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Kerang balelo merupakan salah satu kelas gastropoda yang dimanfaatkan masyarakat pulau Derawan sebagai laut pengganti ikan dan obat tradisional dalam penyembuhan penyakit. Pada beberapa penelitian jenis gastropoda potensial sebagai keperluan nutraceutical maupun pharmaceutical. Tujuan penelitian ini yakni mempelajari karakteristik kimia dan menentukan aktivitas antidiabetes dari kerang balelo segar. Metode penelitian terdiri dari tiga tahapan yakni tahap pertama karakterisasi kimia meliputi uji asam amino, asam lemak, mineral dan logam (kalsium, tembaga, besi, selenium, seng, merkuri), tahap kedua ekstraksi menggunakan tiga jenis pelarut (metanol, etil asetat, n-heksana), tahap ketiga penentuan aktivitas antidiabetes kerang balelo segar. Kandungan asam amino esensial tertinggi kerang balelo terdapat pada leusin yakni 2,70%, dan asam amino non esensial tertinggi yakni asam glutamat sebesar 4,22%, kandungan asam lemak kerang balelo segar yakni 19,20%, kandungan mineral tertinggi yakni iron (Fe) sebesar 90,60 mg/kg. Hasil analisis aktivitas inhibisi α-glukosidase kerang balelo menunjukkan bahwa ekstrak metanol, n-heksana dan etil asetat tidak berpotensi sebagai antidiabetes.

Antioxidant and anticancer activities of sand sea cucumber Holothuria scabra (dried and fresh) extracts were studied. The highest extraction yield of sea cucumber H. scabra (3.9%) was obtained using dried H. scabra at 60oC. The highest antioxidant activity was found in fresh H. scabra extract at 60°C with an IC50 value of 629.89 ± 0.15 µg/mL using the ABTS method, and the highest antioxidant activity by DPPH method was found in dried H. scabra extract at 70°C with an IC50 value of 32017.18 ± 0.82 µg/mL. The best antioxidant activity based on FRAP and TBARS methods was found in fresh H. scabra extracts at 80°C, respectively. The highest total phenol and flavonoid contained in dried H. scabra extract were 317.54 ± 8.91 mg GAE/100 g sample and 247.56 ± 11.70 mg QE/100 g sample. H. scabra extracts inhibited more than 50% of the growth of the MDA-MB-231 cell line at concentrations of 25 and 50 μg/mL except for dried H. scabra extracts at 80°C. Similarly, the extracts showed the highest cytotoxic effect up to 100% at the highest concentration (100 μg/mL) except for dried H. scabra extracts at 70°C and 80°C.

The aim of this study was to investigate the production of H. scabra in an open pond culture system and to evaluate the nutritional value and biological activities. H scabra in this study was successfully grown with an average size 15.3 cm and weight 132.7 g after an eight month period. The H. scabra cultured was rich in protein content (73.41%). The extracts obtained from the soxhletation method showed potential antioxidant and anticancer activity against MDA-MB-231 breast cell cancer lines, with the greatest antioxidant activity of 5.97 ± 0.95 TEAC (based on the ABTS method). The activity is related to the highest total flavonoid content (249.96 mg QE/100 g). The soxhlet and maceration extracts also showed potent cytotoxic activity against human breast cancer MDA-MB 231. These data indicated that by culturing H. scabra in an open pond system could provide a high quality of sea cucumber in terms of biomass yield and biological activity.

Moluska memiliki cara unik dalam mempertahankan dirinya pada daerah intertidal, selain itu moluska di daerah ini memiliki keanekaragaman yang berbeda dibandingkan zona lainnya. Oleh karena itu, perlu kajian mendalam terkait keanekaragaman dan cara adaptasi moluska pada daerah tersebut. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui jenis dan keanekaragaman moluska, cara adaptasi moluska pada gelombang tinggi, potensi ekonomis moluska, serta menentukan klaster komunitas moluska di Pantai Pamengpeuk, Jawa Barat. Penelitian ini berlokasi di Pantai Bubujung, Pantai Karang Paranje, Pantai Santolo Indah, Pantai Karang Papak, Pantai Taman Manalusu, Pantai Cicalobak, Pantai Karang Wangi, Pantai Ranca Buaya 2 dan Pantai Ranca Buaya 1 dengan menggunakan metode purposive sampling. Hasil pengamatan ditemukan 37 spesies moluska yang terdiri dari 33 jenis gastropoda dan 4 jenis bivalvia. Moluska di daerah ini beradaptasi dengan cara bersembunyi pada bebatuan dan mencari daerah yang lembab untuk mempertahankan kadar air di dalam tubuhnya. Famili dengan jumlah individu dan penyebaran tertinggi adalah Nodilittorina, Trochoides, dan Littorinidae. Indeks keanekaragaman (H') moluska tertinggi yaitu Pantai Ranca Buaya 1 dengan indeks keanekaragaman 2,8, sedangkan indeks kemerataan tertinggi (e) yaitu Pantai Parenje (0,92). Moluska yang berpotensi ekonomis untuk dikembangkan di Pantai Pamengpeuk, Garut Selatan antara lain Planaxis sulcata, Nerita polita, Nerita picea, Cerithium eburneum, dan Turbo setosus. Pantai Pemengpeuk memiliki tingkat keanekaragaman yang tinggi sehingga berpotensi untuk dikembangkan dalam rangka meningkatkan kelestarian dan perekonomian masyarakat di wilayah tersebut.

Review: The Role of Nanoparticles in Inhibiting the Growth of the Plasmodium Parasite Causing Malarial Disease Malaria is a health problem in Indonesia with the most cases in eastern parts of Indonesia. This study provides an overview of the potential of nanoparticles in inhibiting malaria vectors and the growth of Plasmodium parasites that causes malaria based on the latest literature as reference materials and future research ideas. Nanoparticle can be synthesized using three methods i.e. physical, chemical and biological synthesis. The use of nanoparticles with biological method is highly recommended because they are practicable, environmentally friendly, non-toxic, and easy to reproduce compared to physico-chemically synthesized nanoparticles. Nanoparticles synthesized from several plants can inhibit the growth of Plasmodium parasites with IC50 3–78 g mL–1. This activity is classified as high to moderate in inhibiting the growth of the Plasmodium parasite that causes malaria. The mechanism of inhibition of Plasmodium growth is by increasing the pH of food vacuole due to the reaction of nanoparticles with Ferriprotoporphyrin IX. The high pH in the food vacuole will interfere with metabolic activity by inhibiting the activity of aspartate and cysteine ??protease enzymes so that the parasites will die. Malaria merupakan masalah kesehatan yang dihadapi Indonesia khususnya di beberapa wilayah timur Indonesia. Kajian ini memberikan gambaran potensi nanopartikel dalam menghambat vektor malaria maupun pertumbuhan parasit Plasmodium penyebab malaria berdasarkan literatur terbaru sebagai bahan acuan maupun ide-ide penelitian di masa mendatang. Nanopartikel dapat disintesis menggunakan tiga metode yaitu fisika, kimia dan biologi. Penggunaan nanopartikel dengan metode biologi sangat direkomendasikan karena lebih mudah diterapkan, ramah lingkungan, bersifat non-toksik, dan mudah diperbanyak dibandingkan dengan nanopartikel yang disintensis dari fisiko-kimia. Nanopartikel yang disintesis dari beberapa tanaman dapat menghambat pertumbuhan parasit Plasmodium dengan IC50 3–78 g mL–1. Aktivitas ini tergolong tinggi hingga sedang dalam menghambat pertumbuhan parasit Plasmodium penyebab malaria. Mekanisme penghambatan pertumbuhan Plasmodium dengan cara meningkatkan pH vakuola makanan akibat reaksi nanopartikel dengan feriprotoporpirin IX. Tingginya pH pada vakuola makanan akan mengganggu aktivitas metabolisme dengan cara menghambat aktivitas enzim aspartat dan sistein protease sehingga parasit akan mati.

Moluska memiliki potensi besar untuk dikembangkan dalam bidang pharmaceutical dan nutraceutical yaitu sebagai sumber antioksidan baru. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengkaji senyawa yang aktif dan aktivitas antioksidan pada daging kerang balelo (Conomurex sp.) berasal dari perairan Derawan, Kalimantan Timur. Ekstraksi kerang balelo dilakukan dengan tiga jenis pelarut yaitu metanol, etanol, dan etil asetat. Metode analisis yang dilakukan meliputi analisis rendemen, komposisi kimia, senyawa bioaktif dan aktivitas antioksidan dengan metode DPPH. Kerang balelo memiliki kadar protein 27,30%, kadar air 56,29% kadar abu 2,00%, kadar lemak 10,30%, dan kadar karbohidrat sebesar 4,11%. Rendemen daging kerang balelo yaitu 34,7%, sedangkan rendemen ekstrak metanol, etanol dan etil asetat yaitu 15,33 %, 15,16 % dan 0,89%. Kerang balelo mengandung senyawa bioaktif alkaloid, tanin, saponin, fenol hidrokuinon dan steroid yang berfungsi sebagai antioksidan dengan nilai IC50 1.055, 8 µg/mL pada ekstrak metanol, 1.165,9 µg/mL ekstrak etanol dan ektrak etil asetat 1.220,53 µg/mL.Kerang balelo berpotensi sebagai antioksidan dan memiliki senyawa bioaktif yang dapat dikembangkan dalam bidang pharmaceutical dan nutraceutical.

Moluska memiliki potensi besar untuk dikembangkan dalam bidang pharmaceutical dan nutraceutical yaitu sebagai sumber antioksidan baru. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengkaji senyawa yang aktif dan aktivitas antioksidan pada daging kerang balelo (Conomurex sp.) berasal dari perairan Derawan, Kalimantan Timur. Ekstraksi kerang balelo dilakukan dengan tiga jenis pelarut yaitu metanol, etanol, dan etil asetat. Metode analisis yang dilakukan meliputi analisis rendemen, komposisi kimia, senyawa bioaktif dan aktivitas antioksidan dengan metode DPPH. Kerang balelo memiliki kadar protein 27,30%, kadar air 56,29% kadar abu 2,00%, kadar lemak 10,30%, dan kadar karbohidrat sebesar 4,11%. Rendemen daging kerang balelo yaitu 34,7%, sedangkan rendemen ekstrak metanol, etanol dan etil asetat yaitu 15,33 %, 15,16 % dan 0,89%. Kerang balelo mengandung senyawa bioaktif alkaloid, tanin, saponin, fenol hidrokuinon dan steroid yang berfungsi sebagai antioksidan dengan nilai IC50 1.055, 8 µg/mL pada ekstrak metanol, 1.165,9 µg/mL ekstrak etanol dan ektrak etil asetat 1.220,53 µg/mL.Kerang balelo berpotensi sebagai antioksidan dan memiliki senyawa bioaktif yang dapat dikembangkan dalam bidang pharmaceutical dan nutraceutical.

Catfish was a suitable alternative for the main raw material for making surimi, because it has a high protein content, easy to found and than has good prospective to be made surimi product. The aimed of this study to analyze effect of defatting, washing cycle, and frozen storage was add cryoprotectant. This research was conducted three step that is deffating, washing, and made surimi. The concentration of the selected for defatting processed was NaH2PO4 2% during 10 minutes and the result fat content was 0.15%. The best washing was one time of made kamaboko and has gel strength (510.35 g.cm), and the best quality (PLG : 0%; pH : 6.53; water content : 76.6%; folding test : 3.22; bite test : 3,77) when compared with washing cycle two times and three times. The best cryoprotectant addition was 4% trehalose and result of gel strength was 354.15 g.cm for three weeks of frozen storage.

The extreme development and resistance towards cancer drugs, and also the high toxicity, drug resistance and side effects of cancer chemotherapy drug triggers us to develop new drugs as one of the alternative substitutes or combinations of cancer drugs, one of the resources come from marine biodiversity especially sea cucumber. The bioactive compound from sea cucumber can inhibit cancer cell growth with the various mechanism. This study aims to analyze chemical composition, bioactive compound from sea cucumber to inhibit cancer cell line and to analyze mechanism of action of sea cucumber as anticancer with the most recent research studies. The result shows sea cucumber contained protein 44-82%, amino acid, fatty acid, collagen, peptide, micro essential. Each sea cucumber species produced the different secondary metabolites that can use as anticancer. Sea cucumbers contain triterpene glycosides, saponins, holothurin A, stichoposides, frondoside, cucumariosides, dsechinoside, fucoidan, triterpenoid aglycones (philinopgeni), non-glycosaminoglycan, sulfated glycans, sulfated polysaccharides, non-glycosaminosides) that can inhibit cancer cell line. Those bioactive compounds have a various mechanism such as apoptosis in cell line and mitochondria, antioxidative mechanism and membranolytic.

The Belitung Island consists of small islands with seagrass area, which inhabited by species of mollusks but the diversity of in mollusk in these waters no yet widely known. Observations in Kelayang Island (BLTS01 station), Kepayang Island (BLTS02 station), Mendanau Island (BLTS03 station), Sekutai Island (BLTS04 station), Sebongkok Island (BLTS05 station), Ruk Island (BLTS06 station) and Kalimambang Island (BLTS07 station) was conducted on 29 August to 9 September 2018 to find out community structure and mollusks density. The method used was quadrant transect, starting from the edge of the beach perpendicular to the coast. From the results of the study, it was found 22 species of mollusk consisting of 10 species of bivalves class and 12 species of gastropods class. Anadara antiquata, Pinna bicolor and Gafrarium pectinatum from the bivalves class, and Lambis lambis and Strombus urceus from the gastropods class were having a relatively wide distribution. The highest mollusk density was found in station BLTS06 (23.283 individu/ha) and the lowest was in Station BLTS03 (283 individu/ha), respectively Isognomon isognomum was a species that dominated the sand substrate in BLTS06. The value of species diversity index (H') ranged from 2.42 to 3.52. This value indicated the diversity of mollusk species was of moderate condition. Evenness index (J') ranged from 0.71 to 0.86. From the results of this study, it can be concluded that the mollusk community in these waters is still in reasonably good condition.

MORPHOLOGY, CLASIFICATION, AND DISTRIBUTION OF SQUID FAMILY LOLINGINIDAE. Squids are one of Indonesian export commodities that is produced in frozen, salted, dried or canned, however the information about biology, ecology, habitat and distribution of squid are little known. Squid have ten tentacles equipped with suction, and generates ink to defend against their enemies. Squids are demersal or semi-pelagic animal that lives in the waters column up to a depth of 400 m with diurnal movements. Squids reproduce sexually and by deocious. Squids with family Lolinginidae (genus Lolious) are distributed across the Indonesian waters with temperatures of 8 to 32 C and salinity of 8.5 to 30 ppm. Familly Lolinginidae is grouped into several genera included Afrololigo, Allotheuthis, Dorytheuthis, Heterololigo, Loliolus, Lollinguncula, Pickfordiateuthis, Sepioteuthis, dan Urotheuthis

THE BENEFITS AND ROLE OF SQUID FOR HEALTH. Squids are rich in protein with a protein content 15-20%. Squids containing macro and micro minerals such as sodium, potassium, phosphorus, calcium, magnesium and selenium, besides that squid also comprise essential amino acids such as tryptophan, threonine, methionine, lysine, leucine, isoleucine, valine, phenylalanine, and non-essential amino acids such as glutamic acid, aspartic acid, tyrosine, cysteine, serine, proline, glycine, arginine and histidine. Squid ink contain alkaloids that potential as anti-inflammatory, antihypertensive, anti-diabetic, anti-microbial and anti-malaria agents. The benefit of Squids in the food industry are an enhancer of flavor and an artificial leather constituent in the biomedical field.

The Abundance of the Harmful Benthic Dinoflagellate in the Seagrass and Macroalgae Habitats on Pari Island, Thousand Islands, Indonesia. Benthic dinoflagellates are an important part of benthic ecosystems and part of their ecological functions. However, ciguatoxin (CTX) producer dinoflagellates, which could cause Ciguatera Fish Poisoning (CFP) disease, is a known threat to marine biota and the island’s coastal communities, such as in Pari Island. Thus, this research aimed is to study the population of five harmful and toxin producer benthic dinoflagellate genera, namely Amphidinium, Coolia, Gambierdiscus, Ostreopsis, and Prorocentrum, in macroalgae and seagrass habitats of Pari Island. Benthic dinoflagellate samples were collected in Juni 2019 using artificial substrates in the form of a 10×15 cm nylon screen. Environmental variables, such as nutrient concentration (nitrogen and phosphorus) and water temperature were also measured. The results showed that the average benthic dinoflagellate density in seagrass habitats was four times higher compared to the macroalgae habitats. Gambierdiscus were found as the most abundant benthic dinoflagellate in seagrass habitats, while Prorocentrum were more abundant in macroalgae habitats. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) showed that the N:P ratio was the most important regulating parameter for most benthic dinoflagellate genera in this study, except Ostreopsis, which was found to be more abundant in phosphorus-rich macroalga habitats. The data also shows an increase of benthic dinoflagellate cell density up to seven times compared to the previous research data in 2012 and 2013. That trend indicates an increase in the disturbance and pressure on the macroalgae and seagrass habitats of Pari Island, which require special attention to prevent the occurrence of toxic Benthic Harmful Algal Blooms (bHABs) and CFP cases in the island.

Nanopartikel disintesis melalui metode fisika, kimia, dan green synthesis. Kelemahan dari metode fisika adalah konsumsi energi yang tinggi, sedangkan metode kimia memiliki potensi bahaya yang tinggi dalam toksisitas atau produk samping dari reaksi. Penanganan nanomaterial yang tidak tepat merupakan hal yang harus diperhatikan karena dapat membahayakan ekosistem laut. Faktor bahaya dari nanopartikel logam oksida adalah disolusi, yaitu pelepasan ion logam dari logam oksida ke dalam media perairan dan penyerapan ion logam oleh organisme sekitar. Nanopartikel dapat teradsorpsi ke permukaan sel dan menyebabkan perubahan struktur membran lipid dari sel melalui reaksi peroksidasi. Penyebab pembentukan ion logam di air laut terjadi karena terdapat senyawa organik alami seperti asam fulvat dan sistein. Toksisitas nanopartikel terhadap biota laut tergantung pada sifat fisikokimia nanopartikel saat berada di dalam air. Pemakaian nanopartikel yang turut serta dalam pendistribusian nanopartikel sebagai bahan pencemar di ekosistem perairan akan dijelaskan. Selain itu, analisis implikasi dari sintesis nanopartikel terhadap efek toksik yang ditimbulkan juga akan dilakukan sebagai evaluasi efektivitas dari metode sintesis nanopartikel terhadap lingkungan.

Cathepsin was proteolytic enzyme which is found animal tissues included fish. Cathepsin found in fish muscle tissue, cathepsin and other hydrolyzing enzymes were place in subcellular organelles and divided into two places, that was in muscle fibers and extracellular matrix. The aimed of this study was to the characterization of cathepsin enzyme especially catfish. So that in enviromental condition that can increased the activity of cathepsin enzyme an approtiate handling process can be carried out. The method of analyze enzyme activity, while the measurement of protein concentration refered to Bradford (1976). The treatments in this study was determination temperature (30 o C, 40 o C, 50 o C, dan 60 o C) and substrate (1.5% 2%, 2.5%). The result showed of enzyme activity with detrmination temperature very influential and fluctuating, the optimum temperature was 30 o C where the activity reaches 0.38 U/ml. The best activity treatment of substrate was 1.5% where the activity reaches 0.42 U/ml. BSA Standard curve with regression equation y = 0.95x + 0.109. Keywords: Cathepsin, enzyme, substrate, temperature

Phycocyanin is a pigment-protein complex from the light-harvesting phycobiliprotein family which isoften found in cyanobacteria. The product phycocyanin produced by phanizomenon flos-aquae and Spirulinasp. The aim of this study were to determine the best solvents purification phycocanin from Spirulina platensisin three solvents, phosphate buffer, water and aceton ammonium sulphate and to evaluate the antimalarialactivity in vitro of phycocyanin in the best solvent extraction from S. platensis. The method of this study wasusing in-vitro antimalarial method. The result showed C- phycocyanin (C-PC), yield, and protein contentsof phycocyanin were 8 mg/mL, 20.22%, 1.88% extracted and purified by phosphate buffer, 6.63 mg/mL,16.58 %, 3.51% extracted and purified by water, 2.86 mg/mL, 7.15%, 8.4% extracted and purified by acetoneammonium sulphate respectively. Phosphate buffer was the best solvent of phycocyanin extraction from S.platensis. Antimalarial activity in vitro of phycocyanin in hosphate buffer against Plasmodium falciparumstrains 3D7 with IC50 was 158,489 μg/mL. The possible mechanism might be relied on the destruction ofpolymerization of Haemozoin by binding of C-PC with ferriprotoporphyrin-IX at the water surface of theplasma membrane.