10 results on '"Diana Garside"'
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2. Determination of Cocaine and Opioids in Hair
- Author
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Diana Garside and Bruce A. Goldberger
- Subjects
business.industry ,Medicine ,business - Published
- 2020
- Full Text
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3. Postmortem Tissue Distribution of Atomoxetine Following Fatal and Nonfatal Doses-Three Case Reports
- Author
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Jeri D. Ropero-Miller, Diana Garside, and J.D. Ellen C. Riemer M.D.
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Adult ,Male ,Chromatography, Gas ,Urine ,Pharmacology ,Atomoxetine Hydrochloride ,Drug overdose ,Pathology and Forensic Medicine ,Norepinephrine ,Pharmacokinetics ,Genetics ,Humans ,Medicine ,Ingestion ,Drug Interactions ,Tissue Distribution ,Child ,Whole blood ,Adrenergic Uptake Inhibitors ,Molecular Structure ,Propylamines ,business.industry ,Atomoxetine ,medicine.disease ,Arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia ,Suicide ,Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity ,Postmortem Changes ,Female ,Drug Overdose ,business ,Atomoxetine hydrochloride ,medicine.drug - Abstract
Atomoxetine (Strattera, Lilly) is a selective norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor (SNRI) prescribed for the treatment of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in children, adolescents, and adults. It is the first nonstimulant drug-therapy option for ADHD. Three case reports are presented in which atomoxetine was detected in two individuals who died from causes unrelated to the drug and a third from the intentional ingestion of atomoxetine and other drugs. In addition, a brief description of the pharmacokinetics and side effects of atomoxetine are given. Postmortem fluid and tissue concentrations of atomoxetine were as follows: aortic blood
- Published
- 2006
- Full Text
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4. Rapid liquid–liquid extraction of cocaine from urine for gas chromatographic–mass spectrometric analysis
- Author
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Diana Garside, Kenzie L. Preston, Edward J. Cone, and Bruce A. Goldberger
- Subjects
Detection limit ,Analyte ,Chromatography ,General Chemistry ,Mass spectrometry ,Sensitivity and Specificity ,Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry ,Substance Abuse Detection ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Cocaine ,chemistry ,Liquid–liquid extraction ,Alkanes ,Humans ,Gas chromatography ,Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry ,Derivatization ,Quantitative analysis (chemistry) - Abstract
A novel, simple and economic liquid-liquid extraction method for isolating cocaine from urine was developed utilizing gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) for analysis and quantification. The use of a single nonpolar organic solvent allowed only nonpolar analytes to be extracted from the biological fluid, and consequently, no derivatization step was necessary before GC-MS analysis. Large numbers of specimens (60) can be extracted in approximately 3 h with this procedure. The method is highly precise (C.V.7%), accurate (98%), sensitive (limit of detection of 5 ng/ml) and has a mean recovery of 48.8%.
- Published
- 1997
- Full Text
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5. Synthesis of hydroxylated steroid hormones via conjugate addition of a silyl-cuprate reagent
- Author
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David N. Kirk, Diana Garside, and Norman M. Waldron
- Subjects
Pharmacology ,Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy ,Silylation ,Metalation ,medicine.medical_treatment ,Organic Chemistry ,Clinical Biochemistry ,Pregnanolone ,Biochemistry ,Steroid ,Cholestanol ,Hydroxylation ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Endocrinology ,chemistry ,Reagent ,Yield (chemistry) ,medicine ,Organic chemistry ,Androstenes ,Testosterone ,Molecular Biology ,Enone ,Copper ,Conjugate - Abstract
The synthesis of several hydroxylated steroids via conjugate addition of Fleming's silyl-cuprate reagent, (PhMe2Si)2CuLi, a masked hydroxyl group, to the appropriate enone was studied. By this means 7 alpha-hydroxytestosterone (7) was obtained in good yield from 17 beta-hydroxyandrosta-4,6-dien-3-one (1a), though similar reactions on 17 beta-hydroxyandrosta-1,4-dien-3-one (8) gave a low yield of 1 alpha-hydroxytestosterone (13) chiefly through the poor conversion of the phenylsilyl intermediate into the halogenosilane. 3 beta,16 alpha-Dihydroxy-5 alpha-pregnan-20-one (18b) was obtained in a similar manner from 3 beta-hydroxy-5 alpha-pregn-16-en-20-one and 5 alpha-cholestane-1 alpha,3 alpha-diol(17) was produced from the 1-en-3-one (14) via conjugate addition of the silyl group, reduction of the carbonyl function, and oxidative removal of the silyl group.
- Published
- 1994
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6. Concentration of oxymorphone in postmortem fluids and tissue
- Author
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Diana Garside, Robert L. Hargrove, and Ruth E. Winecker
- Subjects
Adult ,Male ,Adolescent ,Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis ,Urine ,Suppository ,Toxicology ,Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry ,Analytical Chemistry ,Immunoenzyme Techniques ,Reference Values ,medicine ,North Carolina ,Environmental Chemistry ,Humans ,Solid phase extraction ,Chemical Health and Safety ,Chromatography ,Oxymorphone ,Chemistry ,Drug administration ,Postmortem blood ,Forensic Medicine ,Middle Aged ,Opioid-Related Disorders ,Analgesics, Opioid ,Substance Abuse Detection ,Liver ,Female ,Autopsy ,Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry ,Opioid analgesics ,medicine.drug - Abstract
Oxymorphone, a semi-synthetic opioid analgesic, has been available as Numorphan since the 1950s in the form of injectable solutions and a suppository. Recently, in 2006, oxymorphone was approved by the Federal Drug Administration for use in the form of immediate and extended release tablets under the trade name Opana. Since the advent of Opana, the number of deaths involving oxymorphone has risen considerably in the State of North Carolina. To date, there are very few reported values for postmortem concentrations of oxymorphone in the literature to aid in the interpretation of these cases. We report 33 medical examiner cases involving oxymorphone and provide the distribution of oxymorphone in postmortem blood, liver, and urine samples. Oxymorphone was detected in blood by enzyme immunoassay and confirmed by gas chromatography- mass spectrometry utilizing a solid-phase extraction procedure. Calibration curves from 0.025 to 0.50 mg/L were established with a limit of quantitiation of 0.025 mg/L. The mean concentration for oxymorphone in postmortem central (n = 28) and peripheral (n = 23) blood samples was 0.15 mg/L. The median values for the central and peripheral samples were 0.10 mg/L (range: 0.011-0.59) and 0.075 mg/L (range: 0.017-0.82), respectively. Liver concentrations ranged from "none detected" to > 2.0 mg/kg, with mean and median values of 0.36 and 0.30 mg/kg, respectively. The majority of urine samples were > 0.50 mg/L.
- Published
- 2009
7. Drugs-of-Abuse in Nails
- Author
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Diana Garside
- Subjects
integumentary system ,business.industry ,Codeine ,Forensic toxicology ,MDMA ,Pharmacology ,Hydromorphone ,Hydrocodone ,medicine ,Morphine ,skin and connective tissue diseases ,business ,Oxycodone ,medicine.drug ,Methadone - Abstract
The utility of nails in forensic toxicology for the analysis of drugs-of-abuse is examined. This chapter reviews the basic structure of the nail, mechanisms of drug incorporation, drugs-of-abuse that have been detected in nails, analytical methodologies, interpretation of results, advantages and disadvantages, and a chronological review of the literature. Drugs-of-abuse that are discussed within this chapter include amphetamine, methamphetamine, MDMA/MDA, cocaine and its metabolites, morphine, codeine, 6-acetylmorphine, hydrocodone, hydromorphone, oxycodone, methadone, cannabinoids, and phencyclidine.
- Published
- 2008
- Full Text
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8. Metaxalone (Skelaxin)-related death
- Author
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Justin L. Poklis, Ruth E. Winecker, Jeri D. Ropero-Miller, and Diana Garside
- Subjects
Adult ,Male ,Chromatography, Gas ,Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis ,Urine ,Pharmacology ,Toxicology ,Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry ,Analytical Chemistry ,medicine ,Environmental Chemistry ,Humans ,Amitriptyline ,Tissue Distribution ,Oxazolidinones ,Chemical Health and Safety ,business.industry ,Muscle Relaxants, Central ,Metaxalone ,Reference Standards ,Acetaminophen ,Suicide ,Hydrocodone ,Toxicity ,Nortriptyline ,Drug Overdose ,business ,Diazepam ,medicine.drug - Abstract
The case history and toxicological findings of a fatal multi-drug overdose involving metaxalone (Skelaxin) are presented. Gas-liquid chromatography with flame-ionization detection and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry were used to determine the following drug concentrations (mg/L) in aortic blood: 19 mg/L metaxalone; 190 mg/L acetaminophen; 0.28 mg/L hydrocodone; and < 0.1 mg/L diazepam, nordiazepam, amitriptyline, and nortriptyline. The following concentrations of metaxalone were reported in alternate specimens: 17 mg/L in femoral blood; 44 mg/L in bile; 70 mg/kg in liver; 7 mg/L in urine; 202 mg/kg in gastric contents; and 14 mg/L in vitreous humor. These concentrations were determined using both direct extraction and the method of standard addition. The quantitative results obtained by both procedures were in good agreement. Because of the limited information published on metaxalone toxicity, the pathologist assigned the manner and cause of death as accidental acute hydrocodone intoxication. Four additional cases in which metaxalone was present were analyzed for comparison. Two cases were probable drug-related deaths and had metaxalone aorta blood concentrations of 18 and 11 mg/L. The other two cases had therapeutic metaxalone concentrations in the aortic blood of < 0.75 and 2.1 mg/L.
- Published
- 2004
9. Automated On-Line Hydrolysis of Benzodiazepines Improves Sensitivity of Urine Screening by a Homogeneous Enzyme Immunoassay
- Author
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Jeri D. Ropero-Miller, Bruce A. Goldberger, and Diana Garside
- Subjects
Benzodiazepine ,medicine.diagnostic_test ,medicine.drug_class ,Chemistry ,medicine.medical_treatment ,Biochemistry (medical) ,Clinical Biochemistry ,Muscle relaxant ,Pharmacology ,Anxiolytic ,Hypnotic ,Anticonvulsant ,Immunoassay ,medicine ,Glucuronide ,Mass screening - Abstract
Benzodiazepines are used therapeutically as antidepressant, anxiolytic, anticonvulsant, hypnotic, muscle relaxant, and preanesthetic agents. Moreover, benzodiazepines are often abused for their euphoric effects. Consequently, benzodiazepines are commonly detected in toxicological analyses. Immunoassays of benzodiazepines are plagued by several factors that make reliable detection difficult. Complicated metabolic pathways, including N -dealkylation, C -hydroxylation, and glucuronidation, effectively reduce the parent compound to more polar, and thus easily excreted, metabolites. Some of these metabolites are pharmacologically active; in some cases, they are present in higher concentrations and have a longer elimination half-life than the parent compound (1)(2). Many, especially the glucuronide conjugates, which appear at high concentrations in the urine, do not readily cross-react with commercial immunoassays. In contrast, other benzodiazepine metabolites demonstrate high cross-reactivity, depending on the immunoassay utilized (3). In the US, 13 benzodiazepines of various potencies are commonly prescribed. Therapeutic daily doses have substantially decreased with the newer generation of benzodiazepines (2). Variations in dosage and in ultimate excretion patterns complicate the ability to accurately detect benzodiazepine use (4). Accumulated research findings indicate pretreating urine specimens with β-glucuronidase (EC 3.2.1.31) increases the diagnostic …
- Published
- 1997
- Full Text
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10. Identification of Cocaine Analytes in Fingernail and Toenail Specimens
- Author
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Diana Garside, William F. Hamilton, Jeri D. Ropero-Miller, Bruce A. Goldberger, and William R. Maples
- Subjects
medicine.medical_specialty ,Chromatography ,integumentary system ,Forensic toxicology ,Urine ,Pathology and Forensic Medicine ,Surgery ,Norcocaine ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Cocaethylene ,medicine.anatomical_structure ,chemistry ,Genetics ,Benzoylecgonine ,medicine ,Nail (anatomy) ,Ecgonine ,Quantitative analysis (chemistry) ,medicine.drug - Abstract
Fingernail and toenail specimens were obtained from 18 suspected cocaine users. The nails were cut, heated under methanolic reflux, and the methanolic extracts were purified by solidphase extraction. Gas chromatography/mass spectrometry was utilized for the qualitative and quantitative analysis of nine cocaine analytes. Comparison of conventional postmortem analysis of blood and urine with nail analysis revealed a marked increase in the detection of cocaine use by nail analysis. Cocaine analytes were present in 14 (82.3%) subjects utilizing nail analysis. Out of those 14 subjects, only 5 (27.7%) were positive by conventional postmortem drug analysis. Cocaine and benzoylecgonine were the predominant analytes in all positive nail specimens. Anhydroecgonine methyl ester, ecgonine methyl ester, ecgonine ethyl ester, cocaethylene, norcocaine, and norbenzoylecgonine were detected in a limited number of specimens. The ratio of cocaine to benzoylecgonine ranged from 2–10:1. These findings suggest that nails may be a useful alternative matrix for the detection of cocaine exposure.
- Published
- 1998
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
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