0.025 mM and 0.5 mM brassinosteroid treatments were found to have an increasing effect on pollen germination. Besides, brassinosteroid treatment did not cause a significant change in tube abnormality for all species and all concentration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pollen morphology of 43 species two subspecies and three varieties of the genera Acanthophyllum, Dianthus, Gypsophila, Petrorhagia, Psammosilene, Saponaria and Vaccaria, of Caryophylleae was observed and studied in detail using scanning electron microscopy. Among them, 28 species two subspecies and three varieties were reported for the first time. The results show that the number and distribution of pores and surface ornamentation have systematic significance. In addition, pollen morphology contributes to infrageneric evolutionary trends of Dianthus, infrageneric and intergeneric classification of Gypsophila, and reveals the differences between the tribes Caryophylleae and Sileneae. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

En Colombia, la producción de flores se lleva a cabo en invernaderos de diferentes tipos y formas geométricas, pero con la una característica común de usar ventilación natural, para control de clima. En la actualidad, el conocimiento sobre el desempeño climático de estas estructuras es escaso. El objetivo del trabajo consistió en evaluar el comportamiento térmico de un invernadero espacial en condiciones de clima diurno y nocturno. La evaluación realizada, mediante modelado computacional, empleó la dinámica de fluidos computacional (CFD, en idioma inglés), aplicada a un invernadero dedicado a la producción de clavel (Dianthus caryophyllus), bajo las condiciones meteorológicas de la Sabana de Bogotá (Colombia). Este enfoque metodológico permitió obtener los patrones de distribución térmica en el interior del invernadero, encontrando que, para las condiciones meteorológicas evaluadas, el invernadero genera unas condiciones térmicas inadecuadas para el desarrollo del cultivo. La validación del modelo CFD, se realizó comparando los resultados de las simulaciones y las temperaturas registradas en el prototipo real del invernadero, obteniendo un grado de ajuste adecuado entre los valores simulados y medidos.

The introduction of edible flowers into our menu and their consumption significantly increases as a result of decorative, taste or aroma qualities. Current research on the chemical composition of edible flowers indicates a high content of vitamins, mineral compounds, essential oils, fibre, mucilage and other compounds characterized by a very high antioxidant activity. The aim of the experiment was to compare the nutritional value and antioxidant activity of three annual and two perennial ornamental plant species with edible flowers: Mimulus x hybridus L. 'Magic Yellow' and 'Magic Red', Antirrhinum majus L. 'Cavalier', Dianthus chinensis L. 'Chianti', Hemerocallis x hybrida Hort. and Monarda didyma L. Among the edible flower species compared in the study, M. didyma L. showed the highest nutritional value and antioxidant activity (DPPH and ABTS). While flowers of D. chinensis L. 'Chianti' were characterized by highest content of antioxidants such as L-ascorbic acid, total anthocyanins, total polyphenols and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), H. × hybrida and A. majus L. 'Cavalier' flowers - by the highest content of total soluble sugars and sugar/acid ratio, and M. × hybridus L. 'Magic Red' and 'Magic Yellow' - by the highest content of total carotenoids. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

【Objective】Hybrid offsprings of Dianthus species had different flower colors and flower types by interspecific hybridization, which was of great significance to breeding. 【Method】In this paper, the ploidy of Dianthus species was identified by pressing method. The pollen vigor was observed by acetic acid carmine staining, and the seed setting rate and the hybridization affinity index of different cross combinations were studied. 【Result】The study found that carnations’Nogalte’, ’DP Barbara’, ’Thomas’, ’Red Barbara’, ’NH6’, ’NH10’and’Dongmei’, Dianthus superbus, Dianthus chinensis, Dianthus barbatus var. asiaticus Nakai, Dianthus barbatus, were diploid( 2n = 2x = 30), Dianthus plumarius was hexaploid( 2n = 6x = 90). The pollen vigor of Dianthus was higher with 69. 17 %-94. 97 %. The percentage of fertile fruit and number of seeds per fruit was different among different Dianthus hybrid species, which was 0 %-100 % and0-42. 64, respectively. 【Conclusion】Interspecific hybridization of Dianthus species combination had affinities except for a few combinations. This study had guiding significance for cross breeding of Dianthus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to develop a proper conservation programme for several endangered, rare or endemic species of Dianhtus from Romania, molecular characterization by simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers has been accomplished. Amplification of SSR loci in individuals belonging to different populations of D. callizonus, D. glacialis ssp. gelidus, D. henteri, D. nardiformis and D. tenuifolius revealed 23 polymorphic alleles. D. callizonus and D. tenuifolius showed particular sets of SSR alleles. D. glacialis ssp. gelidus, D. henteri and D. nardiformis proved to share almost the same alleles in most of the loci. The highest genetic diversity was observed in D. glacialis ssp. gelidus and D. tenuifolius in locus MS-DINMADSBOX. Allelic patterns across Dianthus species indicate that the mean number of different alleles was highest in D. glacialis ssp. gelidus, while the number of effective alleles was highest in D. tenuifolius. There are no particular differences in individuals belonging to the same species. Genetic diversity is generally low, ranging from 0.18 (D. callizonus) to 0.44 (D. henteri). Regarding the genetic diversity within populations of the same species, no differences were revealed by the use of the SSR markers tested in the present study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study was to examine germination energy and seed germination rate of some flower species under influence of different light conditions. Seeds of Zinnia elegans Jacq., Dianthus caryophyllus L. and Callistephus chinensis (L.) Nees that were used in the research were purchased in local store. Experiment was set up in three replicates for each light treatment and each flower species. Petri dishes with seeds were placed in growth chamber under artificial white and blue light under 12hL/12hD photoperiod. Results showed no significant difference in germination energy and total germination of investigated flower species in respect of light. Zinnia seedlings were significantly longer on white light, while Dianthus seedlings were longer on blue light. Both, length and fresh weight of Callistephus seedlings were greater on white light. The absence of significant differences between measured parameters under examined light regimes suggests that germination of Zinnia, Dianthus and Callistephus is not photosensitive.

Several species of the family Caryophyllaceae are widely used by many ethnic communities as traditional medicine throughout the world. The highest number of plants of the family are used in Chinese traditional medicine. The ethnopharmacologial studies of this family indicate that plants of the family possess anticancer, antibacterial, antifungal, antiviral, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory properties. Other miscellaneous properties reported are ribosome inactivation properties, inhibition of prostatic enlargement in rats, and inhibition of intestinal enzyme carboxyelasterase in rats, cerebro-protective activity, and antiobesity in rats. Few reviews have been published yet, providing information regarding medicinal plants of the family and their biomedical properties. All published reviews have focused either on a particular taxa or a few species. The present review is focused on the traditional medicinal uses of the plants of the family Caryophyllaceae along with phytochemical and pharmacological studies of the family. A study of the literature revealed significant traditional medicinal importance of the family. Major chemical constituents of Caryophyllceae are saponins, Phytoecdysteroids, benzenoids, phenyl propanoids, and nitrogen containing compounds. The most important property of plants of the family is anticancer activity and is shown by the large number of plant species studied. This review of traditional medicinal and pharmacological uses of plants of the family, provide a ground for future research in the family.

The review of recent researches regarding the in vitro culture of 30 endangered Dianthus taxa is presented in this paper. Various in vitro protocols developed for selected rare and threatened Dianthus taxa are analysed in order to provide a useful synthesis of the data obtained with the main principles, techniques and recommendations for futher research and practice. The recapitulated data presented in this review can be used as a tool for the micropropagation of other endangered Dianthus taxa, enabling their propagation and obtaining a sufficient amount of plants for reintroduction. In addition, the obtained results represent the basis for ex situ conservation of the investigated taxa, especially for medium-term and long-term conservation (cryopreservation). [Projekat Ministarstva nauke Republike Srbije, br. 43007]

The pollen morphology of Dianthus petraeus (Caryophyllaceae), which is endemic to the Balkans, has been examined by both light and scanning electron microscopy in order to provide taxonomically valuable characters that might be used in the classification of the Caryophyllaceae, as well as to contribute to the pollen atlas of Serbian apiflora. The pollen grains of D. petraeus are radially symmetrical, apolar, spheroidal and medium-sized. The mean of the pollen diameter is 45.5±1.4 μm. The sculpturing pattern of exine is microechinate-microperforate, and the tectum is covered with minute echini averaging 0.8±0.1 μm in length, more or less evenly distributed between the perforations. The microechini average number per sample area of 5 μm x 5 μm is 3.2±0.6. In view of the number, position and type of the apertures, the grains are polypantoporate, with about 13 operculate pores, averaging 6.4±0.7 μm in diameter. Each operculum is covered with 4-6 conical spinules, which are longer than those on the exine surface. The mean interporal distance is 13.3±1.3 μm. The obtained palynological results provide information that contribute towards a better understanding of the taxonomic status of D. petraeus. [Projekat Ministartsva nauke Republike Srbije, br. 46009 i br. 173018, as well as by EU Commission Project AREA, No 316004]

Copyright of Iranian Journal of Veterinary Clinical Sciences is the property of Iranian Journal of Veterinary Clinical Sciences and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)