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3. The role of the neuromodulator adenosine in alcohol's actions.

Author

Dohrman, DP, Diamond, I, and Gordon, AS

Subjects
Applied and Developmental Psychology, Social and Personality Psychology, Public Health, Health Sciences, Psychology, Alcoholism, Alcohol Use and Health, Substance Misuse, Neurosciences, 2.1 Biological and endogenous factors, 1.1 Normal biological development and functioning, Aetiology, Underpinning research, Oral and gastrointestinal, Good Health and Well Being, Adenosine, Alcohol Drinking, Animals, Ethanol, Humans, Neurotransmitter Agents, Public Health and Health Services, Substance Abuse
Abstract

The interaction between the neuromodulator adenosine and adenosine receptors on the surface of neurons modifies the neurons' responses to neurotransmitters. The activated adenosine receptors alter the levels of small signaling molecules (i.e., second messengers) in the cells. Depending on the receptors and cells involved, these changes can make it easier or more difficult for neurotransmitters to excite the cell. Adenosine's activity is regulated by proteins called nucleoside transporters, which carry adenosine into and out of the cell. Alcohol interferes with the function of the adenosine system. For example, both acute and chronic alcohol exposure affect the function of the adenosine-carrying nucleoside transporters, thereby indirectly altering the second-messenger levels in the cells. Through this mechanism, adenosine may mediate some of alcohol's effects, such as intoxication, motor incoordination, and sedation.

Published
1997

5. Antibody responses and correlates of protection in the general population after two doses of the ChAdOx1 or BNT162b2 vaccines

Author

Wei, J, Pouwels, K, Stoesser, N, Matthews, P, Diamond, I, Studley, R, Rourke, E, Cook, D, Bell, J, Newton, J, Farrar, J, Howarth, A, Marsden, B, Hoosdally, S, Jones, EY, Stuart, D, Crook, D, Peto, T, Walker, AS, Eyre, D, and team, COVID-19 Infection Survey

Subjects
General Medicine, General Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Abstract

Antibody responses are an important part of immunity after Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccination. However, antibody trajectories and the associated duration of protection after a second vaccine dose remain unclear. In this study, we investigated anti-spike IgG antibody responses and correlates of protection after second doses of ChAdOx1 or BNT162b2 vaccines for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) in the United Kingdom general population. In 222,493 individuals, we found significant boosting of anti-spike IgG by the second doses of both vaccines in all ages and using different dosing intervals, including the 3-week interval for BNT162b2. After second vaccination, BNT162b2 generated higher peak levels than ChAdOX1. Older individuals and males had lower peak levels with BNT162b2 but not ChAdOx1, whereas declines were similar across ages and sexes with ChAdOX1 or BNT162b2. Prior infection significantly increased antibody peak level and half-life with both vaccines. Anti-spike IgG levels were associated with protection from infection after vaccination and, to an even greater degree, after prior infection. At least 67% protection against infection was estimated to last for 2–3 months after two ChAdOx1 doses, for 5–8 months after two BNT162b2 doses in those without prior infection and for 1–2 years for those unvaccinated after natural infection. A third booster dose might be needed, prioritized to ChAdOx1 recipients and those more clinically vulnerable.

Published
2022

14. Post-covid syndrome in individuals admitted to hospital with covid-19: retrospective cohort study

Author

Ayoubkhani, D, Khunti, K, Nafilyan, V, Maddox, T, Humberstone, B, Diamond, I, Banerjee, A, Ayoubkhani, D, Khunti, K, Nafilyan, V, Maddox, T, Humberstone, B, Diamond, I, and Banerjee, A

Abstract

OBJECTIVE: To quantify rates of organ specific dysfunction in individuals with covid-19 after discharge from hospital compared with a matched control group from the general population. DESIGN: Retrospective cohort study. SETTING: NHS hospitals in England. PARTICIPANTS: 47 780 individuals (mean age 65, 55% men) in hospital with covid-19 and discharged alive by 31 August 2020, exactly matched to controls from a pool of about 50 million people in England for personal and clinical characteristics from 10 years of electronic health records. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Rates of hospital readmission (or any admission for controls), all cause mortality, and diagnoses of respiratory, cardiovascular, metabolic, kidney, and liver diseases until 30 September 2020. Variations in rate ratios by age, sex, and ethnicity. RESULTS: Over a mean follow-up of 140 days, nearly a third of individuals who were discharged from hospital after acute covid-19 were readmitted (14 060 of 47 780) and more than 1 in 10 (5875) died after discharge, with these events occurring at rates four and eight times greater, respectively, than in the matched control group. Rates of respiratory disease (P<0.001), diabetes (P<0.001), and cardiovascular disease (P<0.001) were also significantly raised in patients with covid-19, with 770 (95% confidence interval 758 to 783), 127 (122 to 132), and 126 (121 to 131) diagnoses per 1000 person years, respectively. Rate ratios were greater for individuals aged less than 70 than for those aged 70 or older, and in ethnic minority groups compared with the white population, with the largest differences seen for respiratory disease (10.5 (95% confidence interval 9.7 to 11.4) for age less than 70 years v 4.6 (4.3 to 4.8) for age ≥70, and 11.4 (9.8 to 13.3) for non-white v 5.2 (5.0 to 5.5) for white individuals). CONCLUSIONS: Individuals discharged from hospital after covid-19 had increased rates of multiorgan dysfunction compared with the expected risk in the general population.

Published
2021

27. Hit the Road

Author

Diamond, I. A. L.

Subjects
College musicals
Abstract

Script for 1941 Varsity Show "Hit The Road"

Published
2016
Full Text
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30. Dependence in the 2001 one-number census project

Author

Brown, J, Abbott, O, Diamond, I, Brown, J, Abbott, O, and Diamond, I

Abstract

The one-number census approach was developed by the Office for National Statistics to adjust the counts from the 2001 census of England and Wales for underenumeration. The method is underpinned by an assumption of independence between the count of the population that was given by the 2001 census and the count that was given by the Census Coverage Survey. Some dependence was, however, detected, and the paper describes the strategy that was used to measure dependence and to adjust the 2001 census population estimates. © 2006 Royal Statistical Society.

Published
2006

31. League tables and their limitations: Statistical issues in comparisons of institutional performance - Discussion

Author

Butler, R, FitzGibbon, C, Gardner, J, Macfarlane, A, Smalls, M, Draper, D, Galbraith, R, Eastwood, A, Sheldon, T A, Smith, P, Galbraith, J I, Copas, J B, Kapadia, R, Schagen, I, Brand, R, Louis, T A, Leyland, A H, Gore, S, Goodhardt, G, Senn, S, Langford, I H, Bartholomew, D, Longford, N T, Diamond, I, Steele, F, Normand, S L, McKee, M, Abrams, K R, Lambert, P C, Chatfield, C, Christiansen, C L, Ecob, R, Fielding, A, Harrell, FE, Kendrick, S, Muxworthy, D, Russell, D, Snijders, T A B, Spencer, N H, and TarnowMordi, W

Subjects
BAYES, VALUES, MODELS, QUALITY, INFERENCE, PERINATAL-MORTALITY, CARE, ADJUSTMENT, BIRTH-WEIGHT, POPULATION
Published
1996

33. Neurologic effects of alcoholism

Author

Diamond, I and Messing, R O

Subjects
Alcoholism, Ethanol, Brain, Humans, Peripheral Nerves, Nervous System Diseases, Alcoholic Intoxication, Research Article
Abstract

Alcoholism, a worldwide disorder, is the cause of a variety of neurologic disorders. In this article we discuss the cellular pathophysiology of ethanol addition and abuse as well as evidence supporting and refuting the role of inheritance in alcoholism. A genetic marker for alcoholism has not been identified, but neurophysiologic studies may be promising. Some neurologic disorders related to longterm alcoholism are due predominantly to inadequate nutrition (the thiamine deficiency that causes Wernicke's encephalopathy), but others appear to involve the neurotoxicity of ethanol on brain (alcohol withdrawal syndrome and dementia) and peripheral nerves (alcoholic neuropathy and myopathy).

Published
1994

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