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Latar Belakang: Konsumsi makanan dan minuman kemasan dengan kandungan tinggi fruktosa mengalami peningkatan beberapa tahun terakhir. Hal ini meningkatkan risiko terjadinya sindrom metabolik, meliputi resistensi insulin, peningkatan tekanan darah, dan gangguan profil lipid. Daun kelor (Moringa oleifera) dengan kandungan senyawa bioaktif yang berfungsi sebagai antioksidan diketahui mampu memperbaiki metabolisme lemak dan glukosa darah. Tujuan: Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh serbuk daun kelor (Moringa oleifera) dalam mengontrol kondisi sindrom metabolik melalui identifikasi profil lipid dan ketebalan aorta pada prediabetes mellitus. Metode: Penelitian ini merupakan studi eksperimental dengan pendekatan post test only control group design. Sebanyak 35 ekor tikus putih (Rattus novergicus) galur Wistar jantan dibagi menjadi 5 kelompok yaitu kelompok K0 (pakan standar), E1 (sonde fruktosa 66% selama 16 minggu), E2 (sonde fruktosa 66% selama 12 minggu), E3 (sonde fruktosa 66%+kuersetin 50 mg/kg BB), dan E4 (sonde fruktosa 66%+serbuk daun kelor 500 mg/kg BB). Data dianalisis menggunakan uji One Way ANOVA. Hasil penelitian: Kadar kolesterol total, HDL kolesterol, dan ketebalan dinding aorta berbeda signifikan antarkelompok perlakuan. Tidak terdapat perbedaan yang signifikan pada kadar trigliserida, LDL kolesterol, dan massa jaringan lemak putih antar kelompok perlakuan. Kesimpulan: Pemberian serbuk daun kelor selama 4 minggu menunjukkan perbaikan profil lipid dan ketebalan dinding aorta pada kondisi prediabetes mellitus.

Ulcerative colitis (UC) is an inflammatory disease of the large intestine characterized by ulceration and diffuse mucosal damage. Virgin coconut oil (VCO), with its anti-inflammatory properties, emerges as a potential preventive solution for UC. VCO can be an alternative because it has relatively few side effects compared to chemical drugs. This study aims to determine the effect of VCO on suppressing colonic mucosal inflammation and clinical symptoms of UC through pathway analysis. A model grounded in equations within path analysis emerges as a superior framework compared to regression for elucidating the collective impact of PPAR-γ expression, NF-κB p65 expression, the quantity of M1 and M2 macrophages, the M1/M2 macrophage ratio, as well as TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-10 levels, and the MCHI score on DAI in UC model mice. Achieving an R2y9 value of 0.998 vastly surpasses the R2 value of 0.252 attained through regression analysis. This R2y9 value denotes that the cumulative influence of the mentioned variables on DAI stands at an impressive 99.8%. Drawing from the outcomes of pathway analysis, it is evident that VCO exhibits anti-inflammatory properties in UC model mice. To advance this understanding, future investigations could focus on refining VCO into a medicinal formulation suitable for commercial consumption.

Stunting continues to be a significant health issue, particularly in developing nations, with Indonesia ranking third in prevalence in Southeast Asia. This research examined the risk of stunting and influencing factors in Indonesia by implementing various Bayesian spatial conditional autoregressive (CAR) models that include covariates. A total of 750 models were run, including five different Bayesian spatial CAR models (Besag-York-Mollie (BYM), CAR Leroux and three forms of localised CAR), with 30 covariate combinations and five different hyperprior combinations for each model. The Poisson distribution was employed to model the counts of stunting cases. After a comprehensive evaluation of all model selection criteria utilized, the Bayesian localised CAR model with three covariates were preferred, either allowing up to 2 clusters with a variance hyperprior of inverse-gamma (1, 0.1) or allowing 3 clusters with a variance hyperprior of inverse-gamma (1, 0.01). Poverty and recent low birth weight (LBW) births are significantly associated with an increased risk of stunting, whereas child diet diversity is inversely related to the risk of stunting. Model results indicated that Sulawesi Barat Province has the highest risk of stunting, with DKI Jakarta Province the lowest. These areas with high stunting require interventions to reduce poverty, LBW births and increase child diet diversity.

Brown rice is a functional food known to improve the Lee Index, influencing PRDM16 levels in obesity conditions. Therefore, this study aims to determine the differences in Lee Index, Brown Adipose Tissue (BAT) weight, White Adipose Tissue (WAT) weight, BeAT weight, total body fat, and PRDM16 levels of obese model rats with the intervention of brown and white rice, as well as ℽ-oryzanol. A true experimental method was used with a post-test-only control group in vivo design. The obesity model was constructed with male Sprague Dawley rats (Rattus norvegicus), divided into five diet groups namely standard and HFHF diet control, as well as HFHF + brown rice, HFHF + white rice, and HFHF + ℽ-oryzanol combination diet. The experiment was carried out for 26 weeks, with details of 14 weeks to form an obese model and 12 weeks for the intervention. Before statistical correlation was tested, Lee index values, adipose tissues, and PRDM16 were analyzed. The anthropometric data collection method was carried out by weighing before and after the intervention, while adipose tissue was collected by weighing after sacrifice. The immunofluorescence method was used to collect the expression of PRDM16 and the mean of PRDM16 levels was analyzed in the ImageJ application. After the data collection process, analysis was performed using SPSS to determine possible differences in each group. Normally distributed data were analyzed using One-Way ANOVA, while those without normal distribution were assessed using the Kruskall-Walis method and the Mann Whitney-U advanced test, with a p-value of

The management of Diabetes Mellitus (DM) involves implementing a healthy lifestyle and pharmacological interventions through the administration of anti-hyperglycemia drugs. An essential aspect of treating DM patients is insulin administration, which facilitates glucose transportation into cells. This study evaluated the effectiveness of insulin injection rotation and nutritional management education for DM. The literature search utilized the keywords "education,"AND "insulin injection," AND "nutritional management," AND "DM", ranged 2021-2023 Searches were conducted on various databases, including Proquest, NCBI, BMC, ScienceDirect, and other relevant platforms such as Google Scholar. Ten journal articles pertinent to the subject matter were identified in the study. Findings indicate that nutritional education facilitates overall health improvement in individuals with DM, contributing to maintaining average body weight and near-normal blood glucose levels. It also enhances lipid profile and insulin receptor sensitivity while being a preventive measure against acute or chronic complications such as hyperglycemia. It is noted that selecting the appropriate injection site can significantly impact patients' blood glucose levels. While it is recommended to administer injections at consistent locations, repetitive use of the same site may pose risks of side effects, such as lipodystrophy. After conducting a comprehensive review of ten journal articles, it has been concluded that insulin injection rotation and nutritional management education are effective for managing DM.

Diabetes patients often struggle to meet their energy requirements, prompting the suggestion of utilizing Food for Special Dietary Uses (FSDU). Previous research has shown the efficacy of oyster mushrooms’ B-glucan in controlling hyperglycemia and insulin resistance. Brown rice, high in magnesium and fiber with a low glycemic index, is known to lower blood glucose levels. Utilizing both ingredients in FSDU may provide products with recommended energy value, nutrient ingredients, and glycemic index. This study aimed to measure the energy, protein, fat, carbohydrate, fiber, glucose, and glycemic index of four mixed formulations of oyster mushrooms and brown rice, along with a control. The study used a true experimental design with a completely randomized research design. The formulations included: P1=9% mixture of moringa and fish flour, P2=10% mixture of carrot and fish flour, F3=11% mixture of moringa and tempeh flour, and F4=12% tempeh flour. The total energy was measured using various methods: adiabatic oxygen bomb calorimeter for energy, Kjeldahl for protein, Soxhlet for fat, by-difference for carbohydrates, AOAC enzymatic-gravimetric for total dietary fiber, anthrone for total sugar, and blood glucose tests at 0, 15, 30, 45, 60, 90, and 120 minutes post-test-food ingestion for glycemic index measurements. Statistical analysis was performed using the One-Way ANOVA and Kruskal-Wallis tests. The research results indicate significant differences in energy, protein, fat, carbohydrates, total sugar, and fiber values among groups (p

Dysbiosis, marked by a decline in Firmicutes (such as Clostridium spp.) and a rise in Proteobacteria (such as Escherichia coli), is recognized as a pathway linked to the progression of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). High-fat food may influence the development of NAFLD. This study investigates the effect of different high-fat diets on gut microbiota composition and butyrate levels in a rat model. Four groups of Rattus norvegicus strain Wistar (n=27) were fed specific diets for 12 weeks: normal diet (ND, n=7), high-fat diet (HFD, n=6), western diet (WD, n=7), and high-fat-high-fructose diet (HFHFD, n=7). Stools were cultured on Eosin Methylene Blue (EMB) for Escherichia coli and Forget Fredette Agar (FFA) for Clostridium spp. Colonies were counted using Total Plate Count (TPC), and butyrate levels were measured with gas chromatography. Liver histology was assessed with the NAFLD activity score (NAS). Gut microbiota were analyzed using Crosstab and Chi-Square tests, and butyrate levels with the Kruskal-Wallis test. Butyrate levels decreased in NAFLD-inducing diet groups (HFD, WD, HFHFD) compared to ND (p=0.021). Escherichia coli colony counts were significantly higher in NAFLD-inducing diet groups (p=0.048), while Clostridium spp. counts were higher in ND (p=0.001). Liver histological changes, particularly in the WD group, resembled NAFLD. These findings imply that different high-fat diets can alter the gut microbiome, potentially influencing NAFLD development.

The physical and mechanical properties of biopolymers can be improved by heating technologies. In this research, we improved the properties of Polyvinyl alcohol (PVA)/Uncaria gambir extract (UGE) blend films by post-heating method. After post-heating, the blend film exhibited higher resistance to UV light and improved contact angle performance, while water vapor permeability and moisture absorption decreased. The tensile strength and toughness of the PVA/UGE blend film with a post-heating duration of 40 min were 68.8 MPa and 57.7 MPa, respectively, an increase of 131 % and 127 %, compared to films without post-heating. This facile and cost-effective fabrication method, with environmentally friendly properties, can be applied to biodegradable PVA/UGE blend films to achieve desired properties for optical devices or food packaging materials.

The study of natural products from marine-derived fungi has been interesting tense to researchers as drug discovery sources. Marine fungus from West Sumatera, Indonesia repeatedly showed their potential for cytotoxic and antimicrobial activities. This study aims to determine the cytotoxic activity against HT29 colon cancer cells of each fraction of ethyl acetate extracts from Aspergillus nomius NC06 derived from marine sponge Neopetrosia chaliniformis. A. nomius was cultivated with rice as a growth medium and extracted with ethyl acetate solvent and evaporated in vacuo to obtain ethyl acetate extract. Furthermore, the compounds of ethyl acetate extract were separated with the VLC (Vacuum Liquide Chromatography) method. Five fractions were obtained, which further investigated their cytotoxic activity against HT29 colon cancer cells by using an MTT assay. The result showed that fractions I and III were categorized as potential fractions due to their IC50 value of 13.12 ± 0.39 μg/mL and 2.59 ± 0.19 μg/mL, respectively. It was also supported by ANOVA to measure the effect of each concentration (0.1; 1; 10; 100 μg/mL) of each fraction on the viability percentage of HT29 cells with p < 0.005.

Background The spectrum of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), known as non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), can lead to advanced liver disease. It is known that a variety of diets play a significant role in the development of NAFLD/NASH. The goal of this study was to determine the most appropriate composition of diet to induce NASH in an animal model. Methods This research used Rattus norvegicus strain Wistar (n=27), which were divided into four groups and given each diet for 12 weeks: normal diet (ND, n=7), high-fat diet (HFD, n=6), western diet (WD, n=7), and high-fat-high-fructose diet (HFHFD, n=7). Subjects were monitored for changes in body weight. Blood samples were collected for biochemical analysis, including low-density lipoprotein (LDL), triglyceride, alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), hepatic lipase, tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Fecal samples were taken for short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) analysis. Liver histology was assessed using NAS (NAFLD activity score). A statistical comparison test was carried out using the one-way ANOVA or Kruskal–Wallis test. Results The highest average body weight was observed in the WD group (346.14 g). Liver enzymes, LDL, triglyceride, propionic acid, and acetic acid did not show significantly differences among the groups. TNF-α, IL-6, and hepatic lipase were significant (p = 0.000; p = 0.000; p = 0.004) and the highest level recorded in the HFD group. Butyrate acid level also showed significances (p = 0.021) with the lowest concentration seen in the HFHFD group (4.77 mMol/g). Only WD and HFHFD had a NAS ≥ 5 (14% and 14%). The highest percentage of borderline NAS was found in WD (57%). Conclusions WD feeding is the most appropriate diet type to induce NASH in rats as it influences metabolic, inflammatory, dysbiosis, and liver histology of rats.

Background: Consumed fructose enters enterocytes of the intestinal epithelial apical membrane mediated by glucose transporter 5 (GLUT5). Aim: To determine the effects of Lombok Island's local Moringa leaf powder on reducing liver fructose levels and GLUT5 expression in the small intestine of albino rats (Rattus novergicus) fed a high-fructose diet. Methods: Moringa leaf (Moringa oleifera) was obtained from Lombok Island, Indonesia. Subsequently, 30 male albino rats (Rattus novergicus) were used, divided into the normal group (NG), treatment group 1 (T1G), treatment group 2 (T2G), Quercetin group (QG), Moringa group (MG). Quercetin and moringa leaf powder (Moringa oleifera) was administered at 50 mg/kgbw and 500 mg/kgbw for 28 days. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (Elisa) method used to examine liver fructose levels. The observation of GLUT5 expression in the small intestine was performed by the Immunofluorescence method. Results: The Anova test prove that there are significant differences (p < 0.005) in liver fructose levels in all groups. Further post hoc tests show no significant difference (p>0.005) in liver fructose levels in rats fed a high fructose diet in T1G and T2G with QG and MG rats. However, Moringa leaf powder freduces liver fructose levels by 32.1% and 17.2% in T1G and T2G rats. The Anova test showed a significant difference (p < 0.005) in the expression of GLUT5 in all groups. Further post hoc tests showed a significant difference (p < 0.005) in the expression of GLUT5 in the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum between the normal group and the T1G rats. Meanwhile, in T2G rats, significant differences were only found in the jejunum. Moringa leaf powder reduces GLUT5 expression in T1G rats by 44.5%, 59.5%, and 57.2% in the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum, whereas in T2G rats is by 33.5%, 50.2%, and 48.1%, respectively. Conclusion: The administration of local moringa (Moringa oleifera) leaf powder in Lombok Island had an effect on reducing GLUT5 expression in the small intestine, however, did not in liver fructose levels of albino rats (Rattus novergicus) fed a high-fructose diet. [Open Vet J 2023; 13(5.000): 532-540]

Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is an emerging nosocomial pathogen among hospitalized patients, with high morbidity and mortality rates. The discovery of a novel antibacterial is urgently needed to address this resistance problem. The present study aims to explore the antibacterial potential of three depsidone compounds: 2-clorounguinol (1), unguinol (2), and nidulin (3), isolated from the marine sponge-derived fungus Aspergillus unguis IB1, both in vitro and in silico. The antibacterial activity of all compounds was evaluated by calculating the Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and Minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) against MRSA using agar diffusion and total plate count methods, respectively. Bacterial cell morphology changes were studied for the first time using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Molecular docking, pharmacokinetics analysis, and molecular dynamics simulation were performed to determine possible protein–ligand interactions and the stability of the targeting penicillin-binding protein 2a (PBP2a) against 2-clorounguinol (1). The research findings indicated that compounds 1 to 3 exhibited MIC and MBC values of 2 µg/mL and 16 µg/mL against MRSA, respectively. MRSA cells displayed a distinct shape after the addition of the depsidone compound, as observed in SEM. According to the in silico study, 2-chlorounguinol exhibited the highest binding-free energy (BFE) with PBP2a (-6.7 kcal/mol). For comparison, (E)-3-(2-(4-cyanostyryl)-4-oxoquinazolin-3(4H)-yl) benzoic acid inhibits PBP2a with a BFE less than −6.6 kcal/mol. Based on the Lipinski's rule of 5, depsidone compounds constitute a class of compounds with good pharmacokinetic properties, being easily absorbed and permeable. These findings suggest that 2-chlorounguinol possesses potential antibacterial activity and could be developed as an antibiotic adjuvant to reduce antimicrobial resistance.

Latar Belakang : Diabetes Mellitus (DM) merupakan penyakit metabolik yang sampai saat ini masih menjadi masalah terbesar di dunia dan Indonesia. Penatalaksanaan diet dianggap sebagai komponen penting dalam manajemen diabetes. Diet ketogenik (DK) dilaporkan memiliki efektivitas yang baik dalam manajemen terapi pasien DM Tipe 2 dengan memperbaiki parameter glukosa darah, profil lipid maupun antropometri, namun tetap dibutuhkan pemahaman yang tepat terkait praktik pemberiannya agar terapi yang diberikan efektif untuk perbaikan parameter DM. Tujuan: Artikel ini bertujuan untuk mengkaji hasil penelitian terdahulu terkait efektivitas diet ketogenik terhadap perbaikan parameter DM Tipe 2 yaitu glukosa darah, profil lipid dan antropometri. Metode: Metode yang digunakan dalam scoping review ini adalah Prism-ScR. Artikel pada kajian ini diperoleh dari database PubMed, Proquest dan MDPI. Kemudian, dilakukan seleksi artikel menggunakan metode PICOS Framework dan didapatkan artikel akhir untuk dilakukan kajian mendalam. Diskusi: Beberapa hasil penelitian menunjukkan diet ketogenik dapat memberikan dampak positif terhadap perbaikan parameter pada pasien Diabetes Mellitus Tipe 2 (profil glukosa, profil lipid dan indeks antropometri). Pemberian karbohidrat sebanyak 20-50 g/hari atau sekitar 5-10%, lemak 70-75% dan protein 20-15% dari total kebutuhan energi harian dapat menciptakan keadaan ketosis nutrisi. Pengaruh DK pada penderita DMT2 juga sangat bergantung pada proporsi dan jenis makanan yang dikonsumsi, lama penerapan serta kepatuhan terhadap diet yang dijalankan. Komposisi diet keto yang tidak tepat dan tidak sesuai dengan kondisi Kesehatan pasien akan memunculkan efek samping yang membahayakan kondisi pasien. Kesimpulan: Hasil review menunjukkan diet ketogenik dinilai ada yang memberikan manfaat positif dalam perbaikan parameter DMT2 yaitu profil glukosa, profil lipid dan indeks antropometri namun ada juga yang tidak memberikan manfaat positif. Implementasi diet ketogenik harus dibawah pengawasan tenaga medis /dokter dan nutrisionis dan / dietisien agar diperoleh bahan pilihan bahan makanan yang baik dan sesuai dengan kondisi individual pasien DMT2. Sangat dianjurkan untuk melakukan konsultasi terkait Kesehatan dan perencanaan diet sebelum mengaplikasikan diet tersebut guna menghindari terjadinya efek samping serta komplikasi pada penerapannya.

Pure polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) has some weaknesses, such as low values of ultraviolet (UV)-light protection, anti-bacteria, tensile strength, and thermal resistance. We have found a new additive, i.e., Uncaria gambir (UG) extract, added to PVA to improve these properties. This study characterized PVA/UG biocomposite film prepared from the various polyphenol UG (0.05%, 0.5%, and 1%) loadings in pure PVA. The use of 1%UG resulted in almost complete UV-C absorption of about 100% without sacrificing transparency (71.8%) at 650 nm wavelength. The addition of 1%UG also increased the tensile strength by 66.8%, toughness by 93.9%, maximum decomposition temperature by 9.5%, and antibacterial properties compared to pure PVA. These findings indicate that UG could be a potential filler for PVA-based biocomposite films requiring good UV light protection, antibacterial, tensile, and thermal properties.

Goat milk kefir (GMK) refers to fermented products, generated through fermenting milk with microbial culture called kefir grains. Prior studies have reported the changes in kefir quality properties during aging process in which fermentation continues, resulting in changes of the peptide content. This research aims to investigate the effect of aging time on GMK–peptide characteristics to inhibite triglyceride syntheses on cells model of 3T3-L1. In this study, GMK were stored at 4 ± 1 oC for 0, 2, 4, 6 and 8 weeks, respectively. The protein profile was characterizedby implementing SDS-PAGE. The result of experiment indicated no protein degradation during the 6 weeks of aging period particularly for high molecular weight at 84 kDa, 80 kDa and 65 kDa. The GMK-supernatant from 8 weeks storage was performed by applying ultrafiltration membrane cut off < 30 kDa (UFC8 030.08). GMK-filtrate fractions (GMK-peptide) was collected as peptides. After 8 weeks of aging period, kefir protein profile was found to consist of peptide fractions and amino acid. The proteolytic activity of kefir grain increased linearly along with aging time (0-8 weeks). During aging period, the proteolytic activity of grain kefir released peptides and amino acid. In particular, the antioxidant activities were found significantly different (p

Introduction: The increasing consumption of high-fat and high-fructose foods contributes to the increasing prevalence of global obesity. Low-grade chronic inflammation in obesity is a significant risk factor for insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the effect of β-(1,3)-D-glucan from oyster mushroom (Pleurotus ostreatus) extract on rats fed with a high-fat and high-fructose diet. Design and Methods: This experimental study was conducted on 35 male Sprague-Dawley rats aged eight weeks. The rats were divided into groups given a normal (N) diet, a high-fat and high-fructose diet (HFFD), D1 (HFFD+125 mg/kg BW β-glucan), D2 (HFFD+250 mg/kg BW β glucan), and D3 (HFFD+375 mg/kg BW β-glucan) with an intervention of 14 weeks. IL-6 and IL-1β levels were measured by the ELISA method, while HOMA-IR (Homeostatic Model Assessment for Insulin Resistance) was calculated by the fasting insulin (ng/mL) x fasting blood glucose (mg/dL)/405 formula. Pancreatic beta-cell counts were measured by hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining. Results: The results showed no differences in IL-6 and IL-1β between the treatment groups. However, there were significant differences in HOMA-IR and pancreatic beta-cell counts between groups. There were negative correlations between the dose of β-glucan and IL-6, IL-1β, and HOMA-IR levels. Also, there was a positive correlation between the dose of β-glucan and the number of pancreatic beta cells. Conclusions: Administration of β-(1,3)-D-glucan from oyster mushroom (Pleurotus ostreatus) extract prevented hyperglycemia and insulin resistance, also reduced inflammation in rats fed with HFFD regardless of weight gain.

Introduction: The increased quantities of inflammatory biomarkers such as C-Reactive Proteins (CRP), Tumour Necrosis Factor-α (TNF-α), and Interleukin-6 (IL-6) have been reported to be associated with an increased risk of metabolic syndrome including type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). However, brown rice is an alternative dietary food source that is known to have many health benefits including high fibre content. In addition to fibre, brown rice is also reported to have moderate amounts of proteins, unsaturated lipids, several minerals, and a lot of bioactive substances that are highly beneficial to health. This study aims to prove the role of brown rice dietary intervention in the reduction of inflammatory biomarkers in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients. Design and Methods: This was a cross-sectional study with a post-test conducted on 18 patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. In the intervention phase I, all type 2 diabetes mellitus patients were given brown rice diet for 3 months and followed by a phase II intervention, in which white rice diet was given to the other group of type 2 diabetes mellitus patients for 3 months. Serum was collected at the end of each intervention stage and then serum for Tumour Necrosis Factor-α, Interleukin-6 and C-Reactive Proteins were analysed by the ELISA method. Statistical analysis of the t-test was conducted in order to determine the differences between the two groups allocated in the study. Results: At the end of the study, it was found that the levels of C-Reactive Protein, Tumour Necrosis Factor-α, and Interleukin-6 after the brown rice intervention was given to type 2 diabetes mellitus patients, it showed a decreasing trend compared to the white rice intervention although not significantly different (p = 0.6, p = 0.63, p = 0.59, respectively). Conclusions: This study concluded that the administration of brown rice dietary intervention to patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus for 3 months was able to reduce Tumour Necrosis Factor-α, C-Reactive Proteins, and Interleukin-6 however, the reduction was not significant to influence policy change.

ABSTRACT Backgrounds: Carbohydrate intake is a major determinant of blood glucose stability in patients with type 1 diabetes. Carbohydrate counting as a meal planning approach for patients with type 1 diabetes is known to have flexibility in controlling blood glucose by regulating the amount of carbohydrate intake and insulin dose, yet a good understanding about carbohydrate counting practices is still needed in order to achieve blood glucose control targeted blood glucose control. Objectives: this article aims to review the result of previous studies relating to effect, impact and benefits in metabolic control, anthropometry, also impact and practices of education relating to carbohydrate counting in type 1 diabetes. Discussion: Carbohydrate counting has an impact on HbA1c, body mass index, waist circumference, diabetes-related quality of life and type 1 diabetes therapy satisfaction. Effects of carbohydrate counting depends on age, diet management, ability to calculate ideal insulin requirements, provided education, patient readiness to apply carbohydrate counting, family support, and additional interventions provided to support improved metabolic control. The use of Automated Bolus Calculator (ABC) with carbohydrate counting and FIIT simultaneously was thought to be able to support the effectiveness of type 1 diabetes mellitus therapy. Conclusions: Carbohydrate counting can improve metabolic control in children, adolescents and adults with type 1 diabetes. It is necessary to emphasize continuous education by registered dietitian using media in estimating the portion of food and insulin doses, also involving parents to improve the accuracy of carbohydrate counting in children and adolescents.The combination of Automated Bolus Calculator (ABC) and Flexible Intensive Insulin Therapy (FIIT) is known to increase carbohydrate counting effectiveness in type 1 DM therapy.

Beras coklat memiliki kandungan magnesium, serat lebih tinggi dan indeks glikemik lebih rendah dari beras putih, diduga dapat mencegah kenaikan glukosa darah dan menurunkan lemak tubuh. Tujuan penelitian ini untuk mengetahui hubungan antara kepatuhan diet berbasis beras coklat dengan kadar glukosa darah puasa dan komposisi lemak tubuh pada pasien Diabetes Mellitus (DM) Tipe 2. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian quasi experimental dengan rancangan one group pre test and post test design pada 18 pasien DM Tipe 2 yang memenuhi kriteria inklusi. Responden penelitian diberikan intervensi selama 3 bulan berturut. Pemeriksaan glukosa darah puasa dan komposisi lemak tubuh dilakukan sebelum dan setelah intervensi diberikan. Selama pemberian intervensi diet, 94.4% responden patuh diet. Setelah intervensi diberikan terjadi penurunan kontrol glukosa darah dari kategori buruk sebesar 27.7%, persentase lemak tubuh kategori tinggi sebesar 22.2% dan indeks lemak viseral kategori tinggi sebesar 22.2%, namun tidak terdapat hubungan antara kepatuhan diet dengan glukosa darah puasa, total lemak tubuh dan lemak visceral (p=0.339, p= 0.496, p=0.551, spearman). Kesimpulan dari penelitian ini bahwa pemberian diet berbasis beras coklat pada pasien DM Tipe 2 dapat menurunkan kadar glukosa darah puasa dan komposisi lemak tubuh namun tidak terdapat hubungan antara kepatuhan diet dengan ketiga parameter tersebut.

Background: Previous research state the correlation between vitamin D deficiency and Type 1 diabetes. The deficiency of Vitamin D is caused by vitamin D intake, sunlight exposure, or nutritional status. Indonesia, as a tropical country, is close to the equator and receives sunlight all year long. Little research has been done on vitamin D levels in children and adolescents with Type 1 Diabetes in Indonesia. Objective: The study aims to determine the relationship among sunlight exposure, nutritional status, food intake, and vitamin D levels in children and adolescents with Type 1 Diabetes. Methods: The study design was cross-sectional with a sample size of 31 children and adolescents aged 5-19 years. Sunlight exposure data were collected using the Sun Exposure Questionnaire form, nutritional status o BMI/age data were using the WHO Anthro, food intake data were using the Semi-Quantitative Food Frequency Questioner, and vitamin D level data were using the ELISA method. Statistical analysis was conducted by using SPSS Version 21 with Pearson and Spearman correlation test. Results: All respondents showed vitamin D deficiency. Most respondents had low sunlight exposure and nutritional status in the normoweight category. The majority of respondents had good energy and protein intake, excess fat, low carbohydrates, and low vitamin D and calcium. Conclusion:There is a positive relationship between sunlight exposure and vitamin D level (p = 0.001, r = 0.627). However, there is no relationship among nutritional status, protein intake, fat, carbohydrates, vitamin D and calcium on the level of vitamin D (p = 0.409; p = 0.240; p = 0.311; p = 0.822; p = 0.231; 0.382).

This work investigates the effects of two different levels of humidity (RH 50% and 75%) on the characterizations of compressed bacterial cellulose nanopaper film. The film was prepared with different heat treatments; compression at 25 °C for 72 h and then at 100 °C for 24, 72 or 120 h. Maximum tensile strength (250.7 MPa) and tensile modulus (18.6 GPa) were measured on the film treated at 100 °C for 120 h and RH 50%. However, tensile strength and tensile modulus dropped by 53.6% and 75.8% respectively and elongation at break increased by 32% when this film was stored in more humid conditions (RH 75%). FTIR spectra and XRD patterns indicate changes of the deformed chain structure of the cellulose as more water was incorporated between the layers of the lattice after exposure to humidity.

Corona Virus Diseases 2019 (COVID-19) merupakan penyakit yang disebabkan oleh severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Penyuluhan kesehatan diselenggarakan untuk mengubah perilaku seseorang atau kelompok masyarakat agar hidup sehat melalui komunikasi, informasi, dan edukasi (KIE). Berkurangnya donatur tetap dan tidak tetap akibat dari pandemi Covid-19 menyebabkan penurunan pemasukan yang mengakibatkan sulit bagi panti asuhan untuk meningkatkan kesejahteraan bagi anak asuh di Panti Asuhan Bumi Rafflesia Kota Bengkulu. Tujuan dari kegiatan ini untuk mengetahui tingkat pengetahuan anak panti tentang Covid-19 dan untuk meningkatkan kesadaran anak Panti Asuhan Bumi Rafflesia Kota Bengkulu mengenai perilaku hidup bersih dan sehat untuk mencegah penularan Covid-19. Metode yang digunakan pada kegiatan PKM ini adalah menggunakan media poster dan leaflet serta tanya jawab mengenai berbagai informasi tentang Covid-19. Poster dan leaflet yang ditampilkan berupa informasi tentang coronavirus dan cara pencegahannya serta cara cuci tangan yang benar. Diskusi dan tanya jawab dilakukan setelah penyuluh selesai memberikan materi. Diakhir acara akan diberikan masker dan hand sanitizer gratis kepada peserta dan post-test untuk mengetahui tingkat pemahaman peserta. Hasil dari kegiatan PKM ini menunjukkan pemahaman dan kepedulian yang tinggi dari anak Panti Asuhan Bumi Rafflesia Kota Bengkulu untuk mencegah dan memutus mata rantai penyebaran covid-19 dengan nilai rata-rata 78,55. Kata Kunci: KIE, Covid-19, Panti ssuhan Bumi Rafflesia, Kota Bengkulu, PHBS ABSTRACT Corona Virus Diseases 2019 (COVID-19) is a disease caused by severe acute respiratory coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Health education is organization to change the behavior of a person or group of people to live healthily through communication, information and education (IEC). The reduction in permanent and non permanent donors as a result of the Covid-19 pandemic caused a decrease in income which made it difficult for orphanages to improve welfare for foster children in the Bumi Rafflesia Orphanage in Bengkulu City. The purpose of this activity is to determine the level of knowledge of the orphans about Covid-19 and to incraese awareness of the children of the Bumi Rafflesia Orphanage in Bengkulu City regarding clean and healthy living behavior to prevent Covid-19 transmission. The methode used in this PPM activity is to use poster and leaflet media as well as question and answer about Covid-19. Posters and leaflets that are displayed the form of information about coronavirus and how to prevent it and how to wash hands properly. Discussions take place after the instructor has finished delivering the material. At the end of the even, a free mask and handsanitizer and a post-test was carried out to know level of understanding participants. The result of yhis PKM activity show the high understanding and concern of the children of the Bumi Rafflesia Orphanage in Bengkulu to prevent and break the chain of spreading covid-19 with an average value of 78,55 Keywords: KIE, Covid-19, Bumi Rafflesia Orphanage, Bengkulu City, PHBS

Cellulose-based nanopaper with high moisture and thermal resistance and high tensile properties has many applications in the food packaging industry, electronics, and biosensors. The objective of the present work is to produce and characterize the disintegrated bacterial cellulose-based nanopaper film and its ZnO bionanocomposite prepared without and with compression. Addition of ZnO nanoparticles into nanopaper and compression improved the tensile and thermal properties and moisture resistance of the bionanocomposite. Compressed nanopaper film with 1.2 wt% ZnO had the highest tensile strength (TS) of 94.2 MPa and tensile modulus (TM) of 10.1 GPa. These TS and TM values were 109% and 172% higher than those of non-compressed film due to an increase in the crystal structure. Surprisingly this bionanocomposite also demonstrates higher elongation at break in comparison to the nanopaper film. All samples show good rollability and bendability. Compressed bionanocomposite had higher moisture resistance than non-compressed one. This work promotes an environmentally friendly bionanocomposite film which has good potential for food packaging applications.

This study aims to identify the policy of Main Naval Base VIII (Lantamal VIII) Manado to handle transnational crimes in the Manado sea border, North Sulawesi. It is implemented in order to support Indonesia's maritime security which contains communication, resources, disposition, and bureaucratic structure. This study uses a qualitative approach with a case study. Data collection using interviews and documentation while examining the data’s validity using triangulation. The argument of this study is the communication made by Lantamal VIII Manado which represents the relation of Indonesia and the Philippines, while coordination between the competent agencies in the waters of North Sulawesi requires good synergy. Nevertheless, there are several problems encountered by Lantamal VIII Manado, namely the lack of personnel and defence equipment. The disposition aspect has been going well according to the command mechanism. In addition, from the bureaucratic structure, Lantamal VIII Manado has a clear division of regional work.

The provision of nutrition care process (NCP) in diabetes mellitus (DM) patients is very important in determining the patient's diet to control blood glucose and to prevent complications. This study aimed to determine the diff erences in levels of intake and blood glucose levels before and after the implementation of NCP for type 2 DM (T2DM) inpatients of RSUD Dr. Saiful Anwar Malang. The design of this study was cross sectional, using secondary data sources from 32 patient medical records consisting of data on age, gender, nutritional status, complications of disease, nutritional diagnosis, nutritional intervention, energy intake, and blood glucose level. The analysis test used was the T-test dependent test on the normal data distribution and the Wilxocon test on the abnormal data distribution. The results of this study indicate a diff erence in the level of after and before intake (p = 0.020) with an increase in the average intake of 65.75 ± 18.23% to 75.50 ± 17.69% of the total energy needs. The analysis of blood glucose before and after showed p = 0.023, which means that there were diff erences in blood glucose before and after the NCP implementation. Blood glucose results showed an average decrease of 205 ± 93.85 mg/dl to 155.9 ± 50.53 mg/dl. The results of this study showed that there were diff erences in levels of energy intake and blood glucose levels before and after the provision of NCP by dietitians/nutritionists.

Many works reported a PVA based film prepared using ultrasonication, however, information on the effect of this treatment on changes of PVA’s properties is still limited. The main objective of this work was to study the effect of ultrasonication duration on the properties of PVA film. The PVA gel was sonicated using a 360 W ultrasonic probe for 2.5, 5, 7.5 and 10 min. Ultrasonication duration for 7.5 min results in a significant effect (p ≤ 0.05) on an increase in tensile strength, but not on tensile modulus and strain at the break of the film. After this vibration duration, tensile strength increased by almost 29 %, strain at break decreased by 30 %, opacity decreased by 22 %, and water vapor permeability decreased by 11 %. On the other hand, moisture resistance decreased significantly (almost 12 %). The sonicated film underwent larger lattice strain and had higher crystal structure compared to non-sonicated film. This work informs that ultrasonication on PVA gel is a potential method to fulfil some properties of PVA film for food packaging material. Keywords: Ultrasonication, Gelatinization, PVA, Residual stress, Lattice strain

BACKGROUND: Consumption of foods and drinks high in energy, fat, and/or sugar beyond the recommended quantities can cause obesity, which triggers the incidence of brain nerve cell death related to oxidative stress, high levels of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and triglycerides, and low high-density lipoprotein (HDL) levels. Progressive nerve cell death causes decreasing cognitive performance. This study aims to prove that an American Institute of Nutrition committee in 1993 (AIN-93M) diet modified with high-fat-high-fructose (HFHF) can decrease the number of hippocampal neurons. A decrease in the number of hippocampal neurons indicates progressive nerve cell death. METHODS: An experimental study using a post-test control group design was carried out using male Sprague Dawley rats. Samples were selected using simple random sampling to divide them into two groups, Group I was AIN-93M-modified HFHF diet (n=14) and Group II was AIN-93M standard (n=16). The number of visible neurons was measured in the hippocampus area of Sprague Dawley rats’ brains, stained with haemotoxylin and eosin (H&E) and scanned under 400x magnification. Neurons were counted in 10 visual fields using the "Cell_Count" application. RESULTS: The data were analysed by Pearson’s correlation test using SPSS. The results show that rats in Group I had a greater weight gain and fewer neurons than those in the Group II (p=0.023, r=-0.413). CONCLUSION: The consumption of foods high in fat and fructose can cause an increase in nerve cell death, as shown by the decrease in the number of hippocampal neurons. KEYWORDS: brain nerve cells, high fat, high fructose, increased body weight

Abstract This study investigated the agriculture contribution to the nutritional status of children from farming families by comparing situation of the annual crop with agroforestry and mixed farming systems. A survey was conducted from December 2015 to January 2016 in Buol, Central Sulawesi, Indonesia. Household socioeconomic and agricultural data were collected using a structured questionnaire. The dietary intake information of the oldest under‐five children was gathered using a 24‐hour recall of food intake, and the results were converted into food groups and nutrient contents. Focus group discussions among male and female farmers were performed to complement the survey's results. The prevalence of respiratory infection and diarrhea in children in the last 2 weeks was assessed. Furthermore, the weight and height of the children were measured. In total, 200 female/male farmers and their under‐five children from annual food crop (n = 79), agroforestry (n = 53), and mixed (n = 68) farming systems were recruited. A very high prevalence of stunted children (above 30%) was recorded in all the groups, whereas the proportion of wasted children was above 5%. The children's nutritional status indicated that an immediate intervention was needed to prevent further deterioration. The results of the binary logistic regression revealed that yearly food expenditure per capita was negatively and significantly correlated with the risk of being stunted (p = 0.047), whereas nonbreastfed children had a 2.9‐fold higher risk of wasting at the time of the survey (p = 0.014). Of all the farmer groups, mixed farming farmers tended to benefit the most from having high cash revenue and food production, leading to a slightly better nutritional status compared to farmers managing annual crop production or agroforestry systems only. Notably, actions need to be undertaken to improve the resilience of all smallholders as well as promote the provision and spending on nutrient‐dense food for children in all the farmer groups.

Terapi gizi medis (MNT) sangat penting dalam rencana manajemen diabetes secara keseluruhan. Beras coklat berpotensi mengendalikan kadar glukosa darah, karena indeks glikemiknya yang lebih rendah, serat dan magnesium yang lebih tinggi dibandingkan dengan beras putih. Namun, masih belum diketahui perbedaan pengaruh nasi coklat dan nasi putih terhadap kontrol glukosa darah pasien diabetes tipe 2. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk membandingkan perubahan kontrol glukosa darah pasien diabetes tipe 2 yang diberikan diet berbasis nasi coklat dan nasi putih. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian eksperimental cross over design pada 18 pasien wanita diabetes tipe 2 yang memenuhi kriteria inklusi. Subyek diberikan diet beras coklat selama 12 minggu berturut-turut, dilanjutkan dengan wash out selama 2 minggu, dan diet berbasis nasi putih selama 12 minggu berturut-turut. Data glukosa darah diukur sebelum dan sesudah 2 periode intervensi. Riwayat diet sebelum intervensi dikumpulkan melalui Kuesioner Frekuensi Makanan Semi-Kuantitatif, dan asupan makanan selama intervensi dipantau menggunakan formulir catatan makanan, kemudian dianalisis dengan perangkat lunak NutriSurvey. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa dibandingkan dengan diet berbasis nasi putih, diet berbasis beras coklat secara signifikan meningkatkan asupan magnesium, serta menurunkan kadar glukosa darah puasa (FBG), glukosa darah 2 jam postprandial (PBG 2 jam) dan HbA1c (p

Obesitas menjadi salah satu penyebab utama sindrom metabolik dislipidemia, yang dapat sebagai komorbid berbagai penyakit. Penggunaan obat-obatan untuk mengurangi obesitas memiliki akibat yang merugikan, oleh karena itu dikembangkan produk komplementer dari susu fermentasi sebagai strategi non-farmakologis untuk pengelolaan dislipidemia. Pemecahan masalah obesitas dapat dilakukan melalui pendekatan adipogenesis pada sel model adiposit 3T3-L1. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah menganalisis pemberian whey-KSK terhadap TG (Total Trigliserida), TC (Total Kolesterol) dan aktivitas PEPCK (Phosphoenol pyruvate Carboxykinase) sel adiposit 3T3-L1. Metode penelitian adalah percobaan pemberian dosis whey-KSK yang berbeda yaitu P1 (25mg/ml), P2 (50 mg/ml), P3 (75 mg/ml), P4 (100 mg/ml), dan kelompok KN (kontrol negatif) dan KP (kontrol positif) pada adiposit 3T3-L1, dengan empat kali ulangan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan whey-KSK 25 – 100 µg/mL dapat menurunkan TG sebesar 35,39 – 55,32%, menurunkan TC sebesar 30,46-62,12%, menurunkan aktivitas PEPCK sebesar 27,10-82,52% dan menurunkan aktivitas spesifik PEPCK sebesar 33,06-63,34%. Kesimpulan whey-KSK dapat menghambat adipogenesis sel adiposit 3T3-L1 dan berpotensi sebagai antiobesitas.

Background: Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disorder whose prevalence increases globally. Medical nutrition therapy (MNT) is one of the DM management pillars to control blood glucose. Local Indonesian brown rice is proven to contain high fiber and magnesium levels thus could improve obesity, fasting blood glucose, and HbA1c This study aims to prove the benefits of brown rice on anthropometric parameters and blood glucose control. Design and methods: Respondents were overweight women older than 40 years with type 2 diabetes who were given three main meals and three snacks six days a week for 12 weeks. Anthropometric and blood glucose control data were collected before and after the intervention. Diet and intake data before the intervention were obtained through a semi quantitate food frequency questionnaire. Intake data during the intervention were recorded using the 24-hour food record and analyzed using modified NutriSurvey 2007 software. Results: Brown rice intervention significantly reduced body weight, BMI, body fat percentage, and abdominal circumference (P

Pendahuluan: Daun lengkeng (Dimocarpus longan) adalah salah satu tanaman berasal dari daerah subtropis, dan mampu tumbuh dan berproduksi dengan baik di daerah tropis Indonesia termasuk Provinsi Bengkulu dan berkhasiat sebagai antioksidan. Tujuan: untuk membuat sediaan lotion dari ekstrak daun lengkeng dengan konsentrasi 0,5%, 1,5% dan 2,5%. Metode: Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian eksperimental yang bertujuan untuk membuat formulasi ekstrak daun lengkeng. Pembuatan ekstrak daun lengkeng digunakan dengan metode maserasi. Lotion dibuat dalam 3 formula dengan konsentrasi basis asam stearat yakni F1 dengan konsentrasi ekstrak 0,5%, F2 dengan konsentrasi 1,5%, F3 konsentrasi 2,5%. Hasil: Lotion dari ekstrak daun lengkeng dievaluasi selama 4 minggu meliputi organoleptis, uji homogenitas, uji pH, uji daya sebar, uji tipe emulsi, uji iritasi, uji kesukaan. Dari hasil penelitian ekstrak daun lengkeng dapat diformulasikan menjadi sediaan lotion. Lotion dengan konsentrasi ekstrak 0,5% pada F1 merupakan sediaan yang paling baik. Bentuk agak kental, warna hijau muda, wangi lemon, homogen dengan pH 6 dan daya sebar 5 - 7 cm, tidak mengiritasi kulit dan lebih disukai panelis. Kesimpulan: Ekstrak daun lengkeng dapat dibuat sedian lotion dengan berbagai macam konsentrasi. Sifat fisik sediaan lotion dengan variasi kadar ekstrak daun lengkeng tidak mempengaruhi kestabilan fisik lotion dan tidak mengalami perubahan selama dilakukan pengujian.

Pendahuluan: Stroke merupakan penyakit serebrovaskular yang menjadi penyebab utama kematian yang sering terjadi di Indonesia. Jumlah penderita stroke di seluruh dunia yang berusia dibawah 45 tahun terus meningkat. Adanya penyakit penyerta serta berbagai faktor resiko pasien stroke mengakibatkan pasien akan sering mengkonsumsi lebih dari dua macam obat dan dapat berisiko pada ketidakefektifan pengobatan dan memungkinkan terjadi drug related problems (DRPs). Tujuan: Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui gambaran kejadian DRPs pada pasien stroke yang menjalani pengobatan di poli saraf RSUD Dr M Yunus Bengkulu. Metode: Penelitian ini dilakukan dengan metode cross sectional secara prospektif pada pasien rawat jalan di poli saraf selama 2 bulan. Subjek yang memenuhi kriteria inklusi sejumlah 89 pasien. Kriteria eksklusi adalah pasien yang tidak bersedia terlibat hingga akhir penelitian dan tuli. Pengumpulan data dilakukan dengan melakukan wawancara dan pengisian kuesioner kualitas hidup menggunakan Short Form 36 (SF-36). Hasil: Dari 89 pasien stroke sebanyak 85 pasien (95,5%) menderita stroke non hemoragik, kejadian drug related problems (DRP’s) pada pasien stroke di poliklinik rawat jalan RSUD Dr M Yunus Bengkulu meliputi: ada indikasi yang tidak diterapi sebanyak 20 kasus (22,5%), obat yang tidak diperlukan sebanyak 3 kasus (3,4%), efek samping obat sebanyak 4 kasus (4,5%), dan pemilihan obat yang tidak tepat sebanyak 4 kasus (4,5%). Tidak ada hubungan antara faktor risiko umur dan jumlah obat yang diterima pasien dengan kejadian drug related problems (DRP’s), ada hubungan antara kualitas hidup pasien stroke dengan drug related problems (DRP’s) pada domain keadaan fisik. Kesimpulan: Jenis stroke yang paling banyak terjadi di RSUD Dr M Yunus Bengkulu adalah stroke non hemoragik sebanyak 85 pasien (95,5%). Kejadian drug related problems (DRP’s) pada pasien stroke di poliklinik rawat jalan RSUD Dr M Yunus Bengkulu terjadi sebesar 31 kasus. Jenis drug related problems (DRP’s) yang terjadi meliputi ada indikasi yang tidak diterapi sebanyak 20 kasus (22,5%), ada obat yang tidak perlu sebanyak 3 kasus (3,4%), efek samping obat sebanyak 4 kasus (4,5%), dan pemilihan obat yang tidak tepat sebanyak 4 kasus (4,5%). Tidak ada hubungan antara faktor risiko umur dan jumlah obat yang diterima pasien dengan kejadian drug related problems (DRP’s). Terdapat hubungan antara kualitas hidup pasien stroke dengan drug related problems (DRP’s) pada domain keadaan fisik.

Tuberkulosis (TB) adalah penyakit menular langsung yang disebabkan oleh Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Sebagian besar bakteri TB menyerang paru, tetapi dapat juga mengenai organ tubuh lainnnya. Salah satu kunci utama dalam menjalankan strategi DOTS yang penting adalah peran pengawas menelan obat (PMO) dalam menjamin kepatuhan minum obat pada pasien tuberkulosis. Tujuan dari PPM ini untuk mengetahui tingkat pemahaman pengawas menelan obat mengenai penyakit TB paru, peran dan tugas yang harus dijalankan sebagai seorang pengawas menelan obat di Puskesmas Beringin Raya. Metode yang digunakan pada kegiatan PPM ini adalah metode ceramah, diskusi dan tanya jawab mengenai penyakit tuberkulosis. Ceramah memaparkan materi tentang pentingnya peran Pengawas Menelan Obat pada pasien tuberkulosis sehingga dapat mengoptimalkan peran PMO sebagai upaya untuk meningkatkan kepatuhan minum obat dan tercapainya keberhasilan terapi pengobatan TB. Hasil dari kegiatan PKM ini menunjukkan tingkat pemahaman pengawas menelan obat terhadap penyakit tuberkulosis, peran dan tugas yang harus dijalankan sebagai seorang pengawas menelan obat sudah baik terlihat adanya peningkatan nilai post-test menjadi 85,75 point. Kata kunci: PMO, Tuberkulusis Paru, Kepatuhan, Puskesmas Beringin Raya

Background: Dietary fats and fructose have been responsible for inducing obesity and body tissues damage due to the consequence of metabolic syndrome through several mechanisms. The body fat index (BFI) is one of the anthropometric measures used to detect obesity in rats. This study aims to examine the correlation between high-fat high-fructose diet and liver steatosis cell count, early atherosclerosis characteristics, and BFI in Sprague Dawley Rats. Design and methods: This was an experimental design using 2 groups of 12-weeks-old Sprague Dawley (SD) rats. The control group received a standard diet and tap water beverages for 17 weeks. The intervention group was fed with high-fat diet from modified AIN 93-M and additional 30% fructose drink. We analyzed the foam cell count, aortic wall thickness, cardiac histopathology, and liver steatosis cell count after the sacrifice process. Results: The rats in the intervention group had a higher aortic wall thickness, liver steatosis, and foam cell count (+125%, p0.5; r=0.13). Conclusions: Dietary fat and fructose consumption for 17 weeks promote atherosclerosis, liver steatosis, and cardiac histopathology alteration without increasing BFI.

As a contribution to the growing demand for environmentally friendly food packaging films, this work produced and characterized a biocomposite of disintegrated bacterial cellulose (BC) nanofibers and tapioca starch/chitosan-based films. Ultrasonication dispersed all fillers throughout the film homogeneously. The highest fraction of dried BC nanofibers (0.136 g) in the film resulted in the maximum tensile strength of 4.7 MPa. 0.136 g BC nanofiber addition to the tapioca starch/chitosan matrix increased the thermal resistance (the temperature of maximum decomposition rate from 307 to 317°C), moisture resistance (after 8 h) by 8.9%, and water vapor barrier (24 h) by 27%. All chitosan-based films displayed antibacterial activity. This characterization suggests that this environmentally friendly edible biocomposite film is a potential candidate for applications in food packaging.

Abstrak Label informasi gizi adalah informasi kandungan nilai gizi yang wajib dituliskan pada makanan kemasan untuk memudahkan konsumen memilih produk yang tepat sesuai kebutuhan gizi. Pengetahuan cara membaca label informasi gizi sangat diperlukan konsumen karena akan memengaruhi perilaku pemilihan makanan kemasan yang dikonsumsinya sehingga dapat memengaruhi status gizi yang dimiliki. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui perbedaan pengetahuan cara membaca label informasi gizi mahasiswa status gizi obesitas dan normal serta mengetahui hubungan pengetahuan cara membaca label informasi gizi terhadap perilaku pemilihan makanan kemasan. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian observational analitik dengan pendekatan cross-sectional dengan teknik purposive sampling. Sampel dibagi menjadi dua kelompok, yaitu kelompok status gizi obesitas (n=33) dan kelompok status gizi normal (n=33). Peneliti meng-gunakan instrumen kuesioner yang telah divalidasi sebelumnya. Pada penelitian ini menunjukkan 51,5% mahasiswa status gizi normal memiliki tingkat pengetahuan cara membaca label informasi gizi yang cukup baik dibandingkan mahasiswa obesitas yang hanya 21,2%. Hasil uji beda dengan Mann Whitney juga menyatakan bahwa terdapat perbedaan tingkat pengetahuan cara membaca label informasi gizi dan perilaku pemilihan makanan kemasan antara mahasiswa status gizi obesitas dan normal (p=0,004 dan p=0,000). Penelitian ini menemukan hubungan pengetahuan cara membaca label informasi gizi dengan perilaku pemilihan makanan kemasan pada mahasiswa berstatus gizi obesitas dan normal menggunakan uji Spearman (p=0,004 dan p=0,007). Maka dapat disimpulkan bahwa tingkat pengetahuan cara membaca label informasi gizi mahasiswa status gizi normal lebih baik daripada mahasiswa obesitas saat memilih makanan kemasan. Kata kunci: pengetahuan label informasi gizi, perilaku pemilihan makanan kemasan, status gizi Abstract Nutrition facts label is information on the nutritional content that must be written on packaged foods to ease the consumers to choose the right product according to their nutritional needs. Consumer’s knowledge on how to read nutritional information labels is very required because it will affect the choosing behavior of packaged food consumed, so it can affect the nutritional status they have. This study aimed to determine the differences in knowledge on how to read nutrition information labels among normal and obesity students and to know the relationship of knowledge on how to read nutritional information labels and the behavior of packaged food selection. This study was an analytical observational study with a cross-sectional approach using purposive sampling. Samples were divided into two groups, namely obese status group (n=33) and normal status group (n=33). The instrument used was questionnaire that had been validated before. In this study, 51.5% of normal status students had good knowledge on reading nutritional information labels compared to obese students, which was only 21.2%. The results of different test with Mann Whitney also stated a difference in the knowledge level on reading nutritional information labels and packaged food selection behavior among obese and normal students (p=0.004 and p=0.000). This study found a relation of knowledge on reading nutritional information labels and the behavior of packaged food selection on obese and normal students using the Spearman test (p=0.004 and p=0.007). Thus, it can be concluded that the level of knowledge on how to read the nutritional information label of students in normal nutritional status is better than obese students when choosing packaged foods. Keywords: behavior of packaged food selection, knowledge on nutrition facts label, nutritional status

Background: The incidence of obesity increases regardless of age. It may happen because these students like to consume snacks/ packaged foods and rarely pay attention to the contents of Nutrition Facts label. Personal education method is a method of education conducted on individuals, while lecture method conducted in groups, each methods has their advantages and disadvantages. Objectives: Knowing the difference of knowledge level about Nutrition Facts label and packaged food choice between personal education method and lecture method on obese students. Methods: This study was a quasy experiment with pre-test and post-test group design. Forty four samples from undergraduate student of Brawijaya University were recruited by using purposive sampling. The variables of this study were knowledge level about Nutrition Facts label and food packaging choice through questionnaires in both groups based on pre-test and post-test measurements. Results: There was a significant difference of knowledge level based on pre-test and post-test result in both of the group (p=0,000) and packaged food choice in personal education group (p=0,000). Nevertheless, there was no significant difference in packaged food choice based on pre-test and post-test of lecture group (p=0,317). There was a significant difference of knowledge level (p=0,038) and packaged food choice (p=0,000) based on post-test result in both of the group after nutritional education was given. Conclusions: Based on study finding, it was concluded that in college student with obesity, personal education and lecture method improve knowledge level about Nutrition Facts label and packaged food choice albeit personal education method gives a bigger effect. ABSTRAK Latar Belakang: Kejadian obesitas meningkat tanpa memandang usia. Obesitas.dapat disebabkan karena kegemaran.mengonsumsi snack/makanan kemasan dan jarang memperhatikan kandungan.dalam label informasi.nilai gizinya. Metode edukasi personal merupakan.pemberian edukasi yang dilakukan.pada perorangan, sedangkan metode ceramah dilakukan.pada sasaran kelompok dan masing-masing metode memiliki.kelebihan dan kekurangan. Tujuan: Mengetahui perbedaan tingkat pengetahuan tentang label.informasi nilai gizi dan pemilihan makanan kemasan antara metode edukasi gizi personal dan metode ceramah pada mahasiswa obesitas. Metode: Desain penelitian ini.adalah quasi eksperimen dengan pre-test post-test group design. Teknik sampling.menggunakan purposive sampling dengan jumlah.sampel sebanyak.44 orang mahasiswa obesitas di Universitas Brawijaya. Variabel yang.diteliti adalah tingkat pengetahuan.terkait label informasi nilai gizi dan pemilihan makanan kemasan melalui kuesioner pada kelompok metode edukasi personal dan ceramah menggunakan.pengukuran pre-test-post-test. Hasil: Terdapat perbedaan yang.signifikan antara hasil pre-test.dan post-test tingkat.pengetahuan pada kedua kelompok (p=0,000) dan pemilihan.makanan kemasan pada kelompok edukasi personal (p=0,000). Namun, tidak terdapat perbedaan.pemilihan makanan.kemasan yang signifikan antara.hasil pre-test dan.post-test pada kelompok ceramah (p=0,317). Terdapat perbedaan.yang signifikan pada hasil.post-test tingkat.pengetahuan (p=0,038) dan pemilihan makanan kemasan (p=0,000) antara kedua.kelompok setelah diberi.edukasi gizi. Kesimpulan: Berdasarkan hasil penelitian dapat disimpulkan.bahwa dengan sasaran mahasiswa obesitas, metode edukasi personal dan ceramah dapat meningkatkan pengetahuan terkait label informasi nilai gizi dan pemilihan makanan kemasan walaupun edukasi personal memberikan efek yang lebih besar.

Abstract Islamic financial market in Indonesia is initiated by market-driven movements. Sukuk issuance is among of them. Growing market, not only domestic but also international, is one of the motivation in Sovereign Sukuk Law initiative. The success of Sukuk issuance has brought new ambitions to make Indonesia as Islamic financial hub in the world. This study aims to analyze the opportunities, challenges, advantages and disadvantages of Indonesia to become the world's Islamic financial center. The study is conducted based on what Malaysia has done – who claim to become a global hub of Islamic capital markets, and Britain – which is a global financial center and set an ambitious agenda to become a global Islamic financial hub. This study uses descriptive analysis and SWOT analysis. As a result, Indonesia has a lot of potential but a more comprehensive strategy is needed to address the challenges in international financial markets. Keywords: Islamic finance, Sukuk, Sovereign Sukuk, Islamic Financial Hub

Diabetes Melitus merupakan penyakit yang bisa menyebabkan resiko gangguan kognitif melalui gangguan pada pembuluh darah termasuk diantaranya pembuluh darah di otak. Lama menderita DM dan kadar glukosa darah akan mempengaruhi fungsi kognitif penderita DM. Skrining fungsi kognitif diperlukan untuk pencegahan komplikasi seperti penyakit alzheimer. Tujuan penelitian ini menganalisis hubungan lama terdiagnosa DM, Kadar Glukosa Darah dengan fungsi kognitif penderita DM Tipe 2 di Jawa Timur. Metode penelitian ini deskriptif observasional dengan pendekatan cross sectional. Skrining fungsi kognitif dengan Montreal Cognitive Assessment – versi Indonesia (MoCA – INA) dan glukometer untuk pengukuran kadar glukosa darah puasa (GDP) dan glukosa darah 2 jam PP(GD2JPP). Hasil uji chi square pada skor uji kognitif menggunakan MoCA dengan lama terdiagnosa DM tidak mempunyai hubungan (p=0,858). Demikian juga nilai chi square pada skor uji kognitif dengan kadar GDP dan GD2JPP menunjukkan tidak ada hubungan (p=0,376 dan p=0,144). Sedangkan uji korelasi menunjukkan nilai yang signifikan untuk GDP2JPP ( p=0,015) dan adanya nilai koefisien korelasi negatif (-0,191).. Kesimpulan terdapat korelasi antara GD2JPP dengan penurunan fungsi kognitif. Semakin tinggi nilai GD2JPP maka semakin terganggu fungsi kognitif penderita DM tipe 2. Kata kunci: Lama terdiagnosa DM, Kadar glukosa darah, fungsi kognitif, MoCA Diabetes Mellitus is a disease that can cause the risk of cognitive impairment through disorders of the blood vessels including blood vessels in the brain. Long-suffering from DM and blood glucose levels affect the cognitive function of patients with DM. Cognitive function screening is necessary for the prevention of complications such as Alzheimer's disease. The purpose of this study to analyze the relationship diagnosed DM, Blood Glucose Level with cognitive function of Type 2 DM patients in East Java. This research method is descriptive observational with a cross-sectional approach. Screening for cognitive function with the Montreal Cognitive Assessment - Indonesian version (MoCA - INA) and glucometer for fasting glucose (GDP) and blood glucose 2 hours PP (GD2JPP). Chi-square test results in cognitive test scores using MoCA with long diagnosed DM did not have a relationship (p = 0.858). Likewise, the chi-square value in the cognitive test scores with GDP and GD2JPP levels showed no relationship (p = 0.376 and p = 0.144). While the correlation test showed a significant value for GDP2JPP (p = 0.015) and the value of negative correlation coefficient (-0.191). Conclusion there is a correlation between GD2JPP with decreased cognitive function. The higher the GD2JPP value the more disturbed the cognitive function of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Keywords: Duration of diabetes, glucose level, cognitive function, MoCA

Controlling the blood sugar level of DM patients is an approach to suppress morbidity and mortality. This study aims to know the relationship of four pillars of DM management with blood glucose levels and nutritional status in patients with type 2 DM in East Java. This study is a cross-sectional study with a sample of middle-aged type 2 DM outpatients in 4 cities in East Java, Indonesia. Four pillars of management include education profile, food planning, physical exercise, and drug adherence. The statistical analysis used was Partial Least Square. The results of the study show that four pillars were not associated with fasting blood glucose (FBG) level and 2-hour PPG in the total number of respondents (p>0.005). Interestingly, dietary intake links to 2-Hour PPG in 40-50 years age group (p=0.000) and was associated with body mass index in the total number of respondents (p=0.000). Furthermore, education profile and medication also related to FBG in 40-50 years age group (p=0.000, p=0,003). In conclusion, the success of the four pillars in controlling DM is affected by age. In 40-50 years age group, there is an influence of education profile and drug adherence on the level of FBG.

Dyslipidemia that could be affected by hypercholesterol diet is a contributing factor in millions of deaths worldwide and a risk factor for ischemic heart disease and stroke. High soluble fiber diet is used as one of the non-pharmacological treatments to control hypercholesterolemia. Black Grass Jelly (Mesona palustris BL) also known as black cincau has a high soluble fiber content. This study aimed to investigate the effect of black cincau as effervescent powder form (BCEP) for anti-dyslipidemia and also the antioxidant activity. BCEP was orally administered to twenty male dyslipidemia Wistar rats induced with hypercholesterol diet for 3 weeks then plasma lipid profile was measured using enzymatic CHOD-PAP assay. The antioxidant activity also has been identified. Oral administration of 3 different doses of BCEP resulted in lipid profiles by decreasing plasma cholesterol (TC), triacylglycerol (TG), low-density lipoprotein (LDL), and also high-density lipoprotein (HDL) in dyslipidemia rats (α = 0.01). The increasing doses of BCEP revealed that it has a potential effect of decreasing plasma lipid.

Sponge-derived fungi have recently attracted attention as an important source of interesting bioactive compounds. Aspergillus nomius NC06 was isolated from the marine sponge Neopetrosia chaliniformis. This fungus was cultured on rice medium and yielded four compounds including three new oxisterigmatocystins, namely, J, K, and L (1, 2, and 3), and one known compound, aspergillicin A (4). Structures of the compounds were elucidated by 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopy and by high-resolution mass spectrometry. The isolated compounds were tested for cytotoxic activity against HT 29 colon cancer cells, where compounds 1, 2, and 4 exhibited IC50 values of 6.28, 15.14, and 1.63 µM, respectively. Under the fluorescence microscope by using a double staining method, HT 29 cells were observed to be viable, apoptotic, and necrotic after treatment with the cytotoxic compounds 1, 2, and 4. The result shows that compounds 1 and 2 were able to induce apoptosis and cell death in HT 29 cells.

Diabetes Mellitus type 2 reveals resistance insulin. Inadequate magnesium consumption has been reported to promote insulin resistance. The potential role of magnesium in Diabetes Mellitus is improving insulin sensitivity. Previous studies indicated that there is an inverse correlation between magnesium intakes and the incidence of type 2 Diabetes. This study aimed to analyze the association between magnesium intake and fasting blood glucose levels in outpatients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in Al Ihsan Hospital. Cross-sectional study in 46 participants was taken by purposive sampling. Data collection was conducted in June-July 2013 which included common data, exercise habits, nutritional status, energy intake, magnesium intake, protein intake, fiber intake and fasting blood glucose levels. This research showed that there was a significant association between magnesium intake and fasting blood glucose levels of patients (p < 0.001) with a correlation of moderate strength (r = -0.562), high magnesium intake was followed by a decrease in fasting blood glucose levels. It is then suggested that people with diabetes mellitus consume adequate amounts of magnesium and set a good diet and regular exercise as a step in the control of blood glucose levels. Pada Diabetes Melitus Tipe 2 terjadi resistensi insulin, dimana salah satu faktor yang dapat menyebabkan resistensi insulin adalah kurangnya asupan magnesium. Peran potensial magnesium dalam penyakit Diabetes Melitus adalah memperbaiki sensitifitas insulin. Beberapa penelitian terdahulu menunjukkan bahwa ada hubungan terbalik antara asupan magnesium dengan kejadian Diabetes Melitus Tipe 2. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis hubungan antara asupan magnesium dan kadar glukosa darah puasa pasien rawat jalan Diabetes Melitus Tipe 2 di RSUD Al-Ihsan Provinsi Jawa Barat. Desain dalam penelitian ini adalah Cross Sectional dengan jumlah responden 46 orang yang diambil secara purposive sampling. Pengumpulan data dilakukan bulan Juni-Juli tahun 2013 yang meliputi data umum, kebiasaan olahraga, status gizi, asupan energi, asupan magnesium, asupan protein, asupan serat dan data kadar glukosa darah puasa. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa ada hubungan yang bermakna antara asupan magnesium dan kadar glukosa darah puasa pasien (p < 0,001) dengan kekuatan korelasi sedang (r = -0,562), semakin tinggi asupan magnesium semakin rendah kadar glukosa darah puasa. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian ini, disarankan agar para penderita Diabetes Melitus mengkonsumsi magnesium dalam jumlah cukup serta mengatur pola makan yang baik dan berolahraga secara teratur sebagai langkah dalam pengendalian kadar glukosa darah.

Protein energy malnutrition problem still exists in developing country. In fact, Indonesia has faced it as double burden of nutrition problems. This study aims to develop a standardized diet for developing protein energy malnutrition (PEM) on the rat to support nutrition research. Low-protein modified AIM-93M diet (LP) has been given to rats for 12 weeks intervention compared to normal protein diet (ND). Anthropometry, plasma lipid, fatty liver and the weight of adipose tissue have been analysed. The LP group showed a significantly lower body weight, body length and waist circumference (p < 0.05), a more fatty liver marker shown in LP compared to ND (p < 0.05). This study suggests that giving low protein modified AIN-M93 diet promotes protein energy malnutrition in the rat.

This study investigated the effects of Black cincau (Mesona palustris BL) effervescent powder (BCEP) on systolic blood pressure and malondialdehyde concentration in hypertensive rats. BCEP were orally administered to hypertensive rats for 4 weeks, and antihypertensive effects were determined. Rats were given 630 mg/kg, 1.260 mg/kg and 1.890 mg/kg BCEP on dose group 1, 2, 3 respectively. These groups were compared with a negative control group, hypertensive control group and Captopril control group. These results showed that systolic blood pressure and MDA concentrations of rats dosed with BCEP were significantly different (α=0,01) to those of control rats. Rats dose third group with of 1.260 mg/kg showed the highest percentage of lowering blood pressure. The rat dose third group had highest percentage decreased in systolic blood pressure (43,97%) and in MDA concentration (68,77%). Key words : Antihypertensive; Black Cincau (Mesona palustris BL) Effervescent Powder; Malondialdehyde

Background: Fast food comes to a meal that is prepared fast and identically high in energy and fat contents since fast food is prepared using oil and fats. Excessive eating of fast food which is Indonesian typical fast foods and international fast foods will deliver obesity risk. Satiety and hunger are known as the two main keys to obesity prevention. Furthermore, Cholecystokinin (CCK) hormone is the one of bio-indicator that can indicate both satiety and hunger. Objective: The aim of this study is to determine the difference between CCK plasma level of Indonesian and international fast food. Method: A post-test only group design was done at 16 male adult subjects. This research measured CCK plasma of adult subjects with normal nutritional status whether consumed Indonesian typical fast foods and international fast foods. CCK plasma was measured by Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) between 0-120 minutes. Results: Subjects who consumed Indonesian typical fast foods had significantly lower CCK plasma at 30,60 and 120 minutes measurement than that counterpart (p = 0.000). Conclusion: There is a different level of CCK after consuming Indonesian typical fast food and International fast food.

Abstrak Pengukuran antropometri lansia pada dasarnya sama dengan usia lainnya, tetapi terkadang memerlukan cara yang berbeda untuk memberikan hasil yang lebih tepat karena perubahan fisiologi. WHO menekankan pentingnya persamaan yang tepat pada setiap negara dalam memprediksi tinggi badan lansia. Di Indonesia, beberapa studi mengenai persamaan tinggi lutut telah dilakukan, namun belum banyak dilakukan penerapannya untuk keakuratan pada suatu daerah. Analisis dari persamaan Chumlea I, Oktavianus, dan Fatmah kemungkinan akan menimbulkan hasil yang berbeda jika diterapkan di Kota Malang. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis validitas prediksi tinggi badan berdasarkan tinggi lutut menggunakan persamaan Chumlea I, Oktavianus, dan Fatmah serta merumuskan suatu model persamaan prediksi tinggi badan berdasarkan tinggi lutut pada lansia di Kota Malang. Penelitian cross sectional ini menggunakan 123 responden (69 laki-laki dan 54 perempuan) dengan usia 60-80 tahun yang dipilih dengan teknik purposive sampling. Kemudian peneliti melakukan perhitungan tinggi badan estimasi berdasarkan tinggi lutut menggunakan persamaan Chumlea I, Oktavianus, dan Fatmah. Hasil menunjukkan terdapat perbedaan antara rata-rata tinggi badan aktual dengan persamaan Chumlea I (p0,8). Ada perbedaan pada empat kelompok data, yaitu tinggi badan aktual, persamaan Chumlea I, Oktavianus, dan Fatmah pada laki-laki dan perempuan. Kesimpulan dari penelitian ini adalah ketiga persamaan tersebut cenderung bersifat overestimate. Dan persamaan baru yang dihasilkan dari penelitian ini tidak ada perbedaan rata-rata tinggi badan aktual dengan rata-rata estimasi tinggi badan menggunakan persamaan baru. Kata kunci: lansia, Persamaan Chumlea I, Oktavianus, Fatmah Abstract Anthropometric measurement on elderly is principally the same as any other age measurements, but sometimes needs a different way to give more accurate results due to physiological changes. WHO emphasizes the importance of exact equation in each country in predicting the height of the elderly. In Indonesia, several studies on knee height equations have been conducted, but the accuracy of its application on a particular area has not been done much. The analysis of Chumlea I, Oktavianus, and Fatmah equations will likely lead to different results if applied in Malang. This study aimed to analyze the height predictive validity of knee height using the equations of Chumlea I, Oktavianus, and Fatmah and to formulate an equation model on height prediction based on knee height of the elderly in Malang. This cross-sectional study used 123 respondents (69 males and 54 females) aged 60-80 years old selected by purposive sampling. Then, the researchers conducted height estimation calculations based on knee height using Chumlea I, Oktavianus, and Fatmah equations. The results showed that there were differences between the average height of the actual equation of Chumlea I (p 0.8). There were differences in the four groups of data, i.e. the actual height, equations of Chumlea I, Oktavianus, and Fatmah in men and women. This study concludes that those three equations tend to be overestimate. The new equation resulting from this study does not show differences in the actual average height and estimated average height. Keywords: elderly, Equation, Chumlea I, Oktavianus, Fatmah

Abstrak Obesitas dan diabetes mellitus merupakan masalah kesehatan yang berhubungan erat dengan asupan makanan terutama energi dan karbohidrat. Tingginya prevalensi obesitas dan diabetes mellitus di Jawa Timur, terutama di Kota Malang, tidak diimbangi dengan ketersediaan informasi tentang kandungan energi dan zat gizi pada makanan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui perbedaan densitas energi dan sajian karbohidrat pada makanan tradisional dan modern di Kota Malang. Kandungan energi dan karbohidrat dalam tiap bahan makanan dianalisis menggunakan software Nutrisurvey. Densitas energi dihitung dengan menggunakan rumus perhitungan total energi pada makanan dibagi berat total makanan. Sajian karbohidrat dihitung dengan membagi total karbohidrat pada makanan dengan konstanta carbohydrate counting yaitu 15. Analisis statistik menggunakan SPSS 16 dengan independent t-test. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa densitas energi pada makanan modern secara signifikan lebih tinggi dibanding makanan tradisional (1,87 ± 0,63 vs 1,46 ± 0,43, p=0,004). Untuk sajian karbohidrat pada makanan modern dan tradisional tidak terdapat perbedaan yang signifikan (3,53 ± 2,28 vs 4,54 ± 2,28, p=0,093). Namun, terdapat tren bahwa sajian karbohidrat makanan tradisional lebih tinggi daripada makanan modern. Diharapkan hasil penelitian ini dapat menjadi informasi yang berharga bagi masyarakat. Kata kunci: Densitas energi, sajian karbohidrat, carbohydrate counting, makanan tradisional, makanan modern. Abstract Obesity and diabetes mellitus are health problems related to food intake, especially energy and carbohydrates. The high prevalence of obesity and diabetes mellitus in East Java, even in Malang is not properly balanced with the availability of information about the energy and nutrient on food. This study aims to determine differences of energy density and carbohydrate served in traditional and modern food in Malang. Energy and carbohydrate content in each food material was analyzed using software Nutrisurvey. Energy density is calculated using the formula of calculating the total amount of energy in food divided by the total weight of the food. Carbohydrate serving is calculated by dividing the total carbohydrate on food with carbohydrate counting constant of 15. Statistical analysis used SPSS 16 with Independent T-Test. The results of this study show that the energy density in the modern food was significantly higher than that of traditional food (1,87±0,63 vs 1,46±0,43, p=0,004). There is no significant difference on carbohydrate serving between modern and traditional food (3,53±2,28 vs 4,54±2,28, p=0,093). But, the trend of carbohydrate serving shows that the traditional food is higher than modern food. It is expected that this research finding is highly valuable for it provides the information regarding food energy density and carbohydrate content for obese and diabetic patients. Keywords: Energy density, carbohydrate serving, carbohydrate counting, traditional food, modern food

Abstrak Kejadian aterosklerosis biasa diawali dengan cedera sel endotel yang menyebabkan peningkatan permeabilitas sel sehingga komponen plasma dapat masuk ke dalam dinding arteri, termasuk asam lemak. Akumulasi asam lemak dalam arteri dapat teroksidasi dan membentuk lapisan lemak di dinding arteri sehingga mengakibatkan penebalan dinding arteri dan penyempitan pembuluh darah. Salah satu terapi yang dapat mencegah peningkatan kadar lipid dalam darah adalah pemberian fitosterol. Daun katuk (Sauropus androgynus L. Merr) merupakan salah satu tanaman yang mengandung tinggi fitosterol. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh pemberian tepung daun katuk berbagai dosis terhadap penebalan dinding aorta tikus putih Wistar yang diberi diet aterogenik. Penelitian ini menggunakan rancangan acak lengkap dengan Post Test Control Group Design yang dilakukan pada 30 ekor tikus Wistar jantan. Sampel dibagi menjadi 5 kelompok, yaitu Kelompok Negatif (diet normal), Kelompok Positif (diet aterogenik), Kelompok P1, P2, dan P3 yang diberi diet aterogenik dengan substitusi tepung daun katuk 6%, 9%, dan 12%. Pemberian tepung daun katuk diberikan setiap hari secara peroral melalui pakan selama 60 hari. Parameter yang diukur adalah tebal dinding aorta. Hasil uji statistik menunjukkan tidak terdapat perbedaan yang signifikan antar kelompok (p>0,05). Dari penelitian ini disimpulkan bahwa pemberian tepung daun katuk belum memberikan pengaruh terhadap penurunan ketebalan dinding aorta, sehingga disarankan untuk meningkatkan jangka waktu intervensi penelitian. Kata kunci: penebalan dinding aorta, tepung daun katuk, diet aterogenik Abstract Atherosclerosis usually begins with endothelial cell injury which causes increased cell permeability. This injury will affect plasma component so that it can get into the arteries wall, that includes fatty acids. Accumulation of fatty acids in arteries can be oxidized and forms a layer of fat in the arterial wall that leads to thickening of the artery walls and narrowing of blood vessels. One of the therapies that can prevent the elevation of plasma level is phytosterols therapy. Katuk leaf (Sauropus androgynus L. Merr) is a plant that contains high phytosterols. This study aims to determine the effect of various doses of katuk leaf powder on the aortic wall thickening of Wistar rats fed atherogenic diet. This study used a completely randomized design with post-test control group design on 30 male Wistar rats. The samples were divided into 5 groups, namely control negative group (normal diet), control positive group (atherogenic diet), P1, P2, and P3 groups were given atherogenic diet with katuk leaf powder substitution 6%, 9%, and 12% respectively. Katuk leaf powder was given orally every day for 60 days through feeding. The measured parameter was the aortic wall thickness. Statistical test results showed that there was no significant difference among the groups (p> 0.05). This study concludes that the administration of katuk leaf powder had no effects on decreasing the aortic wall thickness. Thus, it is advised to increase the duration of intervention. Keyword: aortic wall thickness, katuk leaf powder, atherogenic diet