Search

Abstract Most measurements of respiration rates in large tropical rivers do not account for the influence of river flow conditions on microbial activity. We developed a ship‐board spinning incubation system for measuring O2 drawdown under different rotation velocities and deployed the system along the lower Amazon River during four hydrologic periods. Average respiration rates in incubation chambers rotated at 0.22 m s−1 and 0.66 m s−1 were 1.4 and 2.4 times higher than stationary chambers, respectively. On average, depth‐integrated respiration rates in chambers spun at 0.22 m s−1 and 0.66 m s−1 accounted for 64% ± 22% and 104% ± 36% of CO2 outgassing rates, respectively, in mainstem sites. Continuous measurements of in situ pCO2 were also made along with cross‐channel profiles of river velocity. A positive correlation between river velocity and pCO2 was observed along the lower river (r2 = 0.67–0.96) and throughout a tidal cycle.

A large fraction of the organic carbon derived from land that is transported through inland waters is decomposed along river systems and emitted to the atmosphere as carbon dioxide (CO2). The Amazon River outgasses nearly as much CO2 as the rainforest sequesters on an annual basis, representing ~25% of global CO2 emissions from inland waters. However, current estimates of CO2 outgassing from the Amazon basin are based on a conservative upscaling of measurements made in the central Amazon, meaning both basin and global scale budgets are likely underestimated. The lower Amazon River, from Óbidos to the river mouth, represents ~13% of the total drainage basin area, and is not included in current basin-scale estimates. Here, we assessed the concentration and evasion rate of CO2 along the lower Amazon River corridor and its major tributaries, the Tapajós and Xingu Rivers. Evasive CO2 fluxes were directly measured using floating chambers and gas transfer coefficients (k600) were calculated for different hydrological seasons. Temporal variations in pCO2 and CO2 emissions were similar to previous observations throughout the Amazon (e.g., peak concentrations at high water) and CO2 outgassing was lower in the clearwater tributaries compared to the mainstem. However, k600-values were higher than previously reported upstream likely due to the generally windier conditions, turbulence caused by tidal forces, and an amplification of these factors in the wider channels with a longer fetch. We estimate that the lower Amazon River mainstem emits 20 Tg C year−1 within our study boundaries, or as much as 48 Tg C year−1 if the entire spatial extent to the geographical mouth is considered. Emissions from the Xingu and Tapajós lower tributaries contribute an additional 2.3 Tg C year−1. Including these values with updated basin scale estimates and estimates of CO2 outgassing from small streams we estimate that the Amazon running waters outgasses as much as 0.95 Pg C year−1, increasing the global emissions from inland waters by 15% for a total of 2.45 Pg C year−1. These results highlight the lower reaches of large rivers as a missing gap in basin-scale and global carbon budgets. In the case of the Amazon River, the previously unstudied tidally-influenced reaches contribute to 5% of CO2 emissions from the entire basin.

The influence of gender on science and genetic literacy emerges as a compelling issue within the realm of scientific education, prompting an exploration within the confines of a high school located in the Malang district. This quantitative investigation is designed to ascertain the gender-based influence on both science literacy and genetic literacy among students at a Senior High School within the Malang District. The study encompasses three distinct clusters of participants: the first cluster comprises 12 male students and 22 female students from the first-grade level, the second cluster consists of 9 male students and 22 female students from the second-grade level, and the final cluster comprises 10 male students and 19 female students from the third-grade level, amounting to a total of 94 students. The administration of science literacy and genetic literacy instruments was conducted through Google Forms, allowing the researchers to collect the necessary data. Subsequently, the accumulated data will undergo rigorous analytical scrutiny employing the One-Way ANOVA test. The outcomes of the analysis revealed a lack of statistically significant disparity in science literacy across genders [F(1.92)=0.102, p=0.750], as well as a non-significant difference in genetic literacy attributed to gender variations [F(1.92) =0.773, p=0.382]. In light of these findings, the implications for educational policies and interventions are discussed to enhance pedagogical practices and learning outcomes for both male and female students.

The Covid-19 pandemic has resulted in the face-to-face teaching and learning process being shifted to distance learning which has the potential to affect student literacy levels. This quantitative study aims to determine the effect of gender and grade level on the genetic literacy of high school students in Malang. This survey research used a statement instrument as many as 17 items involving 97 students. Data collection was carried out from November to December 2021. The sampling technique used was cluster random sampling. The research data was tested using a Two-Way ANOVA analysis. The results showed that gender did not have a significant effect on genetic literacy, while class level has significant effect. Furthermore, gender and class level did not have a significant interaction. Further research that examines the effect of other variables on genetic literacy needs to be done.

The Youth Scientific Group (YSG) is an extracurricular activity that has a positive impact on students. Unfortunately, the presence of YSG in various schools, including SMAN 1 Tumpang, is still not optimal. In this high school located in Malang Regency, the YSG activities have not been carried out consistently. The scientific competence and research literacy of students at SMAN 1 Tumpang have not been fully utilized. In response to this issue, the aim of the Community Science and Technology Program (Community Service Program) is to enhance the scientific competence and literacy of students at SMAN 1 Tumpang through mentoring in the preparation of YSG. This Community Service Program consists of several stages, including observation and problem identification, preparation of YSG mentors, material presentation, training and mentoring, activity evaluation, and the preparation of scientific articles as program outputs. The average pretest score of the students' knowledge was 39.67, while the posttest score increased to 93.23. The average N-gain of their knowledge reached 0.836. Based on this N-gain value, the students' knowledge improvement is categorized as high. The paired t-test results indicate a significant difference in students' knowledge related to scientific work before (M = 39.7, SD = 20.6) and after the program (M = 93.2, SD = 7.5), t(30) = 14.6, p < .001. Therefore, the program implemented in the partner school has proven to be beneficial in enhancing students' scientific competence.

The abilities students need to fulfill the SDGs are current information literacy and reasoning skills. Apart from going through the learning process, this ability can be developed by the participation of students in extracurricular activities related to scientific writing. This service activity aims to provide scientific writing assistance for students at Batu Islam High School to improve information literacy and reasoning skills. The form of training carried out is to provide material related to various research that can be carried out by students both inside and outside the classroom and provide assistance to take part in scientific writing competitions at the national level. The instruments for community service activities used are information literacy questions and observation sheets. Data analysis was carried out descriptively. The results of community service activities show that there is an increase in students' information literacy and reasoning abilities. The results of the participation of students in the national competition won the third prize

Recent estimates indicate that the lower Amazon River outgasses significant amounts of carbon dioxide (CO2) that was not previously accounted for the global inland water carbon budget. Detailed evaluation of seasonal variability and controlling mechanisms behind the CO2 fluxes in this large and complex area remains incomplete. Previous observations throughout the Amazon basin showed that higher CO2 fluxes (FCO2) and partial pressure of CO2 (pCO2) occur during high water and higher wind intensity seasons. The influence of wind and water speed, depth of water column, as well as respiration of allochthonous and autochthonous organic matter, are frequently assigned as the main control variables. Here, we assess the influence of a set of biogeochemical and hydrodynamic parameters on the seasonal variation of FCO2 and pCO2 near the Amazon River mouth. FCO2, pCO2 and biogeochemical and hydrologic analyses were carried out from 2010 to 2016 during four different hydrological periods per year (N = 25) in the North Channel of the Amazon River mouth. FCO2 and pCO2 were used as independent variables and analyzed against 33 biogeochemical, hydrodynamic and meteorological parameters along the hydrological seasons. The highest FCO2 and pCO2 was obtained at high discharge season (11.28 ± 7.82 μmol m-2 s-1 and (4575 ± 429 μatm, respectively) when most of these parameters tend to be higher. Among the 33 parameters analyzed, the significant correlations with FCO2 and pCO2 (p < 0.05) observed were for water and air temperatures, dissolved oxygen, dissolved organic carbon, nitrate, dissolved inorganic nitrogen and pH. These variables could be considered suitable predictors for estimating pCO2 and FCO2 in the Amazon River mouth area. For a better estimation and understanding of carbon budgets in tropical rivers it is still required to verify and to quantify more deeply the relationship among CO2 evasion and others hydrodynamic, meteorological and biogeochemical variables. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Drosophila melanogaster is a popular model organism that plays a role in the development of Genetics research and learning. The purpose of this study was to map Genetics lecture activities in Indonesia based on the utilization of Drosophila melanogaster during practicum activities. The data was collected using Google Form-based questionnaire analyzed using descriptive statistical analysis. A total of 113 alumni from 39 universities in Indonesia were involved as participants. The results informed that 77% of institutions had conducted Genetic Practicums and more than half had used Drosophila melanogaster. However, optimizing the use of these organisms in learning needs to be improved because the use of Drosophila melanogaster is still limited to morphological, chromosome, life cycle, and inheritance pattern observations.

Students' knowledge of data analysis determines the quality of the research they report but they tend to perceive courses on statistics or data analysis as challenging and unappealing. The present study aimed to investigate the correlation between biology education students' attitudes toward statistics and their proficiency in determining various data analytical techniques. This study involved biology education students from the Universitas Muhammadiyah Malang who had completed a course in statistics, research methods, and data analysis. The Survey of Attitudes Toward Statistics (SATS) and the Statistics Assessment of Graduate Students (SAGS) were used sequentially as instruments for collecting data on student attitudes toward statistics and data analysis competencies. The results revealed that while most students had positive attitudes toward statistics, they perceived the subject as challenging to learn. Additionally, the students demonstrated low levels of competency in data analysis. The aspects of cognitive competence and difficulty from SATS correlate significantly with their SAGS score. These results suggest that there is a need for a revision of the biology education curriculum to better equip students with the skills and knowledge to increase their data analysis competencies.

Empowerment of Higher-Order Thinking Skills (HOTS) is often not optimal due to the lack of availability of HOTS-based learning documents. The purpose of this development research was to produce HOTS-based biology learning tools on motion system material for class XI high school. This development research uses the ADDIE model which has five stages: analyze, design, develop, implement and evaluate. The product development was validated by learning experts and material experts and then tested on students. The validation sheet was used as a data collection instrument. The validation results from learning experts stated that the learning syllabus was very feasible (84.3%), lesson plans were very feasible (80.2%), student worksheets were feasible (72.2%), and test questions were very feasible (83%). Meanwhile, the validation results from material experts stated that all learning documents were feasible (the percentage of eligibility for syllabus, lesson plans, student worksheets, and test questions were 77%, 70%, 80%, and 80%, respectively). After being tested on students, student responses and the results of their evaluation scores indicate that the learning documents that have been developed are suitable for use. In addition, the HOTS learning tools developed are practical and effective in the learning process, so as to create a student-centered learning process and be able to improve students' HOTS.

Environmental attitude should be possessed by students as an effort to manage their relationship with environmental problems. However, there has never been any study on the environmental attitudes of prospective biology teachers in Indonesia. This study aims to discover the environmental attitude of the prospective science teachers throughout Indonesia. This cross-sectional survey study analyzes the aspects of gender, grade point average (GPA), college status, and study status which are positioned as the character of the respondent whose impact on the students’ environmental attitudes are analyzed in this study. The target population size of this study is 1300 people. Thus, based on Krejcie and Morgan Table, the minimum sample size with a confidence level of 95% and margin error of 5% is 1235 students. The data collection instrument used in this study is the Environmental Attitude Inventory/EAI questionnaire which has been validated by bilingual experts and transformed into an online questionnaire by means of Google Form. SPSS software was used to examine the data. The results indicate that there is no significant difference in EA scores based on gender, GPA factor, and university status background. The difference in EA scores is affected by whether or not students have taken courses related to the environment ownership. The researchers believe that it is critical to ensure that the course materials concerning environmental education are properly planned and implemented. Courses should be supplemented with themes on environmental issues ranging from local to global scope.

Cell division is an abstract material for middle school students in which learning resources and supporting learning media are compulsory to use. This research and development aimed at developing learning supplement book of mitotic cell material for IX graders which eases them to identify cell division, particularly in mitotic phase. This study was developed based on ADDIE model which comprised of four stages (i.e. Analysis, Design, Development, Implementation, and Evaluation). The validation test was conducted by teaching and learning material experts. The two stage tests were conducted in small and large trial groups. The qualitative and quantitative data gained were analyzed using percentage. The results showed that the percentage values were 86.2% (very feasible) for teaching material, 99.4% (very feasible) for learning material. The small-scale trial gained 87.8% (very feasible), meanwhile the large-scale test gained 88.3% (very feasible). In conclusion, the mitotic learning supplement book of cell division material for junior high school can be used as teaching material in classroom learning activities.

Background and Aim: Trypanosomiasis, also known as surra, is an infectious disease with a wide host spectrum. In Indonesia, this disease is caused by Trypanosoma evansi. Various trypanocidal drugs have been used to treat this pathogen and subsequent disease. Yet, the long-term trypanocidal administration generates drug-resistant T. evansi. Some have identified genetic alterations in T. evansi transporter protein-coding genes that may be responsible for drug resistance. The Multidrug Resistance Protein E (MRPE) gene is a likely candidate gene responsible for the individual resistance. To date, no research has focused on T. evansi MRPE (TevMRPE) in this context. Hence, this research aimed at analyzing and characterizing the TevMRPE gene and protein using a bioinformatics approach. Materials and Methods: T. evansi was isolated from buffalo suffering from surra in Ngawi Regency, Indonesia. Isolated T. evansi was inoculated and cultured in male mice. The T. evansi genome was isolated from mouse blood with a parasitemia degree as high as 105. A polymerase chain reaction procedure was conducted to amplify the putative MRPE coding gene. The amplicon was sequenced and analyzed using MEGA X, BLAST, and I-tasser softwares. Results: The putative TevMRPE coding gene showed sequence similarity as high as 99.79% against the MRPE gene from Trypanosoma brucei gambiense. The protein profile and characteristics depicted that the putative TevMRPE protein was related to a family of Adenosine Triphosphate-Binding Cassette (ABC) transporter proteins. This family of transporter proteins plays a crucial role in the resistance toward several medicines. Conclusion: The obtained gene sequence in this research was identified as the TevMRPE. This gene is homologous to the T. brucei gambiense MRPE gene and possesses ligand active sites for Adenylyl Imidodiphosphate. In addition, MRPE contains enzyme active sites similar to the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator. These data suggest that ABC transport proteins, like MRPE, may be necessary to confer trypanocidal drug resistance in T. evansi.

Kehadiran buku panduan praktikum memiliki urgensi yang tinggi pada perkuliahan biologi molekuler Drosophila melanogaster merupakan organisme model paling populer di bidang biologi namun pemanfaatannya di Indonesia masih jauh dari optimal. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah menganalisis kebutuhan terkait pentingnya kehadiran buku panduan penelitian biologi molekuler berbasis pemanfaatan D. melanogaster. Mahasiswa Biologi dari universitas di Malang dilibatkan sebagai respoden penelitian. Kuesioner digunakan sebagai instrumen pengumpulan data dalam penelitian ini. Analisis data menggunakan statistika deskriptif dan menggunakan perform assessment chart. Hasil penelitian menginformasikan mayoritas mahasiswa memiliki kompetensi meneliti yang rendah. Analisis perform assessment chart menghasilkan dua purpose statement, yaitu dibutuhkannya buku panduan yang dapat melatih mahasiswa merancang hingga melaporkan penelitian dan dibutuhkannya panduan penelitian genetika molekuler. Oleh karena itu, keberadaan buku panduan penelitian molekuler yang dapat memandu mahasiswa melakukan penelitian perlu dikembangkan Keywords: Drosophila melanogaster, Genetika molekuler, Inkuiri, Keterampilan meneliti, Lalat buah

This article discusses the function of language and pragmatic meaning in social media to combat Covid-19. Theoretical references used are ethnopragmatics. Ethnographic studies basically examine language from a cultural aspect. Cultural aspects include knowledge, behavior, and artifacts. Meanwhile, pragmatics is a study of language use on the basis of context. This research uses data sources from Instagram, Facebook, WA, and email. Research data in the form of language use in social media above. Data from Instagram and Facebook are downloaded from the internet, while data from email is collected through the direction of researchers with guidance on the instrument. Data collection techniques are done through reading and taking notes. Concrete data analysis techniques are carried out through data identification, data classification, data interpretation, and reporting in the form of journal articles. The findings of research on language subfunctions include asking, inviting or influencing, being sarcastic, motivating and criticizing, and saying thank you. Meanwhile, the pragmatic meaning used in social media includes indirectly advising, persuading, indirectly reminding, subtly insinuating, inviting, complaining, and give advice.

Blended learning (B-learning), a combination of face-to-face teaching and E-learning-supported-teaching in an online course, and Information and Communication Technology (ICT) tools have been studied in recent years. In addition, the use of this teaching model is effective in teaching and learning conditions in which some certain subjects are appropriate for the specific teaching context. As it has been a matter of concern of the universities in Vietnam today, deep studies related to this topic is crucial to be conducted. In this article, the process of developing online courses and organizing teaching for the General Informatics subject for first-year students at the Hue University of Education with B-learning teaching model will be presented. The combination of 60% face-to-face and 40% online learning.

This study aimed at analyzing the implementation of Community-Based Ecotourism (CBE) principles in managing the Ecotourism of Gili Labak, East Java. This study was qualitative and descriptive. The primary data were obtained through observation and interview to certain informants (management team, tour guide, sellers/shopkeepers, lodging and rental owners, local citizen, travel agent, local academicians, local government), while the secondary data were gained from apposite literature and government regulation documents. This study was conducted over a year, from January to December 2018. The research results showed that, generally, the CBE principles were not seriousely implemented yet in the ecotourism management of Gili Labak. Conservation principles were not considered important by the management team, and this was neglected as their focus was concentrated on their efforts to attract tourists and as many as possible. In addition, there was also an inadequacy in culture conserving efforts and the lack of knowledge and skill of the management team related to this issue. This study is essential for the ecotourism discourse, community development, and environmental education, and in cultivating students’ basic skills in planning, developing, managing and marketing of certain ecotourism attractiveness to support sustainable development initiatives. The CBE study in Indonesia, mainly in East Java was limited. There has been no CBE study in Gili Labak. This study is valuable for these endeavors in developing the conservation of the ecotourism area and in determining a proper policy by the Indonesian government which can contribute to great benefits for the local community.