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Aims: Habanero pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) cultivation is growing worldwide, mainly as a result of its high demand and nutritive contribution to human society. The presence of endogenous gibberellins and cytokinins in seeds of various vegetable crops has been related to a good germination; however, little is known on habanero pepper. The aim of this study was to search for the presence, identification and amount of gibberellins and cytokinins in seeds of habanero pepper cv “Jaguar”. Study design: Laboratory analysis for gibberellins and cytokinins were organized in solvent solutions groups with three technical replicates using a complete randomized design and results when applicable were analyzed using the statistical program 'RStudio' (version 10) and data obtained subjected to a comparison of means with the Tukey (P≤0.05) test. Place and duration of study: The experiment was conducted at the Department of Horticulture in Universidad Autónoma Agraria Antonio Narro, Saltillo, Mexico, during 2020-2021. Methodology: Lots of 50 grams dry weight of “Jaguar” habanero pepper seed samples were freeze dried and prepared with several organic solvents for the extraction, purification and identification of gibberellins and cytokinins using the techniques of GC-MS and GCMS-SIM respectively. Results: Gibberellins A1, A4, A7, A9, A15, A17 and A44 were found in habanero seed tissue. The cytokinins zeatin and zeatin-riboside were also detected in analyzed habanero samples. Conclusion: The endogenous gibberellins A1, A4, A7, A9, A15, A17, A44, and the cytokinins zeatin and zeatin-riboside are present in habanero pepper cv “Jaguar” contributing to an improve seed viability, ensuring health and overall plant yield.

Aims: Tomato (SolanumlycopersicumL.) is one of the most important vegetable crops worldwide, mainly as a result of its economic and nutritive contribution to human society. The presence of endogenous gibberellins and cytokinins in seeds of several crops has been related to a good germination; however, little is known in tomato. Therefore, the aim of this study was to analyze and identify the presence of gibberellins and cytokinins in saladette tomato seeds. Study Design: Laboratory analysis for gibberellins and cytokinins were conducted in solvent solutions groups with three technical replicates using a complete randomized design and results when applicable were analyzed using the statistical program 'RStudio' (version 10) and data obtained subjected to a comparison of means with the Tukey (P≤0.05) test. Place and Duration of Study: The experiment was conducted at the Department of Horticulture in Universidad AutónomaAgraria Antonio Narro, Saltillo, Mexico, during 2020-2021. Methodology: Lots of 50 grams dry weight of saladette “SVTE8832” tomato seed samples were freeze dried and prepared with several organic solvents for the extraction, purification and identification of gibberellins and cytokinins using the techniques of gas chromatography mass spectrometry(GC-MS) and gas chromatography mass spectrometry with selection ion monitoring(GCMS-SIM) respectively. Results: Gibberellins A1, A4, A7, A9, A12, A15, A17, A20, A44 and A53 were found in tomato seed tissue. The cytokininszeatin and zeatin-ribozide were also detected in analyzed tomato samples. Conclusion:The endogenous gibberellins A1, A4, A7, A9, A12, A15, A17, A20, A44, A53 and the cytokininszeatin and zeatin-riboside are present in saladette“SVTE8832” tomato seeds.

Euphorbia antisyphilitica pertenece a la familia Euphorbiaceae, cuyos integrantes se caracterizan por ser parecidos a los cactos, pero con la diferencia de que producen látex. la especie crece en el semidesierto mexicano, y se conoce con el nombre de candelilla. la primera persona que estudió sus propiedades fue Zuccarini, quien demostró que tiene propiedades curativas contra la sífilis. la planta presenta tallos largos y erectos de color verde grisáceos, con la particularidad de que en su parte externa producen un material ceroso que le sirve de protección contra el ataque de hongos, insectos y bacterias, pero, principalmente, contra el clima extremo del semidesierto. Su recolección para la obtención de su cera es una de las actividades económicas más importantes en el noreste del país, de forma más especifica en la denominada región candelillera. Sin embargo, desde hace casi un siglo se utiliza el mismo método de extracción, el cual incluye el uso de ácido sulfúrico en altas concentraciones, lo cual genera contaminación al medio ambiente, provoca daños a la salud y reduce la calidad del producto, que después pasa por un proceso de filtrado y blanqueo. En este trabajo se muestra un panorama general de la importancia pasada, la actual y una percepción a futuro de la cera de candelilla.

El objetivo del presente trabajo fue determinar el efecto del número de riegos de auxilio y de la dosis de nitrógeno (N) sobre el rendimiento y calidad de la semilla de algodón (Gossypium hirsutum L.). En la variedad CIAN Precoz se evaluaron cuatro niveles de N (0, 80, 160 y 200 kg ha-1) y tres tratamientos de riegos de auxilio (dos, tres y cuatro riegos), en cuanto a su efecto en el rendimiento de algodón pluma y de semilla, y en la calidad de la semilla, con base en el porcentaje de germinación estándar, la prueba de envejecimiento acelerado, la longitud de radícula y el peso seco de plántulas. Los resultados mostraron que los rendimientos de pluma y semilla se incrementaron a medida que se aumentó el número de riegos. Las dosis de N aumentaron el rendimiento de semilla, pero éste fue el mismo con dosis de 80 y 200 kg de N ha-1. El número de riegos y la dosis de N no afectaron la calidad de la semilla.

With the purpose to search upon the cytokinins origin, a study was conducted on the effects of prohexadione-ca (P-Ca) on cytokinins in xylem sap and on stomatal resistance in apple. Golden Delicious seedlings were sprayed with 100 ppm P-Ca. Stomatal leaf resistance was measured at intervals between 1 and 4 hours of spraying and 15 days after the treatment. Golden Delicious trees were sprayed with 200 ppm P-Ca two weeks after full bloom. At intervals between 1 and two weeks after P-Ca treatment, the main de-shooted stem was removed from root system and xylem sap was collected for cytokinins analysis using the suction technique. Prohexadioneca significantly increased stomatal resistance (range 2.74-4.35 s/cm−1) when compared to control (range 2.12-3.44 s/cm−1); however, P-Ca did not modify the level of cytokinins in xylem sap since range values were between 0.10 to 0.20 μg kinetin equivalents/20 ml xylem sap for both, cytokinin and control.

Antecedentes y Objetivos: El objetivo del presente estudio fue conocer la flora y describir la vegetación del municipio Álamo Temapache, en el estado de Veracruz, México. El área está ubicada en el norte del estado y ocupa una extensión de 1280.62 km2.Métodos: Se delimitó la zona y se definieron rutas de colecta y reconocimiento de los tipos de vegetación. Se tomaron datos del tipo de comunidad vegetal y componentes, y se colectaron muestras botánicas. Finalmente se elaboró un mapa de vegetación y se enlistaron las especies con datos de forma de vida, nombre común y tipo de comunidad donde fueron localizadas.Resultados clave: Los resultados incluyen una lista florística de 753 especies, 491 géneros y 124 familias. Las familias mejor representadas son Fabaceae, Asteraceae, Poaceae y Malvaceae. Se reconocen ocho tipos de vegetación para el área: bosque tropical perennifolio, bosque tropical subcaducifolio, bosque de encino, palmar, vegetación acuática y subacuática, vegetación secundaria, comunidad de arvenses, y pastizal. Gran parte de la superficie es ocupada por huertos y campos agrícolas. La comunidad de malezas de áreas perturbadas es muy importante, en especial la de plantas arvenses, que es la que ocupa la mayor extensión en el área, seguida por el pastizal inducido y el bosque tropical subcaducifolio.Conclusiones: Se encontró que el área ha sido modificada fuertemente por actividades antrópicas; solo 8% de la superficie del municipio aún conserva la vegetación original.

a b s t r a c t Edible coating formulated with candelilla wax and fermented extract of tarbush was applied for immersion to evaluate its effects on the shelf life and quality of Golden delicious apples in marketing conditions stored at room temperature (27 1 8C). Control treatments were apples without edible coating. Changes in appearance, weight loss, water activity and firmness were monitored during 8 weeks. A sensory evaluation of preference in taste and appearance was performed in the apples. Edible coatings were able to reduce significantly the change in appearance, weight loss, water activity and firmness ( p 0.05) in the apples. Results of the sensory evaluation demonstrated edible coating with fermented extract of tarbush did not alter appearance and taste of apples. According to the results, fermented extract of tarbush incorporated into the edible coating appear to be a promising preservation alternative and effective method improve the quality and shelf life of apples in marketing conditions.

This study was conducted during the 2004-2005 winter to analyze the effect of whitewashing (with calcium hydroxide) entire apple trees (Malus domestica Borkh) at the beginning of the winter season, on the branches and trunks internal temperature (under the bark), the accumulation of chill units (CU), its effect on fruit yield and quality and its relation to the use of thidiazuron (TDZ) to induce budbreak. The results of this study indicated that at the hours of highest incidence of solar radiation, total tree whitewashing decreased the internal temperature of the branches up to 4 oC and of the trunks up to 9 oC. The accumulated CU during the time of the study, calculated with the internal temperature of the whitewashed branches, were 27.9 % higher than those recorded on the branches with no whitewashing, while the CU lost at the hours of highest solar radiation were up to 37.2 % lower. Efecto del encalado... Total whitewashing increased the yield per tree up to 20 % more than application of TDZ. No statistical difference in fruit quality parameters was observed between total whitewashing and the application of TDZ to induce budbreak.

In this study the effect of addition of ellagic acid (at three different concentrations) into candelilla wax matrix on shelf life and quality of whole avocados was studied. Control treatments were avocados coated with candelilla wax without ellagic acid and avocados without coating. The fruits were chosen for their maturity, size, free from infection and physical defects. All those samples were inoculated with a concentrated suspension of spores of Colletotrichum gloeosporioides, the main phytopathogenic fungus for avocados. Experiments were carried out completely divided into randomized groups. Changes in appearance, solids content, pH, aw, lightness (L∗ value) and weight loss were monitored during 6 weeks every 8 days. A sensory evaluation of avocados coated with the best edible film was also performed. Edibel films were able to reduce significantly the damage caused by C. gloeosporioides, reducing also significantly the change in appearance and weight loss in the fruits. Use of ellagic acid as part of the edible film has an important effect to improve the quality and shelf life of avocado. With this work we found that using this new protection system the negative effects of C. gloeosporioides can be successfully reduced.

Films formulated with edible natural waxes extracted from Euphorbia antisyphilitica, and additives Aloe vera (4%), ellagic acid (0.01%) and gallic acid (0.01%) were applied to evaluate their effects on the quality of fresh-cut fruits stored at 5C and at room temperature (21C) for 6 days. The evaluated characteristics were changes in appearance, weight loss, firmness, color, solid content, pH and water activity (Aw). The additives, combined with the natural wax, demonstrated not to cause apparent damage to the fruits. Generally speaking, the films showed better results in comparison with the control. The treatment with A. vera showed the lowest values in weight loss, water migration, Aw, change in pH and firmness. The ellagic acid coating reduced the color change in a greater proportion. The application of these new edible films to fruits extends their shelf life and increases their antioxidant potential, as well as their nutritional quality. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS Edible films elaborated with a natural wax extracted from Euphorbia antisyphilitica complemented with a potent antioxidant ellagic and gallic acids, and Aloe vera extend the shelf life quality and increase the antioxidant potential, as well as the nutritional quality of fresh-cut fruits and vegetables, giving way to the possibility of producing nutraceutical products in the form of edible biofilms. Potential applications of these films are very attractive because the components are natural and nontoxic, and they are recommended by their low cost, availability and ease of handling. The possibility of using these films on other food products, not necessarily vegetal in origin, could be assayed.

La sábila (Aloe vera Tourn) tiene importancia económica relevante en las industrias farmacéutica, de cosméticos y alimentaria. Esta planta posee el metabolismo fotosintético ácido de las crasuláceas (MAC). En México se cultiva en diversas regiones con clima subtropical. El objetivo de este trabajo fue comparar el intercambio de gases de sábila en condiciones de riego y de sequía, en dos localidades mexicanas, una con clima semiseco cálido (Marín, Nuevo León) y otra con clima semiárido templado (Buenavista, Coahuila. El tratamiento de riego (T1) consistió en regar dos veces por semana, y el de sequía (T2) en suspender el riego hasta bajar la humedad del suelo a valores entre 1.3 y 8.4 %. Durante un año se evaluaron cuatro ciclos de sequía. Las mediciones de conductancia estomática (gs) y tasa neta instantánea de asimilación de CO2 (Ai) se efectuaron al inicio y final de cada ciclo, y a intervalos de 1.5 a 2 h durante 24 h, con un equipo portátil para medir fotosíntesis. Los resultados mostraron que en T1 la sábila presentó las cuatros fases clásicas de asimilación de CO2 como en las plantas MAC, en ambas localidades; Ai fue 25 % mayor en Buenavista que en Marín debido a sus temperaturas más frescas. En condiciones de sequía la sábila redujo en 41 % su gs y en 65 % la Ai en Marín; en Buenavista las reducciones fueron de 44 % en gs y 56 % en la Ai. Las temperaturas nocturnas más frescas de Buenavista permitieron una mayor gs y mayor Ai que en Marín.