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Soil with high vegetation cover, such as forests, is the highest organic matter content and carbon storage, resistant to erosion, and a strategic component in mitigating and adapting to climate change. Encroachment and conversion of forests into agricultural land will reduce soil carbon stores (SCS) and its resistance to erosion due to the removal of SOM by erosion and oxidation. Muara Madras Village in Merangin Regency, Jambi Province is one of the areas whose forest is part of the Kerinci Seblat National Park, and part of it has been converted into agricultural land. The study aims to determine SCS and soil erodibility in forests and agricultural land in Muara Madras Village, conducted using an exploratory-descriptive survey method. Soil carbon stores are relatively no different between land uses with various slopes, 63.63-79.34 tons per hectare in forests, 66.05-78.91 tons per hectare in mixed farming, 72.72-76.63 tons per hectare in” tegalan”. However, forest and mixed farming with a high slope (45-65 percent) have more SCS, 79.34 tons per hectare and 78.91 tons per hectare respectively. Soil erodibility is higher in mixed farming (0.11-0.36) and “tegalan” (0.27-0.29) than in forests (0.13-0.07). Mixed farming with a slope of 8-15 percent has the highest soil erodibility (0.36). It is necessary to control the negative influence of rainfall and topography on SCS and soil resistance to erosion through good and maximum soil surface cover with vegetation and plant residues.

Tujuan dari penelitian ini untuk mengevaluai formula pakan komplit dengan level bungkil inti sawit (BIS) dalam konsentrat yang diportifikasi/diperkaya dengan probiotik terhadap fermentabilitas rumen. Materi yang digunakan adalah pakan komplit ternak. Pakan terdiri dari hijauan(rumput gajah, daun pelepah sawit) dan konsentrat( ampas tahu, jagung halus, dedak), bungkil inti sawit, 1% probiotik. . Peralatan yang digunakan timbangan analitik, tabung reaksi, oven, kain kasa, waterbath, centrifuge, termos, saringan, kainkasa,,incubator, pipet dispenser, pH meter dan rotary evaporator merk Buchi., termos, spektorfometer, beaker glass, tabung destilasi, penolphtalein, pipet tetes, labu Erlenmeyer, cawan Conway. Bahan yang digunakan adalah cairan rumen, larutan McDougall, supernatan, NaOH 0,5 N, Vaseline, Na2CO3 jenuh, alkohol, larutan asam borat (H2SO4 0,005 N) sebanyak 1 ml,, aquades,, HCl 0,5 N. Penelitian ini menggunakan Rancangan Acak Lengkap (RAL) terdiri atas 5 perlakuan dan 5 ulangan. P0 : 60% Hijauan ( 50% Rumput gajah + 50% pelepah sawit,)/HPR + 40% konsentrat (50% dedak, 30% jagung halus, 20% ampas tahu)/Konst.+ 0% BIS + 0 % probiotik. P1 : (HPR + Konst)+0% BIS + 1 % probiotik. P2 : (HPR + Konst)+ 10% BIS + 1 % probiotik. P3 : (HPR + Konst. ) + 20% BIS + 1 % probiotik. P4 : (HPR + Konst.) + 30% BIS + 1 % probiotik. Peubah yang diamati adalah kecernaan bahan kering (KcBK), Kecernaan bahan organik (KcBO), Energi metabolis (EM), Produksi protein mikroba (PPM), dan Total VFA. Data dianalisis menggunakan sidik ragam (ANOVA) dan bila berpengaruh nyata, maka dilakukan uji lanjut Duncan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa pakan komplit berbasis bungkil inti sawit yang diperkaya dengan probiotik berpengaruh nyata(P<0,05) terhadap KcBK, KcBO, EM dan PPM dan berpengaruh tidak berbeda nyata(P>0,05) pada nilai VFA. Rataan KcBK 24,84-29,05%, KcBO 20,49-25,52%. EM 9,09-9,96 KKal, PPM 130,18 – 166,75mg/g, dan nilai VFA 1,15-1,24 mM. Kesimpulan adalah penggunaan bungkil inti sawit hingga 30% yang diportifikasi probiotik dalam pakan komplit mmeberikan efek positif terhadap fermentabilitas rumen secara in vitro. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In an explicit manner, scholars have explained the ruling on performing qada rawatib prayers at forbidden times. However, some of the main fiqh books used as references do not clearly elaborate on the process of legal istinbat, such as how they chose the propositions used as the basis for the law. Essentially, the Prophet used to pray the ba'diyah zuhr prayer at a forbidden time (after 'asr). This narration is interpreted differently by Hanafiah and Shafi'iyah scholars with different arguments and corroborating evidence. This article aims to examine the reasons for the differences in the ruling on the ba'diyah zuhr prayer performed after 'asr, to find the similarities and differences, which are contained in the book Badai' as-Sanai' fi Tartib ash-Sharai' and the book al-Majmu' Syarh al-Muhazzab from the perspective of tarjih. This article is a literature research with a comparative analysis of the both books as the main source. The approach used is usul fiqh, more specifically the theory of tarjih in ta'arud al-adillah. On the basis of the tarjih analysis, the article finds that in Badai' as-Sanai' fi Tartib ash-Sharai', the qada of the zuhr ba'diyah prayer performed after 'asr is not allowed, with the argument that the hadith narration of Umm Salamah is specific to the Prophet. Meanwhile, in al-Majmu' Syarh al-Muhazzab, it is allowed to qada the prayer. These two books both use the tarjih method to produce these rulings with the enhancement of different arguments so that it affects the resulting law. This article contributes to the understanding of the legal istinbat method of qada of rawatib prayers at forbidden times from the perspective of ushul fiqh. Secara eksplisit, para ulama telah menjelaskan hukum melaksanakan qada salat rawatib di waktu terlarang. Meskipun begitu, beberapa kitab fikih induk yang dijadikan rujukan tidak merinci secara jelas mengenai proses istinbat hukum, seperti bagaimana mereka memilih dalil yang dijadikan dasar hukum. Pada dasarnya, Nabi pernah melaksanakan salat ba’diyah zuhur di waktu terlarang (setelah asar. Riwayat ini dibaca secara berbeda oleh ulama Hanafiah dan Syafi’iyah dengan argument dan dalil penguat lainnya. Artikel ini bertujuan untuk mengkaji sebab perbedaan hukum qada salat sunah ba’diyah zuhur yang dilakukan setelah asar, menemukan persamaan dan perbedannya, yang terkandung dalam kitab Badai’ as-Sanai’ fi Tartib asy-Syarai’ dan kitab al-Majmu’ Syarh al-Muhazzab dari perspektif tarjih. Artikel ini merupakan penelitian kepustakaan dengan analisis komparatif dari kedua kitab tersebut sebagai sumber utama. Pendekatan yang digunakan adalah usul fiqh, lebih spesifik teori tarjih dalam ta’arud al-adillah. Berdasarkan analisis tarjih, artikel ini menemukan bahwa dalam kitab Badai’ as-Sanai’ fi Tartib asy-Syarai’, qada salat ba’diyah zuhur yang dilakukan setelah asar tidak diperbolehkan, dengan argumen bahwa riwayat hadis Ummu Salamah merupakan kekhususan bagi Rasulullah. Sedangkan dalam kitab al-Majmu’ Syarh al-Muhazzab, diperbolehkan mengqada salat tersebut. Kedua kitab ini sama-sama menggunakan metode tarjih untuk menghasilkan hukum-hukum tersebut dengan penguatan dalil yang berbeda sehingga berpengaruh pada hukum yang dihasilkan. Artikel ini berkontribusi pada pemahaman metode istinbat hukum qada salat rawatib di waktu terlarang dari perspektif ushul fiqh.

Copyright of Iraqi Journal of Agricultural Sciences is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Introduction: Pregnant women are susceptible to infection due to changes in body physiology, the immune response mechanism must be maintained by maintaining body immunity through optimal nutritional fulfillment to prevent exposure to Covid-19 and certain diseases, one of which is infused water Lemon (Citrus Limon) Date Mix Method ( Phoenix Dactylifera). Methods: The research design used pre-experiments with the form of one group pre and post-tests took Purposive samplingwith treatment with 40 respondents, age range 21 years old – 35 years old and age range over 35 years old conducted in August 2022 in Ponorogo Regency East Java Indonesia, with saphiro-wilk & Wilcoxon test data for normality test and T-test data analysis. Result: The P-value was significant which means that there is a difference between before and after giving infused water Lemon (Citrus Limon) Mixed Dates (Phoenix Dactylifera) Conclusion: There is a difference between before administration and after administration of infused water Lemon (Citrus Limon) Mixed Dates (Phoenix Dactylifera). Lemon contains water and a mix of dates that are rarely consumed by pregnant women which in fact after consumption can ward off various diseases that are proven to increase body immunity.

A cataract is contributed to 51% of blindness in the world. Cataract surgery is needed to restore the normal eye function. Therapeutic management post cataract operative is generally carried out 1-4 weeks by administering antibiotics, corticosteroids or NSAIDs by oral or topical routes. Corticosteroids administration increase intraocular pressure (IOP), therefore should be taken into account in post-operative cataract. The aim of this study was to observe the pattern of corticosteroid use in post-cataract surgery patients at the Klinik Mata Utama (KMU) Madura. Observational retrospective research involved 153 patients who consumed corticosteroids during their post operative cataract period. The results showed that 122 patients (79.7%) received combination therapy of topical dexamethasone and oral methylprednisolone, while 31 (20.3%) received combination therapy of topical dexamethasone and oral prednisone. 140 Patients (91,6%) showed good recovery with corticosteroids, and 13 patients (8,4%) experienced the IOP as a side effect of topical corticosteroids. In conclusion, the corticosteroids therapy for post-operative cataract patients should be managed properly to prevent the side effects of increasing IOP.

Indonesia ranks 6th with the highest number of online gamers in Asia and 12th in the world gaming market. When online gamers become addicted, they lose the ability to halt or control their gaming behavior, leading to problematic behavior. Decision-making processes at the cognitive level are considered relevant in various addictive behaviors, including inappropriate gaming behavior. Exploratory research can be conducted using a qualitative technique, with data collected through in-depth interviews, to acquire an in-depth understanding of the comparison of the interaction process of each cognitive component in decision-making to play online games. This research was conducted in Bandung from December 2021 to December 2022. Steps are needed to develop guidelines that explore the functioning of affective and cognitive responses (coping, cognitive and affective bias, and craving and urge) and executive and inhibitory control. The guideline used a cognitive theoretical framework in addictive behavior, namely the I-PACE model, with a multidimensional theoretical basis. Through theoretical deepening, it was derived as a guideline divided into three main aspects, four sub-aspects, 32 main questions, and 36 probing questions.

The essence of criminal law reform is the renewal of intellectual conceptions or philosophical activities. The implementation of the integrated system between "general rules" and "special rules" in the substantive criminal system in Indonesia is not yet ideal. Understanding of the criminal system that should be based on the main provisions, namely the Criminal Code/WvS tends to be ignored. Such conditions will be more complicated when the reform of the Criminal Code is drafted and is not handled intelligently and wisely by the legislature in its formulation stage. The research conducted is normative legal research or literature study. Learning about the criminal system in the main provisions of the Criminal Code must be integrated with the criminal system of the Draft Criminal Code in the criminal law curriculum in higher legal education. This is intended so that students' understanding can also develop so that when the Criminal Code Bill is passed it will be easy to implement it. Based on the statement above, this paper was prepared with the hope of providing an initial overview for law students and law enforcement officers to be able to determine their attitudes and prepare their competencies.

Latar belakang: Hipertensi merupakan faktor risiko utama penyakit kardiovaskular. Penduduk Indonesia cenderung mengkonsumsi herbal dalam terapi hipertensi dalam mempertahankan kadar tekanan darah seperti buah blewah (Cucumis melo var. cantalupensis). Namun mekanisme kerja buah blewah dalam menurunkan tekanan darah, dan potensi toksisitasnya jika dikonsumsi dalam jangka panjang masih belum jelas. Tujuan studi ini adalah untuk menganalisis mekanisme antihipertensi dari buah blewah dan potensi toksiknya melalui pendekatan in silico. Metode: Bubuk blewah kering dimaserasi menggunakan metanol absolut, difraksinasi menggunakan n-butanol. Uji fitokimia dilakukan dengan metode LC-MS, kemudian senyawa bioaktif ditelusuri hingga SMILESnya di PubChem. Analisis QSAR untuk analisis potensi antihipertensi dilakukan dengan PASS server. Kelas toksisitas dan potensi hepatotoksisitas dianalisis menggunakan ProTox-II, dilanjutkan dengan analisis networking menggunakan STITCH dan STRINGdb. Hasil: Setidaknya terdapat 434 jenis senyawa yang terdapat pada fraksi n-butanol dari ekstrak metanol buah blewah (FBEMB). Berdasarkan analisis STITCH dan STRINGdb, FBEMB dapat bekerja dalam menurunkan tekanan darah melalui mekanisme aksi seperti senyawa amlodipine, yang menstabilkan saluran kalsium tipe-L yang terisi tegangan dalam konformasi tidak aktifnya. Dengan demikian, mencegah kontraksi myocyte yang bergantung pada kalsium dan vasokonstriksi. FBEMB mungkin berpotensi hepatotoksik melalui mekanisme kerja senyawa seperti itrakonazol yang menghambat enzim sitokrom P450 yang mempengaruhi gangguan pada sintesis ergosterol, dan efavirenz yang memiliki efek neurotoksik. Penghambatan sitokrom P450 dapat menyebabkan toksisitas obat dan kerusakan hati. Kesimpulan: FBEMB dapat bekerja dalam menurunkan tekanan darah melalui mekanisme penstabilan saluran kalsium tipe-L yang terisi tegangan dalam konformasi tidak aktifnya. Kata kunci: in silico, antihipertensi, hepatotoksisitas, blewah Abstract Background: Hypertension is a major cardiovascular disease risk factor. Indonesian people tend to consume herbal medicine to maintain hypertension therapy, i.e cantaloupe (Cucumis melo var. cantalupensis). However, the mechanism of action of cantaloupe in lowering blood pressure and toxicity potential for long term consumption is unclear. The study aimed to analyze the antihypertensive mechanism of cantaloupe and its toxic potential through the in silico. Methods: The dried cantaloupe powder was macerated using absolute methanol, then fractionated using n-butanol. The phytochemical test was done by LC-MS method, then the bioactive compounds were traced to their SMILES in the PubChem. The QSAR analysis of the antihypertensive potential was done using the PASS server. The toxicity class and hepatotoxicity potential were analyzed using ProTox-II, followed by networking analysis using STITCH and STRINGdb. Results: At least 434 types of compounds were shown in the n-butanol fraction of the methanol extract of cantaloupe (BFMEC). Based on the networking analysis, BFMEC may work in lowering blood pressure through the action mechanism of the amlodipine compound-like, which stabilizes voltage-gated L-type calcium channels in an inactive conformation, thus, prevents calcium-dependent myocyte contraction and vasoconstriction. BFMEC presumably has hepatotoxic through the action mechanism of itraconazole compound-like inhibited cytochrome P450-dependent enzymes, affecting the impairment of ergosterol synthesis, and efavirenz which has neurotoxic effects. The inhibition of cytochrome P450 may cause drug toxicity and liver damage. Conclusion: BFMEC may work in lowering blood pressure through the action mechanism which stabilizes voltage-gated L-type calcium channels in an inactive conformation. Keywords: in silico, antihypertensive, hepatotoxicity, cantaloupe

The Community empowerment Program aims to improve the early awareness of cardiovascular disease (heart and strok) attacks on yasinan religious groups in Tangar, Jenangan sub-district, Ponorogo regency. Design to achieve these objectives with yasinan group empowerment program with two activities (1) provide health education to all group members and (2) Training of examination skills Blood Pressure, Blood Sugar, Cholesterol and First Aid in Emergency Heart and strok.. Target group program yasinan Tangar Jenangan, Ponorogo. Health education activities were held twice yasinan group meetings and training activities held 1 day. The yasinan group sends 10 people as representatives. The success of community service programs is assessed on the basis of increased knowledge values, passing the first emergency relief skills test and the realization of commitment in the form of a commitment statement. The first program form of training was held on July 31, 2017 with the following results: The training was attended by 10 members of the yasinan group. Training to improve knowledge and skills of early detection of risk factors for heart disease and strok (P = 0.000) Of the 10 participants 8 of them successfully passed the first aid skill test in an accident. Week 3 realizes the group's commitment to early detection of cardiovascular disease risk factors independently. These results illustrate the approach of effective religious groups to increase aware of cardiovascular disease attacks.

There is a shift in the orientation of pharmacy services from the only drug management to the comprehensive service to patients (Pharmaceutical Care), In line with the development of science and technology in the field of pharmacy. Some of the factors that influence consumer loyalty are the satisfaction and trust. The method of this study was purposive sampling method spreaded on 120 respondents. The validity test of the questionnaire carried out by factor analysis and reliability test was conducted using Cronbach's Alpha. The data analyzed by using SEM-PLS (Structural Equation Modeling-Partial Least Square). Results of this research showed that quality of pharmacy services has a positive effect (P-Value is 0.02 and the value of Path Coefficient = 0.369) to pharmacies consumer satisfaction. The quality of pharmacy services has a positive effect (P-Value of

This study evaluates the effectiveness of phytoremediation strategies in mitigating the environmental impacts of gold mine tailings through a bibliometric and systematic review. Utilizing the PRISMA methodology, 45 primary research articles were selected and analyzed, highlighting key rends and insights in phytoremediation research. The review spans over two decades of research, with a notable annual growth rate of 2.81% and significant contributions from countries like Indonesia, Malaysia, and South Africa. Key findings emphasize the variability in phytoremediation success based on plant species, site conditions, and remediation techniques. Prominent plants identified include vetiver grass, Siam weed, and water hyacinth, which demonstrate significant potential in heavy metal uptake and soil stabilization. The study also underscores the importance of optimizing plant-microbe interactions and employing site-specific approaches to enhance remediation efficiency. Future research opportunities are identified, focusing on genetic engineering of plants, field trials, and integration of advanced monitoring technologies. Overall, this comprehensive review highlights the promising potential of phytoremediation as a sustainable and effective strategy for managing gold mine tailings, advocating for continued research and policy support to advance this green technology in environmental management., Competing Interests: Declarations. Competing interest: The authors declare that they have no competing of interest. Ethical approval: Approval The author has read, understood, and has complied as applicable with the statement on “Ethical Responsibilities of Authors” as found in the Instructions for Authors., (© 2024. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature B.V.)

Objective: This research aimed to investigate the application of the coaxial electrospun method for the production of natural extracts (papaya leaf extract) fibre films. This was achieved through utilising different polymers and with a focus on the conductivity and the viscosity of polymer solutions as critical parameters to generate successful fibres. Significance: Electrospinning is a promising trending manufacturing method for incorporating thermolabile herbal extracts using coaxial electrospun features. However, the complexity of the electrospinning process and the feasibility of the product required precise scrutiny. Methods: The electrospinning solution parameters (conductivity and viscosity) were evaluated by employing various ratios of Eudragit L100 (EL100) and Eudragit L100-55 (EL100-55) pre-spinning polymeric blend solutions. The electrospinning process and ambient parameters were optimised. Following that, the in-silico physicochemical properties of phytochemical marker, rutin, were illustrated using SwissADME web tool. Both freeze-dried Carica papaya leaf extract and its produced films were characterised using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Attenuated Total Reflectance Fourier Transform Infrared (ATR-FTIR), polarised light microscopy, and X-ray Powder Diffraction (XRPD). Results: The optimal values of conductivity (≈40-44 × 10 -4 S/m) and viscosity (≈32-42 × 10 -3  Pa·s) were determined for producing evenly distributed and small fibre diameters in SEM images. These parameters significance was highlighted in acquiring and maintaining adequate tangential stress for fibre elongation, which would consequently affect the morphology and diameter of the fibres formed. Conclusion: In conclusion, the solution, process, and ambient parameters are significant in developing natural extracts into films via electrospinning technology, and this includes the promising Carica papaya leaf extract films produced by coaxial electrospinning.

Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitors remain the primary therapeutic drug that can alleviate Alzheimer's disease's (AD) symptoms. Several Cassia species have been shown to exert significant anti-AChE activity, which can be an alternative remedy for AD. Cassia timoriensis and Cassia grandis are potential plants with anti-AChE activity, but their phytochemical investigation is yet to be further conducted. The aims of this study were to identify the phytoconstituents of C. timoriensis and C. grandis and evaluate their inhibitory activity against AChE and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE). Two compounds were isolated for the first time from C. timoriensis : arachidyl arachidate ( 1 ) and luteolin ( 2 ). Five compounds were identified from C. grandis : β-sitosterol ( 3 ), stigmasterol ( 4 ), cinnamic acid ( 5 ), 4-hydroxycinnamic acid ( 6 ), and hydroxymethylfurfural ( 7 ). Compound 2 showed significant inhibition towards AChE (IC 50 : 20.47 ± 1.10 µM) and BChE (IC 50 : 46.15 ± 2.20 µM), followed by 5 (IC 50: 40.5 ± 1.28 and 373.1 ± 16.4 µM) and 6 (IC 50 : 43.4 ± 0.61 and 409.17 ± 14.80 µM) against AChE and BChE, respectively. The other compounds exhibited poor to slightly moderate AChE inhibitory activity. Molecular docking revealed that 2 showed good binding affinity towards Tc AChE (PDB ID: 1W6R) and Hs BChE (PDB ID: 4BDS). It formed a hydrogen bond with TYR121 at the peripheral anionic site (PAS, 2.04 Å), along with hydrophobic interactions with the anionic site and PAS (TRP84 and TYR121, respectively). Additionally, 2 formed three H-bonds with the binding site residues: one bond with catalytic triad, HIS438 at distance 2.05 Å, and the other two H-bonds with GLY115 and GLU197 at distances of 2.74 Å and 2.19 Å, respectively. The evidence of molecular interactions of 2 may justify the relevance of C. timoriensis as a cholinesterase inhibitor, having more promising activity than C. grandis .

Background: Antirrhinum majus (Snapdragon) is a perennial Mediterranean-native plant that is commonly used for mass display. Few reports acknowledged the traditional use of A. majus for its medicinal and therapeutic effects. Herein, we assess the impact of A. majus 's sample preparation and extraction methods on the plant-aerial parts' phytochemical contents and antimicrobial activity. Furthermore, the microbial targets of the extracts' secondary metabolites are inspected using molecular docking simulations., Methods: The leaves and flowers of A. majus were prepared as fresh and air-dried samples, then extracted using cold maceration and hot reflux, respectively. Extracts with the best phytochemical profiles were selected to test their antimicrobial activities against Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus, Enterobacter aerogenes, Escherichia coli and Candida albicans . Besides, molecular docking of 66 reported isolated compounds was conducted against various microbial targets., Results: The dried-refluxed samples revealed a massive deterioration in their phytochemical profiles, whereas the macerated flowers extract exhibited the highest total phenolic content and antimicrobial activity against all tested bacterial strains. However, both flowers and leaves extracts showed similar minimum inhibitory and lethal concentrations against C. albicans . Molecular docking studies revealed that chlorogenic acid, chalcononaringenin 4'-glucoside, 3,4,2',4',6'-pentahydroxy-chalcone 4'-glucoside, apigenin-7-glucuronide, and luteolin-7-glucuronide were the lead compounds in expressing the antimicrobial activity. Yet, A. majus 's compounds could neither inhibit the 30S ribosomal subunit nor muramyl ligase E., Conclusion: Our results suggest that cold maceration of A. majus fresh aerial parts gave higher flavonoid and phenolic content contributing to its antimicrobial properties. These flavonoids and phenolic compounds are predicted to have a crucial role in inhibiting fungal sterol 14-demethylase, and bacterial dihydropteroate synthase and gyrase B subunit proteins., Competing Interests: The authors declare no conflict of interest., (© 2022 Published by Elsevier Ltd.)

Despite being widely used traditionally as a general tonic, especially in South East Asia, scientific research on Cassia timoriensis , remains scarce. In this study, the aim was to evaluate the in vitro activities for acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitory potential, radical scavenging ability, and the anti-inflammatory properties of different extracts of C. timoriensis flowers using Ellman's assay, a DPPH assay, and an albumin denaturation assay, respectively. With the exception of the acetylcholinesterase activity, to the best of our knowledge, these activities were reported for the first time for C. timoriensis flowers. The phytochemical analysis confirmed the existence of tannins, flavonoids, saponins, terpenoids, and steroids in the C. timoriensis flower extracts. The ethyl acetate extract possessed the highest phenolic and flavonoid contents (527.43 ± 5.83 mg GAE/g DW and 851.83 ± 10.08 mg QE/g DW, respectively) as compared to the other extracts. In addition, the ethyl acetate and methanol extracts exhibited the highest antioxidant (IC 50 20.12 ± 0.12 and 34.48 ± 0.07 µg/mL, respectively), anti-inflammatory (92.50 ± 1.38 and 92.22 ± 1.09, respectively), and anti-AChE (IC 50 6.91 ± 0.38 and 6.40 ± 0.27 µg/mL, respectively) activities. These results suggest that ethyl acetate and methanol extracts may contain bioactive compounds that can control neurodegenerative disorders, including Alzheimer's disease, through high antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-AChE activities.

Seventeen methanol extracts from different plant parts of five different Cassia species, including C. timorensis , C. grandis , C. fistula , C. spectabilis , and C. alata were screened against acetylcholinesterase (AChE). C. timorensis extracts were found to exhibit the highest inhibition towards AChE whereby the leaf, stem, and flower methanol extracts showed 94-97% inhibition. As far as we are aware, C. timorensis is one of the least explored Cassia spp. for bioactivity. Further fractionation led to the identification of six compounds, isolated for the first time from C. timorensis : 3-methoxyquercetin ( 1 ), benzenepropanoic acid ( 2 ), 9,12,15-octadecatrienoic acid ( 3 ), β-sitosterol ( 4 ), stigmasterol ( 5 ), and 1-octadecanol ( 6 ). Compound 1 showed moderate inhibition towards AChE (IC 50 : 83.71 μM), while the other compounds exhibited poor to slightly moderate AChE inhibitory activity. Molecular docking revealed that the methoxy substitution of 1 formed a hydrogen bond with TYR121 at the peripheral anionic site (PAS) and the hydroxyl group at C5 formed a covalent hydrogen bond with ASP72. Additionally, the OH group at the C3' position formed an interaction with the protein at the acyl pocket (PHE288). This possibly explains the activity of 1 in blocking the entry of acetylcholine (ACh, the neurotransmitter), thus impeding the hydrolysis of ACh.

Many Premna species have been used in traditional medicine to treat hypertension and cardiac insufficiency, and as a tonic for cardiac-related problems. Some have been reported to possess cardiovascular protective activity through several possible mechanisms, but not Premna foetida . In the present study, the methanol extract of P. foetida leaves (PFM) and its isolated compounds were evaluated for their ability to inhibit copper-mediated human low-density lipoprotein (LDL) oxidation and arachidonic acid (AA)- and adenosine diphosphate (ADP)-induced platelet aggregation. Six flavonoids, three triterpenoids, vanillic acid and stigmasterol were successfully isolated from PFM. Of the isolated compounds, quercetin was the most active against LDL oxidation (IC 50 4.25 µM). The flavonols were more active than the flavones against LDL oxidation, suggesting that hydroxyl group at C-3 and the catechol moiety at B-ring may play important roles in protecting LDL from oxidation. Most tested flavonoids showed stronger inhibition towards AA-induced than the ADP-induced platelet aggregation with apigenin exhibiting the strongest effect (IC 50 52.3 and 127.4 µM, respectively) while quercetin and kaempferol showed moderate activity. The results suggested that flavonoids, especially quercetin, apigenin and kaempferol were among the major constituents of P. foetida responsible for anti-LDL oxidation and anti-platelet aggregation., Competing Interests: The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Context: The genus Premna (Lamiaceae), distributed throughout tropical and subtropical Asia, Africa, Australia and the Pacific Islands, is used in folk medicine primarily to treat inflammation, immune-related diseases, stomach disorders, wound healing, and skin diseases., Objectives: This review exhaustively gathers available information on ethnopharmacological uses, phytochemistry, and bioactivity studies on more than 20 species of Premna and critically analyzes the reports to provide the perspectives and directions for future research for the plants as potential source of drug leads and pharmaceutical agents., Methods: A literature search was performed on Premna species based on books of herbal medicine, major scientific databases including Chemical Abstract, Pubmed, SciFinder, Springerlink, Science Direct, Scopus, the Web of Science, Google Scholar, and ethnobotanical databases., Results: More than 250 compounds have been isolated and identified from Premna species, comprising of diterpenoids, iridoid glycosides, and flavonoids as the most common secondary metabolites, followed by sesquiterpenes, lignans, phenylethanoids, megastigmanes, glyceroglycolipids, and ceramides. Many in vitro and in vivo studies have been conducted to evaluate the biological and pharmacological properties of the extracts, and isolated compounds of Premna species with antimicrobial, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory, antihyperglycaemia, and cytotoxic activities., Conclusion: The bioactive compounds responsible for the bioactivities of most plants have not been well identified as the reported in vivo pharmacological studies were mostly carried out on the crude extracts. The isolated bioactive components should also be further subjected to more preclinical studies and elaborate toxicity study before clinical trials can be pursued.

Background: Previous studies on Labisia pumila var. alata (LPva) have showed that it could inhibit low-density lipoprotein (LDL) oxidation and provide protection on myocardial infarction in rats., Hypothesis/purpose: We hypothesized that LPva extracts can modulate the lipid profiles and serum antioxidant status of hypercholesterolemic rats. In the present study, we investigated the effects of aqueous and 80% ethanol extracts of LPva on atherogenic and serum antioxidant parameters as well as changes in abdominal aorta of high-cholesterol diet rats., Methods: The major components of the extracts, gallic acid, flavonoids and alkyl resorcinols were analyzed by using a validated reversed phase HPLC method. The rats were induced to hypercholesterolemic status with daily intake of 2% cholesterol for a duration of 8 weeks. Three different doses (100, 200 and 400mg/kg) of the extracts were administered daily on the 4th week onwards. The rats were then sacrificed and the blood was collected via abdominal aorta and serum was separated by centrifugation for biochemical analysis. Part of the aorta tissues were excised immediately for histopathological examination., Results: The serum of LPva treated rats showed significant reduction in serum aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) levels and the abdominal aorta showed a significant decrease of atheroma lesions in treated rats. Serum lipid profiles of treated rats showed a decrease in total cholesterol, total triglycerides and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) levels as compared to control group. The atherogenic indices in treated rats were significantly improved along with an increasing level of serum high-density lipoprotein (HDL). The extracts also exhibited significant increase of antioxidant enzymes and decrease of MDA as a product of lipid peroxidation., Conclusion: LPva extracts can reduce the risk of dyslipidemia by improving the serum lipid profiles and modulating serum antioxidants., (Copyright © 2016 Elsevier GmbH. All rights reserved.)

The study was designed to evaluate the cardioprotective effects of the standardized aqueous and 80% ethanol extracts of Labisia pumila var. alata (LPva) in isoproterenol (ISO)-induced myocardial infarction (MI) in rats. The extracts were administered to Wistar rats orally for 28 days with three doses (100, 200 and 400 mg/kg of body weight) prior to ISO (85 mg/kg)-induced MI in two doses on day 29 and 30. The sera and hearts were collected for biochemical and histopathological analysis after the rats were sacrificed 48 h after the first induction. The main components of the extracts, gallic acid, alkylresorcinols and flavonoids were identified and quantitatively analyzed in the extracts by using a validated reversed phase HPLC method. The extracts showed significant protective effects as pretreated rats showed a significant dose-dependent decrease (p < 0.05) in cardiac enzyme activities, i.e., cardiac troponin I (cTnI), creatine kinase MB isoenzyme (CK-MB), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), alanine transaminase (ALT) and aspartate transaminase (AST), when compared with ISO-control rats. There were significant rises (p < 0.05) in the activity of oxidase enzymes, i.e., glutathione peroxide (GPx), catalase (CAT) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) of the pretreated rats, when compared with ISO-control group. Histopathological examination showed an improvement in membrane cell integrity in pre-treated rats compared to untreated rats. The major components of LPva extracts can be used as their biomarkers and contributed to the cardioprotective effects against ISO-induced MI rats.

Context: Ginger [Zingiber officinale Roscoe. (Zingiberaceae)] has been universally used as a spice as well as for its health benefits., Objective: The present study evaluates the protective effect of the standardized extract of ginger against isoproterenol (ISO)-induced myocardial infarction (MI) in rats., Materials and Methods: Wistar rats were pretreated orally with three doses of standardized ginger extract (100, 200, and 400 mg/kg of body weight) or propranolol (5 mg/mL) for 28 d prior to ISO (85 mg/kg) induced MI in two doses on days 29 and 30. The rats were sacrificed 48 h after the first induction; serum and hearts were collected for biochemical and histopathological analysis., Results: Gingerols and shogaols were identified and quantitatively analyzed in the extracts using validated reversed phase HPLC methods. Pretreatment with ginger extract at 400 mg/kg showed a significant decrease (p < 0.05) in all the cardiac enzyme activities, i.e., cardiac troponin I (cTnI) (0.57 ng/mL), creatine kinase MB isoenzyme (CK-MB) (10.34 pg/mL), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) (115.22 U/L), alanine transaminase (ALT) (15.79 U/L), and aspartate transaminase (AST) (46.72 U/L) when compared with ISO-control rats. There were significant rises (p < 0.05) in the activity of glutathione peroxide (GPx) (53.16 U/L), catalase (CAT) (210.41 U/L), and superoxide dismutase (SOD) (280.89 U/mL) of the pretreated rats when compared with the ISO-control. Histopathological examination showed an improvement in membrane cell integrity in pretreated rats compared with untreated rats., Conclusion: The ethanol extract of ginger exhibited cardioprotective potential in treating myocardial injury following ISO administration.