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In this work, we describe Dialium heterophyllum, a new species for the largest genus in the diverse and morphologically unique legume subfamily Dialioideae. Dialium, with 32 species, has its highest diversity in tropical Africa and Asia, with four species accepted until now in the Neotropics. The fifth species described here reinforces the idea that a large portion of the Neotropical diversity, notably in the Amazon, is still unknown. Dialium heterophyllum is restricted to the south of the Amazon Basin in Brazil and Bolivia, areas under intense anthropic pressure in recent years. Due to its floral morphology, the species appears to be closely related to the other Neotropical species of the genus, differing by its reduced leaf rachis with unifoliolate to trifoliolate leaves, generally opposed to sub-opposed leaflets, the terminal leaflet much longer than the lateral ones (when present) and than the leaf rachis. We provide illustrations, distribution maps, a conservation risk assessment and an identification key.

This study was aimed exploring the cytotoxicity and antimicrobial activity of the leaves D. thwaites is an endemic plant to Sri Lanka. The plant is known for its nutritional and medicinal applications where especially the leaf decoctions are being used to wash skin wounds in indigenous medicine. The brine shrimp lethality assays was performed to evaluate normal toxicity and it gave LC50 value greater than 1000 μg/ mL showing that the plant extracts are non-toxic to the normal cells. The agar-well diffusion assay was performed to assess the antimicrobial activity, and strains of bacteria; E. coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and fungus; Candida albicans were used as test organisms. The results indicated that all the extracts are active against Staphylococcus aureus (Gram Positive) with maximum inhibition shown for methanolic and aqueous extracts. When it was tested against MRSA both aqueous and methanolic extracts gave similar inhibitions. The minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) were determined as 6.25 mg/mL and 100 mg/mL respectively with S. aureus whereas no inhibition observed by any of the extract against Gram negative bacteria and Candida albicans. Thus, this study revealed the leaves of D. thwaites possesses strong anti-bacterial activity against S. aureus and MRSA. The results confirmed the efficacy of using D. thwaites as the natural antimicrobial agent and suggested to develop the leaves into value added products to be used in topical applications as antiseptic solutions or ointments. Asian J. Med. Biol. Res. June 2020, 6(2): 316-320

Medicinal plants are re-emerging health aids which have gained huge attention in recent times...

The study aims to investigate the effect of aqueous fruit pulp of Dialium guineense on hemeoxygenase, and insulin release, inhibition of angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) and possible hypoglycemia in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Twenty four male Wistar rats were grouped into control, diabetic (Dm), diabetic + 300 mg/kg body weight Dialium guineese (Dm+ DG) and diabetic + 100 mg/kg metformin (Dm +MET). Apart from the control, other rats were made diabetic by a single dose of 50 mg/kg streptozotocin injected intraperitoneally. Dialium and metformin were administered orally three days after induction of diabetes. Result showed significant (p

The alarming rate of diabetes mellitus (DM) globally is bothersome and has drawn the search light of researchers on naturally endowed phytonutrients being an alternative in managing the menace. Therefore, the current study was designed to investigate some antioxidant parameters embedded in the extract of Dialium indium (DI) fruit pulp and also, to elucidate its antidiabetic potentials through the inhibition of two key carbohydrate-metabolizing enzymes such as α-amylase and intestinal α-glucosidase. Hydro-ethanolic extract of DI fruit pulp was used for the antioxidants and enzyme inhibitory bioassays through various convectional antioxidant assay methods in vitro. In the results, total phenolic content of the extract had; 6.74 ±3.38 mg GAE.g-1, total flavonoid contents; 0.02 ±0.01 mg QE.g-1 and FRAP; 0.84 ±0.47 mg AAE.g-1 dried sample. Also, there was a marked significant (p50. The inhibition demonstrated against these two carbohydrate metabolizing enzymes possibly could be through the embedded antioxidant potentials of the fruit pulp and this if properly harnessed, it could be helpful in the management of type 2 diabetes.

Plant phytonutrients have been harnessed for their various curative properties both in vitro and in vivo. In this study African black velvet tamarind (ABVT) fruit pulp was evaluated for it antioxidant potentials using chloroform and hexane fractions through different antioxidant parameters. In the results; total phenolic contents quantified in mg GAE/dried sample in chloroform and hexane extracts were; 14.57 ±5.85 and 9.78 ±4.61, total flavonoid contents in chloroform and hexane extracts as; 48.58 ±0.00 and 27.35 ±0.00 while the FRAP (µg AAE.g-1 dried sample) was lower in chloroform (298.10 ±0.00) than hexane extracts (1029.81 ±0.00). More also, ability of varied concentrations of the extracts (with their IC50) to cause inhibition against Fe2+-induced MDA that was determined by TBARS in rat's brain and liver tissue homogenates, Fe2+-chelating ability and other antioxidant assays, showed an appreciable significant (p 2+-induced oxidative stress.&nbsp

Animal-mediated seed dispersal is recognized to influence the spatial organization of plant communities but little is known about how frugivores cause such patterns. Here, we explored the role of hornbills and primates in generating recruitment foci under two zoochoric trees, namely Staudtia kamerunensis (Myristicaceae) and Dialium spp. (Fabaceae - Caesalpiniodea) in a forest-savanna mosaic landscape in D.R. Congo. We also examined the influence of the availability of fruits in the neighborhood and the amount of forest cover in the landscape on such clumping patterns. The density and species richness of hornbill-dispersed and the density of primate-dispersed seedlings were significantly higher under Staudtia kamerunensis trees than at control locations. However, we did not find such patterns under Dialium spp. trees compared to control locations except for the density of hornbill-dispersed seedlings which was lower at control locations. Also, we found that an increasing amount of forest cover in the landscape was associated with an increase in the density of hornbill-dispersed seedlings, although the tendency was weak (R 2 = 0.065). We concluded that S. kamerunensis acts as a recruitment foci and plays a structuring role in Afrotropical forests. Hornbills were probably the main frugivore taxon responsible for the clumping under that tree and appear as a key ecological component in fragmented and disturbed landscapes where the diversity of large frugivores such as primates is reduced. Our findings improve our understanding of the causal mechanisms responsible for the spatial organization of tropical forests.

En el presente trabajo se pretende evaluar la eficiencia de las sierras de cinta o de banda con las características de los dientes más comunes que se utilizan en la industria Costarricense, así también con tratamientos recomendados para maderas duras (dientes calzados con estelita) como en el caso de la especie de Dialium guianense (Aubl) Sandwith ya que no es utilizada en Costa Rica a pesar de su gran abundancia por considerarse madera extremadamente dura y abrasiva. De igual forma se determinó el contenido de sílice en la especie en dos condiciones, trozas en estado húmedo, cerca de su contenido de humedad máximo, y trozas con 6 meses de haber sido cortadas. Los valores de las propiedades físicas y mecánicas también fueron determinados, con el fin de difundir una solución a la problemática en el procesamiento de la especie con los equipos instalados en Costa Rica.

This study was undertaken to evaluate the phytoconstituents present in the seed extract of Dialium cochinchinensis for antioxidant, antimicrobial and cytotoxic properties. Results showed the presence of polyphenols, flavonoids, alkaloids, saponins, coumarins and a polyuronid compound in the D. cochinchinensis seed extract. The total polyphenol and flavonoid contents of the dry extract were 133.5±2.87 mg GAE/g and 227.0±23.20 mg Rutin equivalent/g, respectively. D. cochinchinensis seed extract exhibited antioxidant property in 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl, 2,2'-azino-bis-3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid and potassium ferricyanide reducing antioxidant power methods. Moreover, D. cochinchinensis seed extract exerted inhibitory effect on Gram-positive bacteria. Finally, D. cochinchinensis seed extract was found to be toxic to Vero cell lines and the pathogens with selectivity index ranging from 0.01 to 0.04. In conclusion, D. cochinchinensis seed extract could be considered as a new source of natural antioxidant and antimicrobial agents for research and application.

Nineteen odour-active compounds were quantified in three black velvet tamarind fruit species. Calculation of the odour activity values (OAVs) of the odorants showed that differences in odour profiles of the tamarinds were mainly caused by linalool, limonene, 4-hydroxy-2,5-dimethyl-3(2H)-furanone, nonanal, and (Z)-3-hexenal. On the basis of their high OAVs, cis-linalool oxide (furanoid), geranyl acetone, and cinnamyl acetate were identified as other potent odorants in the three tamarinds. Sensory studies revealed very distinct aroma profiles, which are characteristic of these types of fruits. While the Dialiumguineense elicited floral, flowery, caramel-like notes, the other two species were dominated by leaf-like, caramel, and green notes.

Unraveling the relationship between the unusual feeding behaviors and the nutritional intake of endangered species may provide crucial information for understanding species response to habitat unpredictable changes. Primates occasionally re-ingest fruit seeds alongside ingestion of feces, a behavior called coprophagy. The nutritional benefit is one of the several non-mutual exclusive hypotheses proposed to explain this behavior. We investigated the ecological correlates of coprophagy in wild western gorillas. We tested whether coprophagy occurred during periods of lower fruit availability and whether it led to higher nutrient intake in comparison to the other food. Data integrated phenological, fecal and nutritional analyses of gorilla food with behavioral observations collected at two sites in Central Africa (Mbeli Bai: ad libitum observations on 15 groups/solitary males, October 2002-November 2005; Bai Hokou: 5-min scan on a habituated group, December 2004-December 2005). Coprophagy occurred at the end of the high-fruiting season in association of two Dialium species. Coprophagy correlated positively with the occurrence of Dialium spp. fruit in gorilla feces and in the feeding scans, and showed a positive trend with Dialium availability but not with total fruit availability. Nutritional comparison of Dialium seeds with other important gorilla food showed higher fat and mineral content, particularly of Mg, but also of phenols and tannins in Dialium seeds. We discuss how the effect of gut processing and gut heat via coprophagy may act as cooking-like effect: increasing the ability to maximize nutrient intake by concurrently softening fibers and decreasing the toxic effect of antifeedants, like in human traditional cooking. Our results support both the multiple nutritional benefit hypothesis and the toxicity reduction hypothesis. Since Dialium is precious timber, the importance of this tree for the critically endangered western gorillas should be taken with high consideration when planning controlled logging of degraded forests or in face of habitat changes.

The distribution of medicinal and food tree species in Owerri West Local Government Area (LGA) of Imo State were assessed. Data were collected using socio-economic survey and biological study. A total of 50 respondents from the study area were randomly selected and relevant information on the uses and contributions of tree species of food and medicinal importance was collected through the use of semi-structured questionnaire and Focused Group Discussion (FGD). A total of ten communities were sampled, with one community in each of the ten political wards in the LGA. Tree species of ethno-botany and food relevance were identified and enumerated in the course of field survey in the study communities. The spatial distributions of six most-frequently utilized tree species were mapped using Geographical Information System (GIS). Data were statistically analyzed using descriptive statistics and one-way analysis of variance. A total of 22 tree species, belonging to16 families, known to be used for medicinal and food purposes, were identified in the ten study communities. Dacryodes edulis of the family Burseraceae was the most abundant tree species in the area having about 13% of the species encountered. In the study locations, the least-occurring species were Dialium guineensis and Garcinia kola with 0.27% each. Fabaceae and Rutaceae were the most represented families with 13.64% and 3 species each belonging to each of the two families. The six (6) mostly utilized species in the area were Dacryodes edulis , Chrysophyllum albidium , Persea americana , Psidium guajava , Mangifera indica and Moringa oleifera . The seven tree species that were abundant in the study area were Annona muricata , Citrus sinensis , Cola nitida , Dacryodes edulis , Elaeise quineensis Magifera indica and Psidium guajava with relative density (RD) of 6.29, 11.98, 12.72, 12.99, 6.16, 9.20 and 9.47, respectively. Dennettia tripetala and Persea americana were frequent species with RD values of 4.33 and 4.06, respectively. Dialium guineensis Garcinia kola and Pentaclethra macrophylla were threatened, having RD of 0.27, 0.27 and 0.47, respectively. A total of 8 tree species including: Anacardium occidentale, Azadirachta indica, Chrysophyllum albidium, Citrus aurantiifolia, Citrus lemon, Gliricidia sepium , Irvingia gaboneensis and Moringa oleifera were rare in the area with RD of 1.76, 1.49, 2.44, 2.44, 1.49, 1.69, 1.76 and 2.10, respectively. The threatened species include Dialium guineensis, Garcinia kola and Pentaclethra macrophylla with RD values of 0.27, 0.27 and 0.47, respectively. In seven of the ten communities, (i.e. Emeabiam, Eziobodo, Nekede, Ihiagwa, Okuku, Obinze, and Umuguma), Dacryodes edulis was the dominant species with 23, 35, 32, 32, 9, 10 and 14 stems, respectively while Mangifera indica predominated in Avu, Irete, and Ndegwu with 24, 14, and 11stems, respectively. Keywords: Species abundance, status, distribution, utilization, extinction

A positive interaction is any interaction between individuals of the same or different species (mutualism) that provides a benefit to both partners such as increased fitness. Here we focus on seed dispersal mutualism between an animal (bonobo, Pan paniscus) and a plant (velvet tamarind trees, Dialium spp.). In the LuiKotale rainforest southwest of Salonga National Park, Democratic Republic of Congo, seven species of the genus Dialium account for 29.3% of all trees. Dialium is thus the dominant genus in this forest. Dialium fruits make up a large proportion of the diet of a habituated bonobo community in this forest. During the 6 months of the fruiting season, more than half of the bonobos' feeding time is devoted to Dialium fruits. Furthermore, Dialium fruits contribute a considerable proportion of sugar and protein to bonobos' dietary intake, being among the richest fruits for these nutrients. Bonobos in turn ingest fruits with seeds that are disseminated in their feces (endozoochory) at considerable distances (average: 1.25 km after 24 hr of average transit time). Endozoochory through the gut causes loss of the cuticle protection and tegumentary dormancy, as well as an increase in size by water uptake. Thus, after gut passage, seeds are better able to germinate. We consider other primate species as a potential seed disperser and conclude that Dialium germination is dependent on passage through bonobo guts. This plantanimal interaction highlights positive effects between two major organisms of the Congo basin rainforest, and establishes the role of the bonobo as an efficient disperser of Dialium seeds. Am. J. Primatol. 75:394-403, 2013. (c) 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

KEYWORDS Soil Properties. Species Distribution. Species Density . Tree/Shrub Species. Dominance. Relative Frequency ABSTRACT Variations in soil physical and chemical properties influence the speciation and distribution pattern of flora in a given environment. Plants species like animals and humans alike are attracted to locations where conditions are favourable to them. The differences in the distribution and abundance of plant species in any environment are therefore indications of the variation in biophysical components of the environment such as soil, water , topography among others. The present study examined the influence of soil properties on the distribution of woody tree/shrub species. Quadrat method was employed to collect soil and vegetation data from fifteen randomly selected plots of 20 m x 20 m. Vegetation result showed that Elaeis guineensis, Anthocleista vogelii, Alstonia boneii, Baphia nitida, Dialium guineensis, Pycnanthus angolensis, Havea brasillensis, Pentacleithra macrophylla, Musanga cecropioides and Anthonata mycrophylla were the most dominant tree/ shrub species in the area. The result of step-wise multiple regression analysis (P

As the potential of using natural wood derivatives in the fabrication of composites is explored, it is important to gain further understanding of the structure and properties of wood cells. Past research has focused on estimating and measuring mechanical properties of wood cell walls such as hardness and modulus of elasticity by means of nano-indentation tests. However, to date, the mechanical properties of wood cell walls have not been fully understood or documented in the literature. The research described in this paper focuses, for the first time, on investigating the strength and fracture behavior of wood cell walls through an innovative approach, the uniaxial micro-compression test. Specimens of Keranji (Dialium ssp.), a dense Asian hardwood, and loblolly pine (Pinus taeda), an American softwood, were chosen as hardwood and softwood representatives for the micro-compression test. After the initial preparation by microtoming, the samples were further prepared following a novel approach, in which 37 cylindrical-shaped micro-pillars were fabricated using a Focused Ion Beam (FIB) with a voltage of 30 kV, while each micropillar was milled inside a single wood cell wall. After the dimensions of each micropillar were measured by analysis of the SEM images using ImageJ software, a micro-compression test was conducted on the micropillar at a loading rate of 20 nm per second using a Nano II Indenter system. The load–displacement curves were plotted, and the yield stress and compressive strength obtained for the Keranji cell wall were 136.5 MPa and 160 MPa, respectively; the yield stress and compressive strength of the loblolly pine cell wall were 111.3 MPa and 125 MPa, respectively. The fracture behavior of the wood micro-pillars confirmed the brittleness of the wood cell walls.

In this study influence of outdoor exposure on surface quality of five Malaysian species, Merbau ( Intsia palembanica ), dark red meranti ( Shorea spp.), balau ( Shorea spp.) keranji ( Dialium spp.), and keruing ( Dipterocarpus spp.) were evaluated. Surface roughness of the samples exposed to outdoor environment ranging from 1 week to 4 weeks were determined using a stylus type equipment. Three roughness parameters average roughness ( R a ), mean peak-to-valley height ( R z ), and maximum roughness ( R max ) calculated from the surface profiles of the samples employing a profilometer were used for the analyses. Control samples of keranji had the smoothest surface with an average R a value of 3.90 μm while keruing had the roughest surface with 8.20 μm among five species. None of the samples from five different species resulted in significant differences in roughness values within 1-week interval during the outdoor exposure at 95% confidence level. Roughness measurements taken from the surface of control samples and samples exposed for 4-week outdoor from belau, keruing, and dark red meranti showed significant difference at 95% confidence level. These differences were not significant in the case of merbau and keranji. Based on the findings from this study it appears that stylus method can be used to evaluate surface quality of various tropical species as function of outdoor exposure.

Floral ontogeny of taxa of two subtribes (Labicheinae, Dialiinae) of caesalpinioid tribe Cassieae, characterized by reduced number of floral organs, was compared. All three taxa studied are distichous; Petalostylis labicheoides flowers are solitary in leaf axils, Labichea lanceolata has few-flowered racemes, and Dialium guineense has numerous-flowered cymes. The first sepal primordium in each is initiated abaxially and nonmedianly. Order of organogenesis in Petalostylis is: five sepals bidirectionally, five petals and carpel simultaneously, then five stamens bidirectionally, starting abaxially. The order in Labichea is: five sepals helically (one lagging in time), five petals unidirectionally starting abaxially, the carpel and petals concurrently, then two stamens successively, starting laterally. Order in Dialium is: five sepals bidirectionally, the single petal adaxially, and lastly the carpel and two stamens concurrently. Specializations include (1) reduction of the five sepals to four by fusion in Petalostylis and Labichea; (2) reduction of petal number to one in Dialium; (3) reduction of stamen number to two in Labichea and Dialium, and reduction of functional stamens to three in Petalostylis; and (4) an elaborate, late-developing style in Petalostylis. Floral asymmetry, another specialization, characterizes Labichea, expressed by dissimilar stamens, while the other genera have zygomorphic flowers. Floral ontogenies are compared with other taxa of Cassieae. The stimulus for the present work was the conclusion, in a cladistic analysis of caesalpinioid taxa based on floral developmental and morphological characters (Tucker and Douglas, 1994), that caesalpinioid tribe Cassieae does not appear to be monophyletic. Two distinct components include: a monophyletic subtribe Cassiinae (Cassia sensu stricto, Chamaecrista, and Senna; studied in Tucker, 1996a), and Ceratonia and Dialium, forming a grade near the base of the legumes. Consequently, I wanted to explore and compare other taxa of Cassieae in more detail, to determine trends of specialization in the tribe and to identify divergent pathways of floral development. Floral development in Ceratonia (Tucker, 1992), the only genus of subtribe Ceratoniinae, and in representative taxa of the Cassiinae (Tucker, 1996a) had been studied. In a recent symposium volume (Tucker, 1996b), the poricidal stamens common in Cassieae were described. In the present paper, floral development of the Australian genera Petalostylis and Labichea, comprising subtribe Labicheinae of caesalpinioid tribe Cassieae, and of African and South American species of Dialium in subtribe Dialiinae, are compared. This work permits struc

Epidermal morphology of adaxial and abaxial leaflet surfaces of the five species in the genus Dialium (Fabaceae: Caesalpinoideae) were studied by light microscopy. The epidermises are composed of cells which are isodiametric, irregular or both types in outline. Anticlinal walls are either straight, curved or undulate. Leaflets of all taxa are hypostomatic. Paracytic stomata occur in all species except D. guineense that posses both paracytic and staurocytic stomata. Other features of the epidermis that show variation include stomatal size and density, size and density of epidermal cells, and type, size, shape, frequency and basal cells of the trichomes. An indented, dichotomous key for identifying the species is presented. Die Morphologie der Epidermis von Blattober- und Blattunterseiten von funf Arten der Gattung Dialium (Fabaceae: Caeasalpinoideae) wurde unter dem Lichtmikroskop untersucht. Die Epidermen sind aus isodiametrischen Zellen zusammengesetzt oder irregular oder aus Zellen beider Typen aufgebaut. Die antiklinalen Zellwande sind gerade, gebogen oder gewellt. Die Blattchen aller Arten sind hypostomatisch. Parazytische Stomata finden sich bei allen Arten auser bei D. guineense, das sowohl parazytische als auch staurozytische Stomata besitzt. Andere variable Merkmale der Epidermis sind Stomatagrose und -dichte, Grose und Dichte der Epidermiszellen, ferner Typ, Grose, Form, Haufigkeit und Basalzellen der Trichome. Ein dichotomer Schlussel zur Artbestimmung ist beigefugt.

11 pages; International audience; Species of the gender Dialium commonly are trees found in Central African rainforests. They produce tasty sugary fruits, feeding numerous frugivores, but are, despite their valuable nutritional value, rarely exploited by humans. A potential reason for this could be the complexity of symbiotic dependence between trees and pollinators, germination activators, and dispersers causing problems in ancestral and contemporary domestication. We investigated Dialium corbisieri reproduction in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Bandundu Province. Here we give a key for an artificial activation of germination of these trees ecologically adapted to the digestive system of their ape dispersers: By perforation of the impermeable seed coat protection, water assimilation and subsequent activation of germination becomes possible. By this nicking, pretreatment germination increases from 0 to 96%, representing an inexpensive and simple treatment to be used under natural conditions and in developing countries. The use of this mechanical activation for forest management, conservation, and economic use is discussed.

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Dialium (Leguminosae, Dialiinae) is pantropical and comprises about 40 species. Presently, only one species occurs in the Neotropics, Dialium guianense, which is found from eastern Mexico to northeastern Minas Gerais, Brazil. The objective of this study was to carry out a thorough taxonomic revision of Dialium in the Neotropics, to determine if species diversity of the genus in this region is underestimated. The study analyzed 765 collections, from 18 herbaria throughout the world, which revealed three groups of specimens that clearly differ from each other and from D. guianense. Morphology and biogeography support their recognition as new species. Dialium hexaestaminatum occurs in northern Colombia and western Venezuela, and is characterized by generally having six stamens, while the other neotropical species have only two. Dialium congestum occurs in Ecuador and southern Colombia and is mainly characterized by the presence of congested inflorescences, unlike the lax inflorescences found in the other neotropical species. Dialium rondoniense occurs in the state of Rondônia and the most southern part of the state of Amazonas, Brazil. It is characterized by the dense coverage of trichomes on the abaxial surface of the leaflets, as well as the petiolules, petioles, leaf rachis and branches, while the other neotropical species are generally glabrous or covered with sparse trichomes that are imperceptible to the bare eye. The results show that the diversity of Dialium in the Neotropics was underestimated and that the genus has four species in the region. An identification key, illustrations and descriptions of the species are provided.

Comparative evaluation of brine pre-treated catfish, Clarias gariepinus smoked with the smoke of woods such as Anthonata mycrophylla and Dialium guinensis were studied. Thirty catfishes weighing 475 ± 50 g were harvested, killed, eviscerated and rinsed thoroughly under tap water and were divided into 3 batches of ten fishes and were immersed in 10% brine solution for 30 min. Each batch was smoked for 4 h with woods’ smoke of A. mycrophylla, D. guinensis and gas oven, respectively. The oven dried sample served as control. The smoked catfish were allowed to cool at room temperature and samples were taken from each batch, respectively for proximate composition analysis. Nevertheless, the remaining smoked fish products were labeled/coded and subjected to sensory evaluation by trained test panel on ten point hedonic scale. Results of the sensory evaluation obtained reveal that there was no significant difference (P > 0.05) among the sensory parameters except the flavour; however, the proximate analyses revealed that fish samples smoked with woods had higher scores for ash than oven dried fish (P < 0.05). Nevertheless, the crude fat (25.46%) of oven dried sample is higher than those recorded for samples smoked with woods (P < 0.05). These results show that these woods could be suitable for fish smoking without negative effects on nutrients and sensory qualities for consumer acceptability.

Esta investigación tuvo como objetivo evaluar los cambios espaciales de la vegetación en la Sierra Madrigal; estado de Tabasco, en un área de 3 642 ha, en el período 1973-2003. Con base en la fotointerpretación de fotografías aéreas y verificación de campo, se elaboró la cartografía de vegetación y usos del suelo de los años 1973, 1984 y 2003 a escala 1:20 000. Se caracterizó la vegetación y los usos del suelo, se obtuvieron los índices de cambio de uso del suelo, y se compararon algunas propiedades del suelo con base en los tipos de la vegetación. La selva alta perennifolia de ramón (Brosimum alicastrum) y huapaque (Dialium guianense) tuvo una pérdida del 80% de su superficie en 30 años; las principales causas de esta pérdida fueron los incendios forestales que condujeron a la formación de vegetación secundaria (56%) y la ampliación de los pastizales (10%) para la ganadería de bovinos. La eliminación de la selva provocó, asimismo, disminución de los contenidos de materia orgánica y nitrógeno, lo que indica degradación de suelos en la capa de 0 a 30 cm de profundidad.

The susceptibility to drying defects and development of appropriate drying schedules was undertaken for the wood of five Ghanaian lesser used wood species: Alstonia boonei (Sinduro), Antrocaryon micraster, (Aprokuma), Bombax buonopozens (Akata), Dialium aubrevillei (Duabankye) and Sterculia rhinopetala (Wawabima). Susceptibility to checking is severe in D. aubrevillei and A. micraster and mild in S. rhinopetala, A. boonei and B. buonopozense. D. aubrevillei is mildly susceptible to honeycombing and deformation, while A. micraster, S. rhinopetala, A. boonei and B. buonopozense are not susceptible. The following experimental dry kiln schedules for lumber of thickness up to 38mm corresponding to the FPL Madison schedules are proposed: D. aubrevillei [T4-B1], A. micraster [T4-B2], S. rhinopetala [T10-C4], A. boonei [T10-D4 – Moderate, T11-D5 – Severe], and B. buonopozense [T10-F4 – Moderate, T11-F5 – Severe]. Keywords: Drying defect, checking, honeycomb, deformation, kiln drying schedule

A study was undertaken on the green moisture content, basic density and shrinkage properties for the wood of five Ghanaian species: Alstonia boonei (Sinduro), Antrocaryon micraster (Aprokuma), Bombax buonopozense (Akata), Dialium aubrevillei (Duabankye) and Sterculia rhinopetala (Wawabima). The overall green moisture content of the wood species ranged from a low of 51-52% (for D. aubrevillei and A. micraster) to a high of 177% (for B. buonopozense), while the overall mean basic density of the wood species ranged from a low of 366 kg/m 3 (for B. buonopozense) to a high of 738 kg/m 3 (for A. micraster). Green moisture content appeared to be inversely proportional to the basic density with a correlation coefficient of -0.962. Mean total tangential shrinkage was medium (4.6-4.7%) in A. boonei and B. buonopozense, and very large (9.0-10.3%) in S. rhinopetala, D. aubrevillei and A. micraster. Mean partial tangential shrinkage were small (2.7%) in A. boonei and B. buonopozense, medium (5.0%) in S. rhinopetala and D. aubrevillei, and large (6.1%) in A. micraster. Mean total radial shrinkage was medium (3.6-3.9%) in B. buonopozense and A. boonei, large (4.4%) in S. rhinopetala, and very large (5.3-6.3%) in D. aubrevillei and A. micraster; and mean partial radial shrinkage was medium (2.0-2.5%) in A. boonei, B. buonopozense, D. aubrevillei and S. rhinopetala, and large in A. micraster (3.5%). Except for A. micraster (~ 0.65%) total longitudinal shrinkage was typically less than 0.4%.

Sensory characteristics (taste and appearance) of mackerel (Scomber scombrus) smoked with five different fire types woods obtained from the Tropical Rain Forest Region of Umudike in Abia State of Nigeria were evaluated. Results showed that the best taste was produced from Anthonotha macrophylla, while Dacryodes edulis, Pentaclethra macrophylla, Dialium guinensis and Elaeis guinensis produced tastes that were moderately acceptable. There were no significant differences (p>0.05) in the appearance impacted by the five wood types. However, panelists scale of preference for the colour, indicated that Dialium guinensis was highly preferred, followed by Anthonotha macrophylla, Pentacletha macrophylla, Elaeis guinensis and Dacryodes edulis respectively. It is recommended that any of the five wood types could be used for fish smoking, even though Anthonotha macrophylla was most preferred.

Dialium indum Linnaeus, Systema Naturae, ed. 12, 2: 56; Mantissa Plantarum: 24. 1767. "Habitat in India." RCN: 60. Lectotype (Rojo in Jarvis & al., Regnum Veg. 127: 42. 1993): Herb. Linn. No. 23.1 (LINN). Generitype of Dialium Linnaeus. Current name: Dialium indum L. var. indum (Fabaceae: Caesalpinioideae)., Published as part of Jarvis, Charlie, 2007, Chapter 7: Linnaean Plant Names and their Types (part D), pp. 474-489 in Order out of Chaos. Linnaean Plant Types and their Types, London :Linnaean Society of London in association with the Natural History Museum on page 478, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.291971

The molluscicidal activity of the fruit and leaves of Dialium guineense was found to be due to oleanolic acid saponins, three of which were isolated from the fruit and a fourth from the leaves. The presence of these known saponins in Dialium spp. have not been previously reported, and the molluscicidal activity of 3-O-[β-d-xylopyranosyl]oleanolic acid is here reported for the first time.

Coprophagy occurred during major periods of feeding on fruits of Dialium spp. (Caesalpiniaceae) in a group of orphaned chimpanzees released in Conkouati Douli National Park, Republic of Congo. Since stress, boredom or food scarcity could not explain coprophagy according to our daily behavioral and veterinary control observations, we suggest that Dialium seeds were the item of interest in the feces. Two types of Dialium seeds were commonly found in the feces after chimpanzees swallowed the mesocarp and whole seeds together. These seeds were either whole and hard or whole/broken and soft imbibed. A mechanical and/or chemical effect of the gut passage may enable the chimpanzees to chew and ingest the seeds, thus providing nutritional intake.

Tesis (Mag. Sc.)--CATIE, Turrialba (Costa Rica) 1999 Ilustraciones. Tablas Referencias de las páginas 60-64 En este trabajo se caracterizaron e identificaron los tipos de bosques primarios que se desarrollan en la zona norte de Costa Rica. Se utilizaron datos de campo detallados (de inventarios forestales y parcelas permanentes de muestreo, colectados por diferentes instituciones de la región) y datos de sensores remotos (imágenes Landsat TM). Los resultados de este estudio indican que es posible diferenciar tipos de bosques con base en la composición florística sólo si se cuenta con datos detallados a nivel de campo. Así mismo se muestra que estos bosques pueden ser identificados si se utilizan datos auxiliares de elevación en la clasificación. Este trabajo pone en evidencia que es posible integrar la investigación realizada al nivel de campo con aquella de sensores remotos, a manera de obtener resultados que puedan ser aplicados al manejo de bosques tropicales a escala regional. In this work, the types of primary forests that develop in the northern zone of Costa Rica were characterized and identified. Detailed field data (from forest inventories and permanent sampling plots, collected by different institutions in the region) and remote sensing data (Landsat TM images) were used. The results of this study indicate that it is possible to differentiate forest types based on floristic composition only if detailed field-level data are available. Likewise, it is shown that these forests can be identified if auxiliary elevation data are used in the classification. This work shows that it is possible to integrate the research carried out at the field level with that of remote sensing, in order to obtain results that can be applied to the management of tropical forests at a regional scale.

A concentrate of the hydrodistilled volatiles from the pulp of fruits of Dialium guinense Wild, were analyzed by GC and GC/MS. The analysis showed the presence of alkanes (38%), acids (26.6%), aldehydes (13.5%) and alcohols (12.1%).

Three samples of Equato-Guinean rain forest have recently been studied under the project of CUREF (Conservacion y Utilizacion Racional de los Ecosistemas Forestales de Guinea Ecuatorial). The rain forest of the Altos de Nsork region, in the eastern part of Equatorial Guinea, has been studied by the present author by 1 km long transects. The two other studies have been carried out by others at the rio Muni's estuary (southwestern part of the country) and in the Ndote reserve (central-western part). A total of 9970 trees with DBH ≥ 30 cm, belonging to 341 species determined at least to genus, were found on 93.5 ha. To take the vegetation variability of each site into account, a phytosociological table was established using TWINSPAN with twenty surveys of 160 × 10 m for DBH ≥ 10 cm trees, chosen in homogeneous parts of transect. The following species were found to be prominent in the zone near the coast: Desbordesia glaucescens, Calpocalyx heitzii, Alstonia congensis, Sacoglottis gabonensis, Anthostema aubryanum, Erythrophleum ivorense, Caloncoba glauca, Lophira alata, Croton oligandrus, etc. The species found to have a continental distribution included: Millettia laurentii, Sindoropsis letestui, Entandrophragma congoense, Celtis tessmannii, Dialium pachyphyllum, Dialium spp., Allanblackia floribunda, etc. Because of the abundance of these species, Nsork represents the most continental part of the lowerguinean atlantic region. The forests of the rio Muni' s estuary show a huge biodiversity because of their intermediate position and their rich habitat diversity.

The Caesalpinioideae are widely variable in their floral ontogeny, and among caesalpinioids, members of the polyphyletic tribe Cassieae are particularly diverse. Within the Cassieae, the monophyletic Dialiinae clade is also marked by a high degree of organ loss, particularly in the largest genus, Dialium . The purpose of this work is to explore the ontogeny of several previously undocumented species of the diverse Dialiinae clade, with the goal of building a more complete picture of floral development and evolution in this group and especially within Dialium . We have documented the floral ontogeny of six species of the Dialiinae; four from Dialium , as well as Poeppigia procera and Mendoravia dumaziana . Mode and timing of organ initiation were mostly consistent across the Dialium species studied. With the exception of Dialium dinklagei , which undergoes helical calyx initiation, all flowers initiated sepals bidirectionally. In the instances of both gains and losses of floral organs in Dialium , one trend is apparent — an absence of abaxial organs. Gains in both sepals and stamens occur in the adaxial median position, while stamens and petals which are lost are always the ventral-most organs. Organ initiation in Poeppigia and Mendoravia is unlike that seen in Dialium . Poeppigia shows a ventral to dorsal unidirectional sepal initiation, while both Poeppigia and Mendoravia display near-synchronous initiation of the corolla and staminal whorls. The taxa examined here exemplify the apparent lack of developmental canalisation seen in caesalpinioid legumes. This ontogenetic plasticity is reflective of the morphological diversity shown by flowers across the subfamily, representing what has been described as an “experimental” phase in legume floral evolution.

Alchemilla sibthorpioides (Hook. f.), comb. et stat. nov. A. indica Gardn. var. sibthorpioides Hook. f., Fl. Brit. India 2: 361. 1878; Tirvengadum in Dassanayake and Fosberg, Rev. Handb. Fl. Ceylon 3: 371. 1981. Holotype: Sri Lanka (Ceylon), Gardner s.n. [273] (K, Photo-CAL). Specimen studied: INDIA. TAMIL NADU: Nilgiris, Parson's valley-Ooty, 2125 m, 10 Jul. 1970, J. L. Ellis 34596 (MH). Distribution: India (Tamil Nadu) and Sri Lanka.

Summary. Two new genera, Chiarinia and Sennia, and three new species, Chiarinia jubae-fluvii, Sennia sciap-sciaple and Filicium somalense, were described by Chiovenda in his Flora Somala. In the present paper it is shown that Chiarinia is a synonym of Lecaniodiscus Planch. ex Benth. (Sapindaceae), as C.jubae-fluvii is conspecific with L.fraxinifolius Baker, that Sennia is a synonym of Dialium L. (Leguminosae subfam. Caesalpinioideae), as S. sciap-sciaple is conspecific with D. orientale Bak. f., and that Filicium somalense is conspecific with Haplocoelum inopleum Radlk. (Sapindaceae). All three species are members of the coastal forests of East Africa. No nomenclatural changes are necessary because of these identifications. A number of Sapindaceous trees described by Chiovenda from the southernmost part of Somalia have until now only been known from the type collections. The trees were found in riverine or coastal forest. It seemed likely that these species would also occur in Kenya, in which country there are more considerable areas of these forests than in Somalia. A study of the type specimens at the University Herbarium of Florence (FI), combined with studies of East African material at Kew, has shown that this assumption was correct, and two monotypic genera and one species are here identified with East African taxa.