1,521 results on '"Diacylglycerol O-Acyltransferase"'
Search Results
2. Novel antisense inhibition of diacylglycerol O-acyltransferase 2 for treatment of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: a multicentre, double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled phase 2 trial
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Loomba, Rohit, Morgan, Erin, Watts, Lynnetta, Xia, Shuting, Hannan, Lisa A, Geary, Richard S, Baker, Brenda F, and Bhanot, Sanjay
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Prevention ,Chronic Liver Disease and Cirrhosis ,Clinical Research ,Digestive Diseases ,Patient Safety ,Clinical Trials and Supportive Activities ,Hepatitis ,Liver Disease ,6.1 Pharmaceuticals ,Evaluation of treatments and therapeutic interventions ,Oral and gastrointestinal ,Good Health and Well Being ,Aged ,Body Mass Index ,Canada ,Case-Control Studies ,Diabetes Mellitus ,Type 2 ,Diacylglycerol O-Acyltransferase ,Double-Blind Method ,Drug Tolerance ,Female ,Humans ,Hungary ,Injections ,Subcutaneous ,Intra-Abdominal Fat ,Magnetic Resonance Imaging ,Male ,Middle Aged ,Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease ,Oligonucleotides ,Antisense ,Placebos ,Poland ,Safety ,Treatment Outcome - Abstract
BackgroundDiacylglycerol-O-acyltransferase 2 (DGAT2) is one of two enzyme isoforms that catalyse the final step in the synthesis of triglycerides. IONIS-DGAT2Rx is an antisense oligonucleotide inhibitor of DGAT2 that is under clinical investigation for the treatment of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). The aim of this trial was to examine the safety, tolerability, and efficacy of IONIS-DGAT2Rx versus placebo in reducing liver fat in patients with type 2 diabetes and NAFLD.MethodsThis double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled, phase 2 study consisted of a 2-week screening period, a run-in period of up to 4 weeks, a 13-week treatment period of once-weekly dosing, and a 13-week post-treatment follow-up period. The study was done at 16 clinical research sites in Canada, Poland, and Hungary. Eligible participants were aged 18-75 years, had a body-mass index at screening between 27 kg/m2 and 39 kg/m2, haemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) levels from 7·3% to 9·5%, and liver fat content 10% or greater before randomisation, and agreed to maintain a stable diet and exercise routine throughout the study. Enrolled participants were stratified on the basis of liver fat content during the run-in period (
- Published
- 2020
3. DGAT1 inhibits retinol-dependent regulatory T cell formation and mediates autoimmune encephalomyelitis.
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Graham, Kareem, Werner, Bonnie, Moyer, Kimberly, Patton, Alycia, Krois, Charles, Yoo, Hong, Tverskoy, Maria, LaJevic, Melissa, Sobel, Raymond, Zabel, Brian, Napoli, Joseph, and Butcher, Eugene
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T regulatory cell ,experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis ,immunometabolism ,multiple sclerosis ,neuroinflammation ,Animals ,Central Nervous System ,Diacylglycerol O-Acyltransferase ,Encephalomyelitis ,Gene Knockout Techniques ,Humans ,Inflammation ,Mice ,Multiple Sclerosis ,T-Lymphocytes ,Regulatory ,Th1 Cells ,Th17 Cells ,Tretinoin - Abstract
The balance of effector versus regulatory T cells (Tregs) controls inflammation in numerous settings, including multiple sclerosis (MS). Here we show that memory phenotype CD4+ T cells infiltrating the central nervous system during experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), a widely studied animal model of MS, expressed high levels of mRNA for Dgat1 encoding diacylglycerol-O-acyltransferase-1 (DGAT1), an enzyme that catalyzes triglyceride synthesis and retinyl ester formation. DGAT1 inhibition or deficiency attenuated EAE, with associated enhanced Treg frequency; and encephalitogenic, DGAT1-/- in vitro-polarized Th17 cells were poor inducers of EAE in adoptive recipients. DGAT1 acyltransferase activity sequesters retinol in ester form, preventing synthesis of retinoic acid, a cofactor for Treg generation. In cultures with T cell-depleted lymphoid tissues, retinol enhanced Treg induction from DGAT1-/- but not from WT T cells. The WT Treg induction defect was reversed by DGAT1 inhibition. These results demonstrate that DGAT1 suppresses retinol-dependent Treg formation and suggest its potential as a therapeutic target for autoimmune inflammation.
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- 2019
4. Triglyceride Synthesis by DGAT1 Protects Adipocytes from Lipid-Induced ER Stress during Lipolysis
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Chitraju, Chandramohan, Mejhert, Niklas, Haas, Joel T, Diaz-Ramirez, L Grisell, Grueter, Carrie A, Imbriglio, Jason E, Pinto, Shirly, Koliwad, Suneil K, Walther, Tobias C, and Farese, Robert V
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Biochemistry and Cell Biology ,Biological Sciences ,Nutrition ,Obesity ,Aetiology ,2.1 Biological and endogenous factors ,Metabolic and endocrine ,Affordable and Clean Energy ,3T3-L1 Cells ,Adipocytes ,Animals ,Diacylglycerol O-Acyltransferase ,Endoplasmic Reticulum ,Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress ,Humans ,Lipolysis ,Mice ,Triglycerides ,Medical Biochemistry and Metabolomics ,Endocrinology & Metabolism ,Biochemistry and cell biology ,Medical biochemistry and metabolomics - Abstract
Triglyceride (TG) storage in adipose tissue provides the major reservoir for metabolic energy in mammals. During lipolysis, fatty acids (FAs) are hydrolyzed from adipocyte TG stores and transported to other tissues for fuel. For unclear reasons, a large portion of hydrolyzed FAs in adipocytes is re-esterified to TGs in a "futile," ATP-consuming, energy dissipating cycle. Here we show that FA re-esterification during adipocyte lipolysis is mediated by DGAT1, an ER-localized DGAT enzyme. Surprisingly, this re-esterification cycle does not preserve TG mass but instead functions to protect the ER from lipotoxic stress and related consequences, such as adipose tissue inflammation. Our data reveal an important role for DGAT activity and TG synthesis generally in averting ER stress and lipotoxicity, with specifically DGAT1 performing this function during stimulated lipolysis in adipocytes.
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- 2017
5. DGAT1-Dependent Lipid Droplet Biogenesis Protects Mitochondrial Function during Starvation-Induced Autophagy
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Nguyen, Truc B, Louie, Sharon M, Daniele, Joseph R, Tran, Quan, Dillin, Andrew, Zoncu, Roberto, Nomura, Daniel K, and Olzmann, James A
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Biochemistry and Cell Biology ,Biological Sciences ,1.1 Normal biological development and functioning ,2.1 Biological and endogenous factors ,Underpinning research ,Aetiology ,Generic health relevance ,Amino Acids ,Animals ,Autophagy ,Carnitine ,Diacylglycerol O-Acyltransferase ,Humans ,Isotope Labeling ,Lipid Droplets ,Mechanistic Target of Rapamycin Complex 1 ,Mice ,Mitochondria ,Models ,Biological ,Multiprotein Complexes ,Palmitic Acid ,TOR Serine-Threonine Kinases ,Triglycerides ,ATGL ,DGAT1 ,DGAT2 ,autophagy ,lipid droplet ,lipotoxicity ,mTORC1 ,mitochondria ,starvation ,triacylglycerol ,Medical and Health Sciences ,Developmental Biology ,Biochemistry and cell biology - Abstract
Lipid droplets (LDs) provide an "on-demand" source of fatty acids (FAs) that can be mobilized in response to fluctuations in nutrient abundance. Surprisingly, the amount of LDs increases during prolonged periods of nutrient deprivation. Why cells store FAs in LDs during an energy crisis is unknown. Our data demonstrate that mTORC1-regulated autophagy is necessary and sufficient for starvation-induced LD biogenesis. The ER-resident diacylglycerol acyltransferase 1 (DGAT1) selectively channels autophagy-liberated FAs into new, clustered LDs that are in close proximity to mitochondria and are lipolytically degraded. However, LDs are not required for FA delivery to mitochondria but instead function to prevent acylcarnitine accumulation and lipotoxic dysregulation of mitochondria. Our data support a model in which LDs provide a lipid buffering system that sequesters FAs released during the autophagic degradation of membranous organelles, reducing lipotoxicity. These findings reveal an unrecognized aspect of the cellular adaptive response to starvation, mediated by LDs.
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- 2017
6. Engineering high-level production of fatty alcohols by Saccharomyces cerevisiae from lignocellulosic feedstocks
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d’Espaux, Leo, Ghosh, Amit, Runguphan, Weerawat, Wehrs, Maren, Xu, Feng, Konzock, Oliver, Dev, Ishaan, Nhan, Melissa, Gin, Jennifer, Apel, Amanda Reider, Petzold, Christopher J, Singh, Seema, Simmons, Blake A, Mukhopadhyay, Aindrila, Martín, Héctor García, and Keasling, Jay D
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Biological Sciences ,Industrial Biotechnology ,Alcohol Dehydrogenase ,Aldehyde Oxidoreductases ,Animals ,Diacylglycerol O-Acyltransferase ,Fatty Alcohols ,Gene Deletion ,Lignin ,Metabolic Engineering ,Mice ,Recombinant Proteins ,Saccharomyces cerevisiae ,Saccharomyces cerevisiae Proteins ,Stearoyl-CoA Desaturase ,Biotechnology ,Biochemistry and cell biology ,Industrial biotechnology - Abstract
Fatty alcohols in the C12-C18 range are used in personal care products, lubricants, and potentially biofuels. These compounds can be produced from the fatty acid pathway by a fatty acid reductase (FAR), yet yields from the preferred industrial host Saccharomyces cerevisiae remain under 2% of the theoretical maximum from glucose. Here we improved titer and yield of fatty alcohols using an approach involving quantitative analysis of protein levels and metabolic flux, engineering enzyme level and localization, pull-push-block engineering of carbon flux, and cofactor balancing. We compared four heterologous FARs, finding highest activity and endoplasmic reticulum localization from a Mus musculus FAR. After screening an additional twenty-one single-gene edits, we identified increasing FAR expression; deleting competing reactions encoded by DGA1, HFD1, and ADH6; overexpressing a mutant acetyl-CoA carboxylase; limiting NADPH and carbon usage by the glutamate dehydrogenase encoded by GDH1; and overexpressing the Δ9-desaturase encoded by OLE1 as successful strategies to improve titer. Our final strain produced 1.2g/L fatty alcohols in shake flasks, and 6.0g/L in fed-batch fermentation, corresponding to ~ 20% of the maximum theoretical yield from glucose, the highest titers and yields reported to date in S. cerevisiae. We further demonstrate high-level production from lignocellulosic feedstocks derived from ionic-liquid treated switchgrass and sorghum, reaching 0.7g/L in shake flasks. Altogether, our work represents progress towards efficient and renewable microbial production of fatty acid-derived products.
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- 2017
7. Engineering high-level production of fatty alcohols by Saccharomyces cerevisiae from lignocellulosic feedstocks.
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d'Espaux, Leo, Ghosh, Amit, Runguphan, Weerawat, Wehrs, Maren, Xu, Feng, Konzock, Oliver, Dev, Ishaan, Nhan, Melissa, Gin, Jennifer, Reider Apel, Amanda, Petzold, Christopher J, Singh, Seema, Simmons, Blake A, Mukhopadhyay, Aindrila, García Martín, Héctor, and Keasling, Jay D
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Animals ,Mice ,Saccharomyces cerevisiae ,Fatty Alcohols ,Lignin ,Alcohol Dehydrogenase ,Aldehyde Oxidoreductases ,Stearoyl-CoA Desaturase ,Saccharomyces cerevisiae Proteins ,Recombinant Proteins ,Gene Deletion ,Diacylglycerol O-Acyltransferase ,Metabolic Engineering ,Biotechnology ,Industrial Biotechnology - Abstract
Fatty alcohols in the C12-C18 range are used in personal care products, lubricants, and potentially biofuels. These compounds can be produced from the fatty acid pathway by a fatty acid reductase (FAR), yet yields from the preferred industrial host Saccharomyces cerevisiae remain under 2% of the theoretical maximum from glucose. Here we improved titer and yield of fatty alcohols using an approach involving quantitative analysis of protein levels and metabolic flux, engineering enzyme level and localization, pull-push-block engineering of carbon flux, and cofactor balancing. We compared four heterologous FARs, finding highest activity and endoplasmic reticulum localization from a Mus musculus FAR. After screening an additional twenty-one single-gene edits, we identified increasing FAR expression; deleting competing reactions encoded by DGA1, HFD1, and ADH6; overexpressing a mutant acetyl-CoA carboxylase; limiting NADPH and carbon usage by the glutamate dehydrogenase encoded by GDH1; and overexpressing the Δ9-desaturase encoded by OLE1 as successful strategies to improve titer. Our final strain produced 1.2g/L fatty alcohols in shake flasks, and 6.0g/L in fed-batch fermentation, corresponding to ~ 20% of the maximum theoretical yield from glucose, the highest titers and yields reported to date in S. cerevisiae. We further demonstrate high-level production from lignocellulosic feedstocks derived from ionic-liquid treated switchgrass and sorghum, reaching 0.7g/L in shake flasks. Altogether, our work represents progress towards efficient and renewable microbial production of fatty acid-derived products.
- Published
- 2017
8. Lipid disequilibrium disrupts ER proteostasis by impairing ERAD substrate glycan trimming and dislocation
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To, Milton, Peterson, Clark WH, Roberts, Melissa A, Counihan, Jessica L, Wu, Tiffany T, Forster, Mercedes S, Nomura, Daniel K, and Olzmann, James A
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Biochemistry and Cell Biology ,Biological Sciences ,Vaccine Related ,Biodefense ,Prevention ,Aetiology ,2.1 Biological and endogenous factors ,Animals ,Cell Line ,Diacylglycerol O-Acyltransferase ,Endoplasmic Reticulum ,Endoplasmic Reticulum-Associated Degradation ,Humans ,Lipid Droplets ,Lipids ,Membrane Proteins ,Polysaccharides ,Proteasome Endopeptidase Complex ,Proteolysis ,Triazenes ,Ubiquitin ,Ubiquitination ,Unfolded Protein Response ,Medical and Health Sciences ,Developmental Biology ,Biochemistry and cell biology - Abstract
The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) mediates the folding, maturation, and deployment of the secretory proteome. Proteins that fail to achieve their native conformation are retained in the ER and targeted for clearance by ER-associated degradation (ERAD), a sophisticated process that mediates the ubiquitin-dependent delivery of substrates to the 26S proteasome for proteolysis. Recent findings indicate that inhibition of long-chain acyl-CoA synthetases with triacsin C, a fatty acid analogue, impairs lipid droplet (LD) biogenesis and ERAD, suggesting a role for LDs in ERAD. However, whether LDs are involved in the ERAD process remains an outstanding question. Using chemical and genetic approaches to disrupt diacylglycerol acyltransferase (DGAT)-dependent LD biogenesis, we provide evidence that LDs are dispensable for ERAD in mammalian cells. Instead, our results suggest that triacsin C causes global alterations in the cellular lipid landscape that disrupt ER proteostasis by interfering with the glycan trimming and dislocation steps of ERAD. Prolonged triacsin C treatment activates both the IRE1 and PERK branches of the unfolded protein response and ultimately leads to IRE1-dependent cell death. These findings identify an intimate relationship between fatty acid metabolism and ER proteostasis that influences cell viability.
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- 2017
9. DGAT1 mutations leading to delayed chronic diarrhoea: a case report
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Luojia Xu, Weizhong Gu, Youyou Luo, Jingan Lou, and Jie Chen
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Infantile diarrhoea ,Failure to thrive ,Genetics ,Diacylglycerol o-acyltransferase ,Case report ,Internal medicine ,RC31-1245 ,QH426-470 - Abstract
Abstract Background Early-onset chronic diarrhoea often indicates a congenital disorder. Mutation in diacylglycerol o-acyltransferase 1 (DGAT1) has recently been linked to early-onset chronic diarrhoea. To date, only a few cases of DGAT1 deficiency have been reported. Diarrhoea in those cases was severe and developed in the neonatal period or within 2 months after birth. Case presentation Here, we report a female patient with DGAT1 mutations with delayed-onset chronic diarrhoea. The patient had vomiting, hypoalbuminemia, hypertriglyceridemia, and failure to thrive at early infancy. Her intractable chronic diarrhoea occurred until she was 8 months of age. A compound heterozygous DGAT1 mutation was found in the patient, which was first found in the Chinese population. Her symptoms and nutrition status improved after nutritional therapy, including a fat restriction diet. Conclusions This case expanded our knowledge of the clinical features of patients with DGAT1 mutations. Intractable diarrhoea with delayed onset could also be a congenital disorder.
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- 2020
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10. Acyl-CoA:Diacylglycerol Acyltransferase 1 Expression Level in the Hematopoietic Compartment Impacts Inflammation in the Vascular Plaques of Atherosclerotic Mice
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Vujic, Nemanja, Abate, Jess Porter, Schlager, Stefanie, David, Tovo, Kratky, Dagmar, and Koliwad, Suneil K
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Biomedical and Clinical Sciences ,Engineering ,Biomedical Engineering ,Heart Disease ,Heart Disease - Coronary Heart Disease ,Aging ,Genetics ,Atherosclerosis ,Cardiovascular ,2.1 Biological and endogenous factors ,Aetiology ,Animals ,Cells ,Cultured ,Diacylglycerol O-Acyltransferase ,Disease Models ,Animal ,Female ,Gene Knockout Techniques ,Lipoproteins ,Lymphocyte Count ,Macrophages ,Male ,Mice ,Neutrophils ,Plaque ,Atherosclerotic ,Receptors ,LDL ,General Science & Technology - Abstract
The final step of triacylglycerol synthesis is catalyzed by acyl-CoA:diacylglycerol acyltransferases (DGATs). We have previously shown that ApoE-/-Dgat1-/- mice are protected from developing atherosclerosis in association with reduced foam cell formation. However, the role of DGAT1, specifically in myeloid and other hematopoietic cell types, in determining this protective phenotype is unknown. To address this question, we reconstituted the bone marrow of irradiated Ldlr-/-mice with that from wild-type (WT→ Ldlr-/-) and Dgat1-/-(Dgat1-/-→ Ldlr-/-) donor mice. We noted that DGAT1 in the hematopoietic compartment exerts a sex-specific effect on systemic cholesterol homeostasis. However, both male and female Dgat1-/-→ Ldlr-/-mice had higher circulating neutrophil and lower lymphocyte counts than control mice, suggestive of a classical inflammatory phenotype. Moreover, specifically examining the aortae of these mice revealed that Dgat1-/-→ Ldlr-/-mice have atherosclerotic plaques with increased macrophage content. This increase was coupled to a reduced plaque collagen content, leading to a reduced collagen-to-macrophage ratio. Together, these findings point to a difference in the inflammatory contribution to plaque composition between Dgat1-/-→ Ldlr-/-and control mice. By contrast, DGAT1 deficiency did not affect the transcriptional responses of cultured macrophages to lipoprotein treatment in vitro, suggesting that the alterations seen in the plaques of Dgat1-/-→ Ldlr-/-mice in vivo do not reflect a cell intrinsic effect of DGAT1 in macrophages. We conclude that although DGAT1 in the hematopoietic compartment does not impact the overall lipid content of atherosclerotic plaques, it exerts reciprocal effects on inflammation and fibrosis, two processes that control plaque vulnerability.
- Published
- 2016
11. DGAT2 Plays a Crucial Role to Control ESRRAPROX1 Transcriptional Network to Maintain Hepatic Mitochondrial Sustainability.
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Lee Y, Hwang Y, Kim M, Jeon H, Joo S, Fang S, and Kim JW
- Abstract
Background: Diacylglycerol O-acyltransferase 2 (DGAT2) synthesizes triacylglycerol (TG) from diacylglycerol; therefore, DGAT2 is considered as a therapeutic target for steatosis. However, the consequence of inhibiting DGAT2 is not fully investigated due to side effects including lethality and lipotoxicity. In this article, we observed the role of DGAT2 in hepatocarcinoma., Methods: The role of DGAT2 is analyzed via loss-of-function assay. DGAT2 knockdown (KD) and inhibitor treatment on HepG2 cell line was analyzed. Cumulative analysis of cell metabolism with bioinformatic data were assessed, and further compared with different cohorts of liver cancer patients and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) patients to elucidate how DGAT2 is regulating cancer metabolism., Results: Mitochondrial function is suppressed in DGAT2 KD HepG2 cell along with the decreased lipid droplets. In the aspect of the cancer, DGAT2 KD upregulates cell proliferation. Analyzing transcriptome of NAFLD and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) patients highlights negatively correlating expression patterns of 73 lipid-associated genes including DGAT2. Cancer patients with the lower DGAT2 expression face lower survival rate. DGAT2 KD cell and patients' transcriptome show downregulation in estrogen- related receptor alpha (ESRRA) via integrated system for motif activity response analysis (ISMARA), with increased dimerization with corepressor prospero homeobox 1 (PROX1)., Conclusion: DGAT2 sustains the stability of mitochondria in hepatoma via suppressing ESRRA-PROX1 transcriptional network and hinders HCC from shifting towards glycolytic metabolism, which lowers cell proliferation.
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- 2024
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12. Diacylglycerol O-acyltransferase type-1 synthesizes retinyl esters in the retina and retinal pigment epithelium.
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Kaylor, Joanna J, Radu, Roxana A, Bischoff, Nicholas, Makshanoff, Jacob, Hu, Jane, Lloyd, Marcia, Eddington, Shannan, Bianconi, Tran, Bok, Dean, and Travis, Gabriel H
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Retina ,Cells ,Cultured ,Animals ,Mice ,Inbred BALB C ,Mice ,Inbred C57BL ,Retinaldehyde ,Esters ,Vitamin A ,Palmitoyl Coenzyme A ,cis-trans-Isomerases ,Acyltransferases ,Gene Deletion ,Diacylglycerol O-Acyltransferase ,Retinal Pigment Epithelium ,Cells ,Cultured ,Mice ,Inbred BALB C ,Inbred C57BL ,General Science & Technology - Abstract
Retinyl esters represent an insoluble storage form of vitamin A and are substrates for the retinoid isomerase (Rpe65) in cells of the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE). The major retinyl-ester synthase in RPE cells is lecithin:retinol acyl-transferase (LRAT). A second palmitoyl coenzyme A-dependent retinyl-ester synthase activity has been observed in RPE homogenates but the protein responsible has not been identified. Here we show that diacylglycerol O-acyltransferase-1 (DGAT1) is expressed in multiple cells of the retina including RPE and Müller glial cells. DGAT1 catalyzes the synthesis of retinyl esters from multiple retinol isomers with similar catalytic efficiencies. Loss of DGAT1 in dgat1(-/-) mice has no effect on retinal anatomy or the ultrastructure of photoreceptor outer-segments (OS) and RPE cells. Levels of visual chromophore in dgat1(-/-) mice were also normal. However, the normal build-up of all-trans-retinyl esters (all-trans-RE's) in the RPE during the first hour after a deep photobleach of visual pigments in the retina was not seen in dgat1(-/-) mice. Further, total retinyl-ester synthase activity was reduced in both dgat1(-/-) retina and RPE.
- Published
- 2015
13. The Path to Triacylglyceride Obesity in the sta6 Strain of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii
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Goodenough, Ursula, Blaby, Ian, Casero, David, Gallaher, Sean D, Goodson, Carrie, Johnson, Shannon, Lee, Jae-Hyeok, Merchant, Sabeeha S, Pellegrini, Matteo, Roth, Robyn, Rusch, Jannette, Singh, Manmilan, Umen, James G, Weiss, Taylor L, and Wulan, Tuya
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Biological Sciences ,Genetics ,Industrial Biotechnology ,Acetates ,Cell Size ,Chlamydomonas reinhardtii ,Diacylglycerol O-Acyltransferase ,Glucose-1-Phosphate Adenylyltransferase ,Glycerolphosphate Dehydrogenase ,Lipase ,Nitrogen ,Sequence Deletion ,Starch ,Triglycerides ,Immunology ,Microbiology - Abstract
When the sta6 (starch-null) strain of the green microalga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii is nitrogen starved in acetate and then "boosted" after 2 days with additional acetate, the cells become "obese" after 8 days, with triacylglyceride (TAG)-filled lipid bodies filling their cytoplasm and chloroplasts. To assess the transcriptional correlates of this response, the sta6 strain and the starch-forming cw15 strain were subjected to RNA-Seq analysis during the 2 days prior and 2 days after the boost, and the data were compared with published reports using other strains and growth conditions. During the 2 h after the boost, ∼425 genes are upregulated ≥2-fold and ∼875 genes are downregulated ≥2-fold in each strain. Expression of a small subset of "sensitive" genes, encoding enzymes involved in the glyoxylate and Calvin-Benson cycles, gluconeogenesis, and the pentose phosphate pathway, is responsive to culture conditions and genetic background as well as to boosting. Four genes-encoding a diacylglycerol acyltransferase (DGTT2), a glycerol-3-P dehydrogenase (GPD3), and two candidate lipases (Cre03.g155250 and Cre17.g735600)-are selectively upregulated in the sta6 strain. Although the bulk rate of acetate depletion from the medium is not boost enhanced, three candidate acetate permease-encoding genes in the GPR1/FUN34/YaaH superfamily are boost upregulated, and 13 of the "sensitive" genes are strongly responsive to the cell's acetate status. A cohort of 64 autophagy-related genes is downregulated by the boost. Our results indicate that the boost serves both to avert an autophagy program and to prolong the operation of key pathways that shuttle carbon from acetate into storage lipid, the combined outcome being enhanced TAG accumulation, notably in the sta6 strain.
- Published
- 2014
14. Remodeling of Membrane Lipids in Iron-starved Chlamydomonas *
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Urzica, Eugen I, Vieler, Astrid, Hong-Hermesdorf, Anne, Page, M Dudley, Casero, David, Gallaher, Sean D, Kropat, Janette, Pellegrini, Matteo, Benning, Christoph, and Merchant, Sabeeha S
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Biological Sciences ,Industrial Biotechnology ,Nutrition ,Genetics ,Chlamydomonas reinhardtii ,Chloroplast Proteins ,Diacylglycerol O-Acyltransferase ,Fatty Acid Desaturases ,Iron ,Lipase ,Membrane Lipids ,Time Factors ,Algae ,Lipid Metabolism ,Plant Biochemistry ,Triacylglycerol ,Fatty Acid Desaturase ,Chemical Sciences ,Medical and Health Sciences ,Biochemistry & Molecular Biology ,Biological sciences ,Biomedical and clinical sciences ,Chemical sciences - Abstract
Chlamydomonas reinhardtii cells exposed to abiotic stresses (e.g. nitrogen, zinc, or phosphorus deficiency) accumulate triacylglycerols (TAG), which are stored in lipid droplets. Here, we report that iron starvation leads to formation of lipid droplets and accumulation of TAGs. This occurs between 12 and 24 h after the switch to iron-starvation medium. C. reinhardtii cells deprived of iron have more saturated fatty acid (FA), possibly due to the loss of function of FA desaturases, which are iron-requiring enzymes with diiron centers. The abundance of a plastid acyl-ACP desaturase (FAB2) is decreased to the same degree as ferredoxin. Ferredoxin is a substrate of the desaturases and has been previously shown to be a major target of the iron deficiency response. The increase in saturated FA (C16:0 and C18:0) is concomitant with the decrease in unsaturated FA (C16:4, C18:3, or C18:4). This change was gradual for diacylglyceryl-N,N,N-trimethylhomoserine (DGTS) and digalactosyldiacylglycerol (DGDG), whereas the monogalactosyldiacylglycerol (MGDG) FA profile remained stable during the first 12 h, whereas MGDG levels were decreasing over the same period of time. These changes were detectable after only 2 h of iron starvation. On the other hand, DGTS and DGDG contents gradually decreased until a minimum was reached after 24-48 h. RNA-Seq analysis of iron-starved C. reinhardtii cells revealed notable changes in many transcripts coding for enzymes involved in FA metabolism. The mRNA abundances of genes coding for components involved in TAG accumulation (diacylglycerol acyltransferases or major lipid droplet protein) were increased. A more dramatic increase at the transcript level has been observed for many lipases, suggesting that major remodeling of lipid membranes occurs during iron starvation in C. reinhardtii.
- Published
- 2013
15. Diacylglycerol Acyltransferase-1 Localizes Hepatitis C Virus NS5A Protein to Lipid Droplets and Enhances NS5A Interaction with the Viral Capsid Core*
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Camus, Gregory, Herker, Eva, Modi, Ankit A, Haas, Joel T, Ramage, Holly R, Farese, Robert V, and Ott, Melanie
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Biochemistry and Cell Biology ,Medical Microbiology ,Biomedical and Clinical Sciences ,Biological Sciences ,Hepatitis - C ,Infectious Diseases ,Liver Disease ,Emerging Infectious Diseases ,Hepatitis ,Chronic Liver Disease and Cirrhosis ,Digestive Diseases ,2.2 Factors relating to the physical environment ,Aetiology ,Infection ,Good Health and Well Being ,Animals ,Antiviral Agents ,Capsid ,Cell Line ,Diacylglycerol O-Acyltransferase ,Gene Expression Regulation ,Viral ,Genes ,Dominant ,HEK293 Cells ,Hepacivirus ,Hepatitis C ,Humans ,Lentivirus ,Lipids ,Mice ,Microscopy ,Fluorescence ,Mutation ,Plasmids ,Protein Binding ,Triglycerides ,Viral Nonstructural Proteins ,Chemical Sciences ,Medical and Health Sciences ,Biochemistry & Molecular Biology ,Biological sciences ,Biomedical and clinical sciences ,Chemical sciences - Abstract
The triglyceride-synthesizing enzyme acyl CoA:diacylglycerol acyltransferase 1 (DGAT1) plays a critical role in hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection by recruiting the HCV capsid protein core onto the surface of cellular lipid droplets (LDs). Here we find a new interaction between the non-structural protein NS5A and DGAT1 and show that the trafficking of NS5A to LDs depends on DGAT1 activity. DGAT1 forms a complex with NS5A and core and facilitates the interaction between both viral proteins. A catalytically inactive mutant of DGAT1 (H426A) blocks the localization of NS5A, but not core, to LDs in a dominant-negative manner and impairs the release of infectious viral particles, underscoring the importance of DGAT1-mediated translocation of NS5A to LDs in viral particle production. We propose a model whereby DGAT1 serves as a cellular hub for HCV core and NS5A proteins, guiding both onto the surface of the same subset of LDs, those generated by DGAT1. These results highlight the critical role of DGAT1 as a host factor for HCV infection and as a potential drug target for antiviral therapy.
- Published
- 2013
16. Investigation of pharmacokinetic drug interaction between clesacostat and DGAT2 inhibitor ervogastat in healthy adult participants.
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Sawant-Basak A, Bergman AJ, Mancuso J, Tripathy S, Gosset JR, Mendes da Costa L, Esler WP, and Calle RA
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- Adult, Humans, Healthy Volunteers, Cytochrome P-450 CYP3A, Enzyme Inhibitors adverse effects, Drug Interactions, Diacylglycerol O-Acyltransferase, Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease, Pyridines
- Abstract
Co-administration of clesacostat (acetyl-CoA carboxylase inhibitor, PF-05221304) and ervogastat (diacylglycerol O-acyltransferase inhibitor, PF-06865571) in laboratory models improved non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD)/non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) end points and mitigated clesacostat-induced elevations in circulating triglycerides. Clesacostat is cleared via organic anion-transporting polypeptide-mediated hepatic uptake and cytochrome P450 family 3A (CYP3A); in vitro clesacostat is identified as a potential CYP3A time-dependent inactivator. In vitro ervogastat is identified as a substrate and potential inducer of CYP3A. Prior to longer-term efficacy trials in participants with NAFLD, safety and pharmacokinetics (PK) were evaluated in a phase I, non-randomized, open-label, fixed-sequence trial in healthy participants. In Cohort 1, participants (n = 7) received clesacostat 15 mg twice daily (b.i.d.) alone (Days 1-7) and co-administered with ervogastat 300 mg b.i.d. (Days 8-14). Mean systemic clesacostat exposures, when co-administered with ervogastat, decreased by 12% and 19%, based on maximum plasma drug concentration and area under the plasma drug concentration-time curve during the dosing interval, respectively. In Cohort 2, participants (n = 9) received ervogastat 300 mg b.i.d. alone (Days 1-7) and co-administered with clesacostat 15 mg b.i.d. (Days 8-14). There were no meaningful differences in systemic ervogastat exposures when administered alone or with clesacostat. Clesacostat 15 mg b.i.d. and ervogastat 300 mg b.i.d. co-administration was overall safe and well tolerated in healthy participants. Cumulative safety and no clinically meaningful PK drug interactions observed in this study supported co-administration of these two novel agents in additional studies exploring efficacy and safety in the management of NAFLD., (© 2024 Pfizer Inc. Clinical and Translational Science published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of American Society for Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics.)
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- 2024
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17. The translational potential of miR-26 in atherosclerosis and development of agents for its target genes ACC1/2, COL1A1, CPT1A, FBP1, DGAT2, and SMAD7.
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Chen W, Wu X, Hu J, Liu X, Guo Z, Wu J, Shao Y, Hao M, Zhang S, Hu W, Wang Y, Zhang M, Zhu M, Wang C, Wu Y, Wang J, and Xing D
- Subjects
- Humans, ADP-Ribosylation Factors, Carotid Intima-Media Thickness, Diacylglycerol O-Acyltransferase, Proprotein Convertase 9, Smad7 Protein, MicroRNAs genetics, Atherosclerosis genetics
- Abstract
Atherosclerosis is one of the leading causes of death worldwide. miR-26 is a potential biomarker of atherosclerosis. Standardized diagnostic tests for miR-26 (MIR26-DX) have been developed, but the fastest progress has been in predicting the efficacy of IFN-α therapy for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC, phase 3). MiR-26 slows atherosclerosis development by suppressing ACC1/2, ACLY, ACSL3/4, ALDH3A2, ALPL, BMP2, CD36, COL1A1, CPT1A, CTGF, DGAT2, EHHADH, FAS, FBP1, GATA4, GSK3β, G6PC, Gys2, HMGA1, HMGB1, LDLR, LIPC, IL-1β, IL-6, JAG2, KCNJ2, MALT1, β-MHC, NF-κB, PCK1, PLCβ1, PYGL, RUNX2, SCD1, SMAD1/4/5/7, SREBF1, TAB3, TAK1, TCF7L2, and TNF-α expression. Many agents targeting these genes, such as the ACC1/2 inhibitors GS-0976, PF-05221304, and MK-4074; the DGAT2 inhibitors IONIS-DGAT2Rx, PF-06427878, PF-0685571, and PF-07202954; the COL1A1 inhibitor HT-100; the stimulants
68 Ga-CBP8 and RCT-01; the CPT1A inhibitors etomoxir, perhexiline, and teglicar; the FBP1 inhibitors CS-917 and MB07803; and the SMAD7 inhibitor mongersen, have been investigated in clinical trials. Interestingly, miR-26 better reduced intima-media thickness (IMT) than PCSK9 or CT-1 knockout. Many PCSK9 inhibitors, including alirocumab, evolocumab, inclisiran, AZD8233, Civi-007, MK-0616, and LIB003, have been investigated in clinical trials. Recombinant CT-1 was also investigated in clinical trials. Therefore, miR-26 is a promising target for agent development. miR-26 promotes foam cell formation by reducing ABCA1 and ARL4C expression. Multiple materials can be used to deliver miR-26, but it is unclear which material is most suitable for mass production and clinical applications. This review focuses on the potential use of miR-26 in treating atherosclerosis to support the development of agents targeting it., (© 2024. The Author(s).)- Published
- 2024
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18. Deficiency of the lipid synthesis enzyme, DGAT1, extends longevity in mice
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Streeper, Ryan S, Grueter, Carrie A, Salomonis, Nathan, Cases, Sylvaine, Levin, Malin C, Koliwad, Suneil K, Zhou, Ping, Hirschey, Matthew D, Verdin, Eric, and Farese, Robert V
- Subjects
Biochemistry and Cell Biology ,Biomedical and Clinical Sciences ,Biological Sciences ,Nutrition ,Aging ,Prevention ,Metabolic and endocrine ,Adipose Tissue ,Animals ,Body Composition ,Bone Density ,Caloric Restriction ,Diacylglycerol O-Acyltransferase ,Energy Metabolism ,Female ,Fertility ,Gene Expression Profiling ,Gene Expression Regulation ,Genotype ,Litter Size ,Longevity ,Mice ,Mice ,Knockout ,Thinness ,DGAT1 ,adipose tissue ,longevity ,triglycerides ,calorie restriction ,Biochemistry and cell biology ,Clinical sciences - Abstract
Calorie restriction results in leanness, which is linked to metabolic conditions that favor longevity. We show here that deficiency of the triglyceride synthesis enzyme acyl CoA:diacylglycerol acyltransferase 1 (DGAT1), which promotes leanness, also extends longevity without limiting food intake. Female DGAT1-deficient mice were protected from age-related increases in body fat, tissue triglycerides, and inflammation in white adipose tissue. This protection was accompanied by increased mean and maximal life spans of ~25% and ~10%, respectively. Middle-agedDgat1-/- mice exhibited several features associated with longevity, including decreased levels of circulating insulin growth factor 1 (IGF1) and reduced fecundity. Thus, deletion of DGAT1 in mice provides a model of leanness and extended lifespan that is independent of calorie restriction.
- Published
- 2012
19. Efficient hepatitis C virus particle formation requires diacylglycerol acyltransferase-1.
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Herker, Eva, Harris, Charles, Hernandez, Céline, Carpentier, Arnaud, Kaehlcke, Katrin, Rosenberg, Arielle R, Farese, Robert V, and Ott, Melanie
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Humans ,Hepacivirus ,Virion ,Transfection ,Immunoprecipitation ,Virus Assembly ,Diacylglycerol O-Acyltransferase ,HEK293 Cells ,Immunology ,Medical and Health Sciences - Abstract
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is closely tied to the lipid metabolism of liver cells. Here we identify the triglyceride-synthesizing enzyme diacylglycerol acyltransferase-1 (DGAT1) as a key host factor for HCV infection. DGAT1 interacts with the viral nucleocapsid core and is required for the trafficking of core to lipid droplets. Inhibition of DGAT1 activity or RNAi-mediated knockdown of DGAT1 severely impairs infectious virion production, implicating DGAT1 as a new target for antiviral therapy.
- Published
- 2010
20. New Obesity Research from Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center Outlined (Loss of monoacylglycerol O-acyltransferase 2 can be compensated for by diacylglycerol O-acyltransferases 1 and 2 resulting in a negligible influence on mammary cancer...).
- Abstract
A recent study conducted at Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center explored the relationship between the expression of the monoacylglycerol O-acyltransferase 2 (MOGAT2) gene and overall patient survival in triple-negative breast adenocarcinoma. The study found that elevated expression of MOGAT2 was associated with a poorer prognosis in patients. Additionally, the study used a mouse model to examine the effect of MOGAT2 on mammary tumor development and found that MOGAT2 deficiency alone could not prevent obesity or tumor development. The study suggests that compensatory mechanisms involving diacylglycerol O-acyltransferases 1 and 2 (DGAT1 and DGAT2) may play a role in these processes. [Extracted from the article]
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- 2024
21. PF-04620110, a Potent Antidiabetic Agent, Suppresses Fatty Acid-Induced NLRP3 Inflammasome Activation in Macrophages.
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Seung Il Jo, Jung Hwan Bae, Seong Jin Kim, Jong Min Lee, Ji Hun Jeong, and Jong-Seok Moon
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- *
NLRP3 protein , *MACROPHAGE activation , *TYPE 2 diabetes - Abstract
Background: Chronic inflammation has been linked to insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). High-fat diet (HFD)-derived fatty acid is associated with the activation of chronic inflammation in T2DM. PF-04620110, which is currently in phase 1 clinical trials as a selective acyl-CoA:diacylglycerol acyltransferase-1 (DGAT1) inhibitor, is a potent anti-diabetic agent that may be important for the regulation of chronic inflammation in T2DM. However, the mechanisms by which PF-04620110 regulates fatty acid-induced chronic inflammation remain unclear. Methods: PF-04620110 was used in vitro and in vivo. DGAT1-targeting gRNAs were used for deletion of mouse DGAT1 via CRISPR ribonucleoprotein (RNP) system. The activation of NLRP3 inflammasome was measured by immunoblot or cytokine analysis in vitro and in vivo. Results: Here we show that PF-04620110 suppressed fatty acid-induced nucleotide-binding domain, leucine-rich-repeat-containing receptor (NLR), pyrin-domain-containing 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome activation in macrophages. In contrast, PF- 04620110 did not change the activation of the NLR family, CARD-domain-containing 4 (NLRC4), or the absent in melanoma 2 (AIM2) inflammasomes. Moreover, PF-04620110 inhibited K+ efflux and the NLRP3 inflammasome complex formation, which are required for NLRP3 inflammasome activation. PF-04620110 reduced the production of interleukin 1ß (IL-1ß) and IL-18 and blood glucose levels in the plasma of mice fed HFD. Furthermore, genetic inhibition of DGAT1 suppressed fatty acid-induced NLRP3 inflammasome activation. Conclusion: Our results suggest that PF-04620110 suppresses fatty acid-induced NLRP3 inflammasome activation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2019
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22. Effects of dietary lysolecithin on growth performance, serum biochemical indexes, antioxidant capacity, lipid metabolism and inflammation-related genes expression of juvenile large yellow croaker (Larimichthys crocea)
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Miao, Weng, Wencong, Zhang, Zhou, Zhang, Yuhang, Tang, Wencong, Lai, Zhijie, Dan, Yongtao, Liu, Jichang, Zheng, Shengnan, Gao, Kangsen, Mai, and Qinghui, Ai
- Subjects
Fatty Acid Desaturases ,Inflammation ,Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha ,Interleukin-1beta ,Lysophosphatidylcholines ,Alanine Transaminase ,Cholesterol, LDL ,General Medicine ,Aquatic Science ,Lipid Metabolism ,Animal Feed ,Antioxidants ,Diet ,Interleukin-10 ,Perciformes ,Lipoprotein Lipase ,Carnitine ,Dietary Supplements ,Animals ,Environmental Chemistry ,Aspartate Aminotransferases ,Diacylglycerol O-Acyltransferase ,RNA, Messenger ,Lipoproteins, HDL - Abstract
A 70-day feeding trial was conducted to investigate effects of dietary lysolecithin on growth performance, serum biochemical indexes, antioxidant capacity, lipid metabolism and inflammation-related genes expression of juvenile large yellow croaker (Larimichthys crocea) with initial weight of 6.04 ± 0.08 g. A formulated diet containing approximately 42% crude protein and 12.5% crude lipid was used as the control diet (CON). The other three experimental diets were formulated with supplementation of 0.2%, 0.4% and 0.6% lysolecithin based on the control diet, respectively. Results showed that weight gain rate (WGR) and specific growth rate (SGR) significantly increased in fish fed diets with lysolecithin compared with those in the control diet (P 0.05). Fish fed diets with 0.4% and 0.6% lysolecithin had notably higher lipid content in muscle than that in the control diet (P 0.05). When fish were fed diets with lysolecithin, serum high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-c) content was notably higher than that in the control diet (P 0.05), while fish fed the diet with 0.6% lysolecithin had a significant lower serum low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-c) content than that in the control diet (P 0.05). Meanwhile, serum aspartate transaminase (AST) and alanine transaminase (ALT) activities in fish fed diets with lysolecithin were remarkably lower than those in the control diet (P 0.05). With the increase of dietary lysolecithin from 0.2% to 0.6%, mRNA expression of stearoyl-coenzyme A desaturase 1 (scd1), diacylglycerol acyltransferase 2 (dgat2) and sterol-regulatory element binding protein 1 (srebp1) showed decreasing trends. Furthermore, mRNA expression of carnitine palmitoyl transferase 1 (cpt1) and lipoprotein lipase (lpl) among each dietary lysolecithin treatment were significantly higher than those in the control diet (P 0.05). In terms of inflammation, mRNA expression of tumor necrosis factor α (tnf-α) and interleukin-1 β (il-1β) were significantly down-regulated in fish fed diets with lysolecithin compared with those in the control diet (P 0.05), while the mRNA expression of interleukin-10 (il-10) was significantly higher than that in the control diet (P 0.05). In conclusion, dietary lysolecithin could promote the growth performance, improve hepatic lipid metabolism and regulate inflammation response in juvenile large yellow croaker, and the optimal supplement level of lysolecithin was approximately 0.4% in this study.
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- 2022
23. The Postnatal Resolution of Developmental Toxicity Induced by Pharmacological Diacylglycerol Acyltransferase 2 (DGAT2) Inhibition During Gestation in Rats
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Natasha R Catlin, Christopher J Bowman, Sarah N Campion, Elise M Lewis, William S Nowland, Christine Stethem, and Gregg D Cappon
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Rats, Sprague-Dawley ,Fertility ,Pregnancy ,Reproduction ,Animals ,Female ,Diacylglycerol O-Acyltransferase ,Rabbits ,Toxicology ,Triglycerides ,Rats - Abstract
Ervogastat (PF-06865571) is a small molecule diacylglycerol acyltransferase 2 (DGAT2) inhibitor being developed for the oral treatment of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) with liver fibrosis. DGAT2 is a key enzyme in triglyceride synthesis in tissues and in regulating energy metabolism. Fertility and developmental toxicity studies with ervogastat were conducted in female rats and rabbits. There were no effects on female rat fertility or rabbit embryo-fetal development. Administration of ervogastat to pregnant rats during organogenesis reduced fetal weight and caused higher incidences of bent bones in fetuses that were shown to resolve by postnatal day 28 and were therefore considered to be transient variations secondary to developmental delay. Extended dosing in rats through the end of gestation and lactation (pre- and post-natal development study) caused impaired skin development, reduced offspring viability, and growth retardation. The spectrum of developmental effects in rats is consistent with the intended pharmacology (altered triglyceride metabolism) and the transient nature of the skeletal findings, along with the late gestational window of sensitivity for the effects on skin barrier development, reduce the concern for potential adverse developmental effects following unintended early gestational exposure to ervogastat in humans where treatment can be discontinued once pregnancy is determined.
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- 2022
24. Apoptotic enteropathy, gluten intolerance, and IBD-like inflammation associated with lipotoxicity in DGAT1 deficiency–related diarrhea: a case report of a 17-year-old patient and literature review
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Ellen Deolet, Bert Callewaert, Jeroen Geldof, Stephanie Van Biervliet, Saskia Vande Velde, Jo Van Dorpe, Myriam Van Winckel, and Anne Hoorens
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Diarrhea ,Adolescent ,PROTEIN-LOSING ENTEROPATHY ,Protein-Losing Enteropathies ,Autoimmune Diseases ,Pathology and Forensic Medicine ,Autoimmune intestinal disease ,Protein losing enteropathy ,Apoptotic enteropathy ,Medicine and Health Sciences ,Humans ,Diacylglycerol O-Acyltransferase ,Child ,MUTATION ,Molecular Biology ,Inflammation ,DIACYLGLYCEROL ACYLTRANSFERASE ,Infant, Newborn ,Cell Biology ,General Medicine ,Congenital diarrhea ,Inflammatory Bowel Diseases ,Celiac Disease ,DGAT-1 mutation ,Touton giant cell ,Female - Abstract
We present a long-term follow-up in a 17-year-old girl with DGAT1-related diarrhea, an autosomal recessive disorder characterized by impaired triglyceride absorption. Neonatal presentation included severe congenital diarrhea, protein-losing enteropathy, and failure to thrive requiring total parenteral nutrition. Duodenal biopsies revealed apoptotic enteropathy and acute inflammation with the presence of macrophages and Touton giant cells, related to the intake of fat. She was able to switch to enteral nutrition on a fat-free diet. However, at age 10, she developed gluten-induced enteropathy and then IBD-like inflammation 5 years later. Immunohistochemistry was able to confirm the diagnosis, while DGAT1 sequencing remained inconclusive. This highlights the role of histopathology and immunohistochemistry, despite the increasing importance of genetic analysis in the diagnostic work-up. This report also illustrates that parenteral nutrition weaning is possible in DGAT1-related diarrhea, but gut barrier dysfunction might increase the risk of autoimmune intestinal disease.
- Published
- 2022
25. Low and high temperatures promote docosahexaenoic acid accumulation in Crypthecodinium sp. SUN by regulating the polyunsaturated fatty acid synthase pathway and the expression of saturated fatty acid preferred diacylglycerol acyltransferases.
- Author
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Fu Z, Zhao T, Chu B, Gao W, Li T, Zhang Z, Li Q, and Sun D
- Subjects
- Diacylglycerol O-Acyltransferase, Temperature, Diglycerides, Fatty Acids, Unsaturated, Fatty Acids metabolism, Docosahexaenoic Acids
- Abstract
Low (15 °C) and high (35 °C) temperatures significantly increased DHA as a percentage of total fatty acids (TFAs) to 43.6 % and 40.46 %, respectively (1.28- and 1.18-fold of that at 25 °C, respectively). The incompleteness of the FAS pathway indicates that DHA synthesis does not occur via this pathway. Meanwhile, Comparative transcriptome analysis showed that the PUFA synthase pathway might be responsible for DHA synthesis in C. sp. SUN. Additionally, the three diacylglycerol acyltransferases all had a substrate preference for saturated fatty acid (SFA)-CoA, which also contributed to the decreased SFA and increased DHA at both low and high temperatures. Additionally, WGCNA analysis identifies key regulatory genes that may be involved in temperature-regulated DHA proportion. The findings of this study indicate the mechanisms of temperature-regulated DHA accumulation in C. sp. SUN and shed light on the manipulation of DHA proportion by changes in temperature., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2023 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)
- Published
- 2023
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26. Expression of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii chloroplast diacylglycerol acyltransferase 3 is induced by light in concert with triacylglycerol accumulation
- Author
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María de las Mercedes Carro, Gabriela Gonorazky, Débora Soto, Leandro Mamone, Carolina Bagnato, Luciana A. Pagnussat, and María Verónica Beligni
- Subjects
Chloroplasts ,Genetics ,Diacylglycerol O-Acyltransferase ,Cell Biology ,Plant Science ,Chlamydomonas reinhardtii ,Triglycerides - Abstract
Considerable progress has been made towards the understanding of triacylglycerol (TAG) accumulation in algae. One key aspect is finding conditions that trigger TAG production without reducing cell division. Previously, we identified a soluble diacylglycerol acyltransferase (DGAT), related to plant DGAT3, with heterologous DGAT activity. In this work, we demonstrate that Chlamydomonas reinhardtii DGAT3 localizes to the chloroplast and that its expression is induced by light, in correspondence with TAG accumulation. Dgat3 mRNAs and TAGs increase in both wild-type and starch-deficient cells grown with acetate upon transferring them from dark or low light to higher light levels, albeit affected by the particularities of each strain. The response of dgat3 mRNAs and TAGs to light depends on the pre-existing levels of TAGs, suggesting the existence of a negative regulatory loop in the synthesis pathway, although an effect of TAG turnover cannot be ruled out. Altogether, these results hint towards a possible role of DGAT3 in light-dependent TAG accumulation in C. reinhardtii.
- Published
- 2022
27. Acyl-CoA:diacylglycerol acyltransferase 1 inhibition in the small intestine increases plasma transaminase activity via the activation of protein kinase C pathway
- Author
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Hideaki Yokoyama, Taku Masuyama, Yuki Tanaka, Iori Tsubakihara, Kazuma Kondo, and Kouichi Yoshinari
- Subjects
Intestine, Small ,Animals ,Acyl Coenzyme A ,Diacylglycerol O-Acyltransferase ,Toxicology ,Protein Kinase C ,Transaminases ,Triglycerides ,Rats - Abstract
Acyl-CoAdiacylglycerol acyltransferase 1 (DGAT1) is a key enzyme in the fat absorption step in enterocytes. We previously reported that the pharmacological inhibition of DGAT1 increased plasma alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) activity in corn oil-loaded rats without any sign of hepatotoxicity. In this study, we investigated this mechanism. We found that this elevation occurred only during the pharmacologically active period of a DGAT1 inhibitor and the magnitude did not depend on the volume of corn oil. In addition, this elevation was not accompanied by increases in ALT or AST mRNA levels in the small intestine and liver. To clarify a lipid component responsible for this elevation, rats were treated with free fatty acids instead of corn oil and no plasma ALT elevation was observed. Next, rats were pretreated with inhibitors of monoacylglycerol acyltransferase 2 and intestinal microsomal triglyceride transfer protein instead of the DGAT1 inhibitor, but no plasma ALT elevation was observed after corn oil loading. Since the results suggested a possible role of diacylglycerol (DAG), which activates protein kinase C (PKC), we measured PKC activity in the small intestine and found that the activity was increased by treatment with the DGAT1 inhibitor and corn oil. Moreover, rats pretreated with a PKC inhibitor in combination with the DGAT1 inhibitor showed suppression of plasma ALT elevation. Taken together, the present results suggest that DAG accumulation induced by pharmacological DGAT1 inhibition and resultant PKC activation in enterocytes are involved in the increase in plasma ALT and AST activity in rats.
- Published
- 2022
28. Functional characterization of two diacylglycerol acyltransferase 1 genes in Mortierella alpina
- Author
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Jiahong Li, H. Chen, Xin Tang, Jinde Cao, Wei Chen, and H. Zhang
- Subjects
Subfamily ,Fatty Acids ,Protein domain ,Saccharomyces cerevisiae ,Sequence alignment ,Biology ,biology.organism_classification ,Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology ,Metabolic engineering ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Mortierella ,Biochemistry ,Biosynthesis ,chemistry ,Arachidonic acid ,Diacylglycerol O-Acyltransferase ,Gene ,Triglycerides - Abstract
Diacylglycerol acyltransferase (DGAT) is a crucial enzyme in the triacylglycerol (TAG) biosynthesis pathway. The oleaginous fungus Mortierella alpina can accumulate large amounts of arachidonic acid (ARA, C20:4) in the form of TAG. Therefore, it is important to study the functional characteristics of its DGAT. Two putative genes MaDGAT1A/1B encoding DGAT1 were identified in M. alpina ATCC 32222 genome by sequence alignment. Sequence alignment with identified DGAT1 homologs showed that MaDGAT1A/1B contain seven conserved motifs that are characteristic of the DGAT1 subfamily. Conserved domain analysis showed that both MaDGAT1A and MaDGAT1B belong to the Membrane-bound O-acyltransferases superfamily. The transforming with MaDGAT1A/1B genes could increase the accumulation of TAG in Saccharomyces cerevisiae to 4·47 and 7·48% of dry cell weight, which was 7·3-fold and 12·3-fold of the control group, respectively, but has no effect on the proportion of fatty acids in TAG. This study showed that MaDGAT1A/1B could effectively promote the accumulation of TAG and therefore may be used in metabolic engineering aimed to increase TAG production of oleaginous fungi.
- Published
- 2021
29. Acyl-CoA:diacylglycerol acyltransferase: Properties, physiological roles, metabolic engineering and intentional control
- Author
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Guanqun, Chen, John L, Harwood, M Joanne, Lemieux, Scot J, Stone, and Randall J, Weselake
- Subjects
Metabolic Engineering ,Animals ,Humans ,Eukaryota ,Esters ,Diacylglycerol O-Acyltransferase ,Acyl Coenzyme A ,Cell Biology ,Biochemistry ,Triglycerides - Abstract
Acyl-CoA:diacylglycerol acyltransferase (DGAT, EC 2.3.1.20) catalyzes the last reaction in the acyl-CoA-dependent biosynthesis of triacylglycerol (TAG). DGAT activity resides mainly in DGAT1 and DGAT2 in eukaryotes and bifunctional wax ester synthase-diacylglycerol acyltransferase (WSD) in bacteria, which are all membrane-bound proteins but exhibit no sequence homology to each other. Recent studies also identified other DGAT enzymes such as the soluble DGAT3 and diacylglycerol acetyltransferase (EaDAcT), as well as enzymes with DGAT activities including defective in cuticular ridges (DCR) and steryl and phytyl ester synthases (PESs). This review comprehensively discusses research advances on DGATs in prokaryotes and eukaryotes with a focus on their biochemical properties, physiological roles, and biotechnological and therapeutic applications. The review begins with a discussion of DGAT assay methods, followed by a systematic discussion of TAG biosynthesis and the properties and physiological role of DGATs. Thereafter, the review discusses the three-dimensional structure and insights into mechanism of action of human DGAT1, and the modeled DGAT1 from Brassica napus. The review then examines metabolic engineering strategies involving manipulation of DGAT, followed by a discussion of its therapeutic applications. DGAT in relation to improvement of traits of farmed animals is also discussed along with DGATs in various other eukaryotic organisms.
- Published
- 2022
30. Moderate Treadmill Exercise Alleviates NAFLD by Regulating the Biogenesis and Autophagy of Lipid Droplet
- Author
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Yangjun Yang, Xi Li, Zonghan Liu, Xinyu Ruan, Huihui Wang, Qiang Zhang, Lu Cao, Luchen Song, Yinghong Chen, and Yi Sun
- Subjects
Diglycerides ,Mice ,Nutrition and Dietetics ,NAFLD ,exercise ,lipid droplet ,lipophagy ,lipid droplet biogenesis ,lipid droplet expansion ,Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease ,Autophagy ,Animals ,Lipid Droplets ,Diacylglycerol O-Acyltransferase ,Sterol Regulatory Element Binding Protein 1 ,Perilipin-2 ,Food Science - Abstract
Lipid droplet is a dynamic organelle that undergoes periods of biogenesis and degradation under environmental stimuli. The excessive accumulation of lipid droplets is the major characteristic of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Moderate aerobic exercise is a powerful intervention protecting against the progress of NAFLD. However, its impact on lipid droplet dynamics remains ambiguous. Mice were fed with 15 weeks of high-fat diet in order to induce NAFLD. Meanwhile, the mice performed 15 weeks of treadmill exercise. Our results showed that 15 weeks of regular moderate treadmill exercise alleviated obesity, insulin intolerance, hyperlipidemia, and hyperglycemia induced by HFD. Importantly, exercise improved histological phenotypes of NAFLD, including hepatic steatosis, inflammation, and locular ballooning, as well as prevented liver fat deposition and liver injury induced by HFD. Exercise reduced hepatic lipid droplet size, and moreover, it reduced PLIN2 protein level and increased PLIN3 protein level in the liver of HFD mice. Interestingly, our results showed that exercise did not significantly affect the gene expressions of DGAT1, DGAT2, or SEIPIN, which were involved in TG synthesis. However, it did reduce the expressions of FITM2, CIDEA, and FSP27, which were major involved in lipid droplet growth and budding, and lipid droplet expansion. In addition, exercise reduced ATGL protein level in HFD mice, and regulated lipophagy-related markers, including increasing ATG5, LAMP1, LAMP2, LAL, and CTSD, decreasing LC3II/I and p62, and promoting colocalization of LAMP1 with LDs. In summary, our data suggested that 15 weeks of moderate treadmill exercise was beneficial for regulating liver lipid droplet dynamics in HFD mice by inhibiting abnormal lipid droplets expansion and enhancing clearance of lipid droplets by lysosomes during the lipophagic process, which might provide highly flexible turnover for lipid mobilization and metabolism. Abbreviations: β-actin: actin beta; ATG5: autophagy related 5; LAMP2: lysosomal-associated membrane protein 2; LAMP1: lysosomal-associated membrane protein 1; SQSTM1/p62: sequestosome 1; GAPDH: glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase; MAP1LC3/LC3: microtubule associated protein 1 light chain 3; ATGL: adipose triglyceride lipase; CSTD: cathepsin D; LAL: lysosomal acid lipase; DGAT1: diacylglycerol-o-acyltransferase 1; DGAT2: diacylglycerol-o-acyltransferase 2; CIDEA: cell death inducing dffa-like effector a; CIDEC/FSP27: cell death inducing dffa-like effector c; FITM2: fat storage-inducing transmembrane protein 2; PLIN2: adipose differentiation related protein; PLN3: tail-interacting protein 47; HSP90: heat shock protein 90; SREBP1c: sterol regulatory element binding protein-1c; chREBP: carbohydrate response element binding protein.
- Published
- 2022
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31. Discovery of Ervogastat (PF-06865571): A Potent and Selective Inhibitor of Diacylglycerol Acyltransferase 2 for the Treatment of Non-alcoholic Steatohepatitis
- Author
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Kentaro Futatsugi, Shawn Cabral, Daniel W. Kung, Kim Huard, Esther Lee, Markus Boehm, Jonathan Bauman, Ronald W. Clark, Steven B. Coffey, Collin Crowley, Anne-Marie Dechert-Schmitt, Matthew S. Dowling, Robert Dullea, James R. Gosset, Amit S. Kalgutkar, Kou Kou, Qifang Li, Yajing Lian, Paula M. Loria, Allyn T. Londregan, Mark Niosi, Christine Orozco, John C. Pettersen, Jeffrey A. Pfefferkorn, Jana Polivkova, Trenton T. Ross, Raman Sharma, Ingrid A. Stock, Gregory Tesz, Hanna Wisniewska, Bryan Goodwin, and David A. Price
- Subjects
Liver Cirrhosis ,Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease ,Drug Design ,Drug Discovery ,Molecular Medicine ,Humans ,Diacylglycerol O-Acyltransferase - Abstract
Discovery efforts leading to the identification of ervogastat (PF-06865571), a systemically acting diacylglycerol acyltransferase (DGAT2) inhibitor that has advanced into clinical trials for the treatment of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) with liver fibrosis, are described herein. Ervogastat is a first-in-class DGAT2 inhibitor that addressed potential development risks of the prototype liver-targeted DGAT2 inhibitor PF-06427878. Key design elements that culminated in the discovery of ervogastat are (1) replacement of the metabolically labile motif with a 3,5-disubstituted pyridine system, which addressed potential safety risks arising from a cytochrome P450-mediated
- Published
- 2022
32. Diacylglycerol Acyltransferase 3(DGAT3) Is Responsible for the Biosynthesis of Unsaturated Fatty Acids in Vegetative Organs of
- Author
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Longyan, Han, Yuhui, Zhai, Yumeng, Wang, Xiangrui, Shi, Yanfeng, Xu, Shuguang, Gao, Man, Zhang, Jianrang, Luo, and Qingyu, Zhang
- Subjects
Linoleic Acid ,Fatty Acids ,Fatty Acids, Unsaturated ,Arabidopsis ,Humans ,Diacylglycerol O-Acyltransferase ,Saccharomyces cerevisiae ,Plants ,Paeonia ,Triglycerides - Abstract
'Diacylglycerol acyltransferase (DGAT)' acts as a key rate-limiting enzyme that catalyzes the final step of the
- Published
- 2022
33. Quantitative proteomic and lipidomics analyses of high oil content GmDGAT1-2 transgenic soybean illustrate the regulatory mechanism of lipoxygenase and oleosin
- Author
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Fan Yan, Jingwen Li, Yajing Liu, Yang Xu, Youcheng Zhu, Qingyu Wang, Han Gao, Shihui Zhao, and Ying Wang
- Subjects
Proteomics ,Linolenic acid ,Linoleic acid ,Lipoxygenase ,Arabidopsis ,Plant Science ,Biology ,Linoleic Acid ,Palmitic acid ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Gene Expression Regulation, Plant ,Diacylglycerol O-Acyltransferase ,Plant Proteins ,chemistry.chemical_classification ,Fatty acid metabolism ,Membrane Proteins ,food and beverages ,Fatty acid ,General Medicine ,Plants, Genetically Modified ,Soybean Oil ,Oleic acid ,chemistry ,Biochemistry ,Multigene Family ,Lipidomics ,Seeds ,Soybean Proteins ,Soybeans ,Stearic acid ,Oleosin ,Agronomy and Crop Science - Abstract
Proteomic and lipidomics analyses of WT and GmDGAT1-2 transgenic soybeans showed that GmDGAT1-2 over-expression induced lipoxygenase down-regulatation and oleoin up-regulatation, which significantly changed the compositions and total fatty acid. The main goal of soybean breeding is to increase the oil content. Diacylglycerol acyltransferase (DGAT) is a key rate-limiting enzyme in fatty acid metabolism and may regulate oil content. Herein, 10 GmDGAT genes were isolated from soybean and transferred into wild-type (WT) Arabidopsis. The total fatty acid was 1.2 times higher in T3 GmDGAT1-2 transgenic Arabidopsis seeds than in WT. Therefore, GmDGAT1-2 was transferred into WT soybean (JACK), and four T3 transgenic soybean lines were obtained. The results of high-performance gas chromatography and Soxhlet extractor showed that, compared with those of JACK, oleic acid (18:1), and total fatty acid levels in transgenic soybean plants were much higher, but linoleic acid (18:2) was lower than WT. Palmitic acid (16:0), stearic acid (18:0), and linolenic acid (18:3) were not significantly different. For mechanistic studies, 436 differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) and 180 differentially expressed metabolites (DEMs) were identified between WT (JACK) and transgenic soybean pods using proteomic and lipidomics analyses. Four lipoxygenase proteins were down-regulated in linoleic acid metabolism while four oleosin proteins were up-regulated in the final oil formation. The results showed an increase in the total fatty acid and 18:1 composition, and a decrease in the 18:2 composition of fatty acid. Our study brings new insights into soybean genetic transformation and the deep study of molecular mechanism that changes the total fatty acid, 18:1, and 18:2 compositions in GmDGAT1-2 transgenic soybean.
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- 2021
34. Loss of ephrin B2 receptor (EPHB2) sets lipid rheostat by regulating proteins DGAT1 and ATGL inducing lipid droplet storage in prostate cancer cells
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Omar E. Franco, Susan E. Crawford, Alejandro Morales, Max Greenberg, Victoria Gil, Francesca Nardi, and Simon W. Hayward
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Male ,0301 basic medicine ,Receptor, EphB2 ,medicine.disease_cause ,Article ,Pathology and Forensic Medicine ,03 medical and health sciences ,Prostate cancer ,0302 clinical medicine ,Cell Line, Tumor ,Lipid droplet ,medicine ,Humans ,Diacylglycerol O-Acyltransferase ,Molecular Biology ,Chemistry ,Erythropoietin-producing hepatocellular (Eph) receptor ,Prostatic Neoplasms ,Cancer ,Lipid metabolism ,Lipase ,Lipid Droplets ,Cell Biology ,Lipid Metabolism ,medicine.disease ,Cell biology ,030104 developmental biology ,030220 oncology & carcinogenesis ,Trk receptor ,Carcinogenesis ,Tyrosine kinase - Abstract
Lipid droplet (LD) accumulation in cancer results from aberrant metabolic reprograming due to increased lipid uptake, diminished lipolysis and/or de novo lipid synthesis. Initially implicated in storage and lipid trafficking in adipocytes, LDs are more recently recognized to fuel key functions associated with carcinogenesis and progression of several cancers, including prostate cancer (PCa). However, the mechanisms controlling LD accumulation in cancer are largely unknown. EPHB2, a tyrosine kinase (TKR) ephrin receptor has been proposed to have tumor suppressor functions in PCa, although the mechanisms responsible for these effects are unclear. Given that dysregulation in TRK signaling can result in glutaminolysis we postulated that EPHB2 might have potential effects on lipid metabolism. Knockdown strategies for EPHB2 were performed in prostate cancer cells to analyze the impact on the net lipid balance, proliferation, triacylglycerol-regulating proteins, effect on LD biogenesis, and intracellular localization of LDs. We found that EPHB2 protein expression in a panel of human-derived prostate cancer cell lines was inversely associated with in vivo cell aggressiveness. EPHB2 silencing increased the proliferation of prostate cancer cells and concurrently induced de novo LD accumulation in both cytoplasmic and nuclear compartments as well as a “shift” on LD size distribution in newly formed lipid-rich organelles. Lipid challenge using oleic acid exacerbated the effects on the LD phenotype. Loss of EPHB2 directly regulated key proteins involved in maintaining lipid homeostasis including, increasing lipogenic DGAT1, DGAT2 and PLIN2 and decreasing lipolytic ATGL and PEDF were observed with EPHB2 silencing. A DGAT1-specific inhibitor abrogated LD accumulation and proliferative effects induced by EPHB2 loss. In conclusion, we highlight a new anti-tumor function of EPHB2 in lipid metabolism through regulation of DGAT1 and ATGL in prostate cancer. Blockade of DGAT1 in EPHB2-deficient tumors appears to be effective in restoring the lipid balance and reducing tumor growth.
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- 2021
35. Low expression of miR-19a-5p is associated with high mRNA expression of diacylglycerol O-acyltransferase 2 (DGAT2) in hybrid tilapia
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Hong Zhang, Zhanyang Tang, Jun Xiao, Yongju Luo, Qian Xu, Huan Zhong, Luojing Zhou, Guo Zhongbao, Jinpeng Yan, Yi Zhou, and Xiaojin Zhang
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Male ,0106 biological sciences ,food.ingredient ,Biology ,01 natural sciences ,03 medical and health sciences ,Nile tilapia ,Acyl-CoA ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,food ,Genetics ,Animals ,Humans ,Diacylglycerol O-Acyltransferase ,RNA, Messenger ,Triglycerides ,030304 developmental biology ,chemistry.chemical_classification ,0303 health sciences ,Messenger RNA ,Triglyceride ,HEK 293 cells ,Tilapia ,Lipid metabolism ,biology.organism_classification ,Molecular biology ,MicroRNAs ,HEK293 Cells ,Enzyme ,chemistry ,Female ,human activities ,010606 plant biology & botany - Abstract
DGAT2 (acyl CoA:diacylglycerol acyltransferase 2) is a key and rate-limiting enzyme that catalyzes the final step of triglyceride (TG) synthesis. In this study, hybrid tilapia were generated from Nile tilapia (♀) and blue tilapia (♂) crossing. The TG content levels in the liver of these tilapia were measured. The results showed that the TG content was higher in the hybrid tilapia. In addition, protein and mRNA expression levels in the tilapia livers were determined. Higher hepatic mRNA and protein expression of DGAT2 in the hybrid fish was found. A luciferase reporter assay with HEK293T cells revealed that miRNA-19a-5p targeted the 3'UTR of DGAT2, suggesting a direct regulatory mechanism. Using qRT-PCR, we found that DGAT2 mRNA levels had a negative correlation with miRNA-19a-5p expression in Nile tilapia and hybrid. Taken together, these findings provide evidence that miRNA-19a-5p is involved in TG synthesis in the regulation of lipid metabolism in tilapia.
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- 2021
36. Highly accurate protein structure prediction for the human proteome
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Ellen Clancy, John M. Jumper, Simon A. A. Kohl, Pushmeet Kohli, Andrew Cowie, Andrew J. Ballard, David Reiman, Gerard J. Kleywegt, Agata Laydon, Ewan Birney, Alexander Pritzel, Clemens Meyer, Michal Zielinski, Alex Bridgland, Stig Petersen, Jonas Adler, Tim Green, Michael Figurnov, Alex Bateman, Russell Bates, Zachary Wu, Andrew W. Senior, Stanislav Nikolov, Demis Hassabis, Koray Kavukcuoglu, Sameer Velankar, Bernardino Romera-Paredes, Augustin Žídek, Kathryn Tunyasuvunakool, R. D. Jain, Olaf Ronneberger, Richard Evans, and Anna Potapenko
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Models, Molecular ,Protein Folding ,Proteome ,Computer science ,Protein Conformation ,Big data ,Datasets as Topic ,Proteomic analysis ,Computational biology ,Article ,Structural bioinformatics ,Protein structure ,Deep Learning ,Machine learning ,Human proteome project ,Humans ,Diacylglycerol O-Acyltransferase ,Structure (mathematical logic) ,Multidisciplinary ,business.industry ,Scale (chemistry) ,Computational Biology ,Membrane Proteins ,Reproducibility of Results ,Protein structure prediction ,Structural biology ,Glucose-6-Phosphatase ,Protein structure predictions ,business - Abstract
Protein structures can provide invaluable information, both for reasoning about biological processes and for enabling interventions such as structure-based drug development or targeted mutagenesis. After decades of effort, 17% of the total residues in human protein sequences are covered by an experimentally determined structure1. Here we markedly expand the structural coverage of the proteome by applying the state-of-the-art machine learning method, AlphaFold2, at a scale that covers almost the entire human proteome (98.5% of human proteins). The resulting dataset covers 58% of residues with a confident prediction, of which a subset (36% of all residues) have very high confidence. We introduce several metrics developed by building on the AlphaFold model and use them to interpret the dataset, identifying strong multi-domain predictions as well as regions that are likely to be disordered. Finally, we provide some case studies to illustrate how high-quality predictions could be used to generate biological hypotheses. We are making our predictions freely available to the community and anticipate that routine large-scale and high-accuracy structure prediction will become an important tool that will allow new questions to be addressed from a structural perspective., AlphaFold is used to predict the structures of almost all of the proteins in the human proteome—the availability of high-confidence predicted structures could enable new avenues of investigation from a structural perspective.
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- 2021
37. Differential intracellular management of fatty acids impacts on metabolic stress-stimulated glucose uptake in cardiomyocytes.
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Vanni E, Lindner K, Gavin AC, and Montessuit C
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- Biological Transport, Fatty Acids, Tetradecanoylphorbol Acetate, Glucose, Myocytes, Cardiac, Diacylglycerol O-Acyltransferase
- Abstract
Stimulation of glucose uptake in response to ischemic metabolic stress is important for cardiomyocyte function and survival. Chronic exposure of cardiomyocytes to fatty acids (FA) impairs the stimulation of glucose uptake, whereas induction of lipid droplets (LD) is associated with preserved glucose uptake. However, the mechanisms by which LD induction prevents glucose uptake impairment remain elusive. We induced LD with either tetradecanoyl phorbol acetate (TPA) or 5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide-1-β-D-ribofuranoside (AICAR). Triacylglycerol biosynthesis enzymes were inhibited in cardiomyocytes exposed to FA ± LD inducers, either upstream (glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferases; GPAT) or downstream (diacylglycerol acyltransferases; DGAT) of the diacylglycerol step. Although both inhibitions reduced LD formation in cardiomyocytes treated with FA and LD inducers, only DGAT inhibition impaired metabolic stress-stimulated glucose uptake. DGAT inhibition in FA plus TPA-treated cardiomyocytes reduced triacylglycerol but not diacylglycerol content, thus increasing the diacylglycerol/triacylglycerol ratio. In cardiomyocytes exposed to FA alone, GPAT inhibition reduced diacylglycerol but not triacylglycerol, thus decreasing the diacylglycerol/triacylglycerol ratio, prevented PKCδ activation and improved metabolic stress-stimulated glucose uptake. Changes in AMP-activated Protein Kinase activity failed to explain variations in metabolic stress-stimulated glucose uptake. Thus, LD formation regulates metabolic stress-stimulated glucose uptake in a manner best reflected by the diacylglycerol/triacylglycerol ratio., (© 2023. Springer Nature Limited.)
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- 2023
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38. High wax ester and triacylglycerol biosynthesis potential in coastal sediments of Antarctic and Subantarctic environments.
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Galván V, Pascutti F, Sandoval NE, Lanfranconi MP, Lozada M, Arabolaza AL, Mac Cormack WP, Alvarez HM, Gramajo HC, and Dionisi HM
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- Antarctic Regions, Bacteria metabolism, Triglycerides, Geologic Sediments, Esters metabolism, Diacylglycerol O-Acyltransferase
- Abstract
The wax ester (WE) and triacylglycerol (TAG) biosynthetic potential of marine microorganisms is poorly understood at the microbial community level. The goal of this work was to uncover the prevalence and diversity of bacteria with the potential to synthesize these neutral lipids in coastal sediments of two high latitude environments, and to characterize the gene clusters related to this process. Homolog sequences of the key enzyme, the wax ester synthase/acyl-CoA:diacylglycerol acyltransferase (WS/DGAT) were retrieved from 13 metagenomes, including subtidal and intertidal sediments of a Subantarctic environment (Ushuaia Bay, Argentina), and subtidal sediments of an Antarctic environment (Potter Cove, Antarctica). The abundance of WS/DGAT homolog sequences in the sediment metagenomes was 1.23 ± 0.42 times the abundance of 12 single-copy genes encoding ribosomal proteins, higher than in seawater (0.13 ± 0.31 times in 338 metagenomes). Homolog sequences were highly diverse, and were assigned to the Pseudomonadota, Actinomycetota, Bacteroidota and Acidobacteriota phyla. The genomic context of WS/DGAT homologs included sequences related to WE and TAG biosynthesis pathways, as well as to other related pathways such as fatty-acid metabolism, suggesting carbon recycling might drive the flux to neutral lipid synthesis. These results indicate the presence of abundant and taxonomically diverse bacterial populations with the potential to synthesize lipid storage compounds in marine sediments, relating this metabolic process to bacterial survival., Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist., (Copyright: © 2023 Galván et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.)
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- 2023
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39. Metabolic engineering of energycane to hyperaccumulate lipids in vegetative biomass
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Guangbin Luo, Viet Dang Cao, Baskaran Kannan, Hui Liu, John Shanklin, and Fredy Altpeter
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Metabolic Engineering ,Arabidopsis Proteins ,Biofuels ,Arabidopsis ,Biomass ,Diacylglycerol O-Acyltransferase ,Plants, Genetically Modified ,Carboxylic Ester Hydrolases ,Triglycerides ,Saccharum ,Biotechnology - Abstract
Background The metabolic engineering of high-biomass crops for lipid production in their vegetative biomass has recently been proposed as a strategy to elevate energy density and lipid yields for biodiesel production. Energycane and sugarcane are highly polyploid, interspecific hybrids between Saccharum officinarum and Saccharum spontaneum that differ in the amount of ancestral contribution to their genomes. This results in greater biomass yield and persistence in energycane, which makes it the preferred target crop for biofuel production. Results Here, we report on the hyperaccumulation of triacylglycerol (TAG) in energycane following the overexpression of the lipogenic factors Diacylglycerol acyltransferase1-2 (DGAT1-2) and Oleosin1 (OLE1) in combination with RNAi suppression of SUGAR-DEPENDENT1 (SDP1) and Trigalactosyl diacylglycerol1 (TGD1). TAG accumulated up to 1.52% of leaf dry weight (DW,) a rate that was 30-fold that of non-modified energycane, in addition to almost doubling the total fatty acid content in leaves to 4.42% of its DW. Pearson’s correlation analysis showed that the accumulation of TAG had the highest correlation with the expression level of ZmDGAT1-2, followed by the level of RNAi suppression for SDP1. Conclusions This is the first report on the metabolic engineering of energycane and demonstrates that this resilient, high-biomass crop is an excellent target for the further optimization of the production of lipids from vegetative tissues.
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- 2022
40. Egg Protein Transferrin-Derived Peptides Irw (Lle-Arg-Trp) and Iqw (Lle-Gln-Trp) Prevent Obesity Mouse Model Induced by a High-Fat Diet via Reducing Lipid Deposition and Reprogramming Gut Microbiota
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Zhuangzhuang Liu, Sujuan Ding, Hongmei Jiang, and Jun Fang
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Leptin ,Insulins ,Diet, High-Fat ,Weight Gain ,Catalysis ,Inorganic Chemistry ,Mice ,Malondialdehyde ,RNA, Ribosomal, 16S ,Animals ,Diacylglycerol O-Acyltransferase ,Obesity ,RNA, Messenger ,Physical and Theoretical Chemistry ,Molecular Biology ,Spectroscopy ,Triglycerides ,Interleukin-6 ,Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha ,Organic Chemistry ,Egg Proteins ,Transferrin ,Membrane Proteins ,General Medicine ,peptides ,obesity ,lipid determination ,gut microbiota ,short chain fatty acids ,Computer Science Applications ,Gastrointestinal Microbiome ,Lipoproteins, LDL ,Mice, Inbred C57BL ,Disease Models, Animal ,Cholesterol ,Glucose ,Adiponectin ,Lipoproteins, HDL ,Peptides - Abstract
Egg-derived peptides play important roles in insulin secretion and sensitivity, oxidative stress, and inflammation, suggesting their possible involvement in obesity management. Hence, the aim of this study is to explore the alleviating effects of IRW (lle-Arg-Trp) and IQW (lle-Gln-Trp) on obesity via the mouse model induced by a high-fat diet. The entire experimental period lasted eight weeks. The results demonstrated that IQW prevented weight gain (6.52%), decreased the glucose, low-density lipoprotein (LDL), malonaldehyde, triglycerides, total cholesterol (TC), and leptin levels, and increased the concentration of adiponectin (p < 0.05, n = 8). Although IRW failed to prevent weight gain, it reduced the concentration of glucose, high-density lipoprotein (HDL), LDL, and leptin, and increased the concentration of adiponectin (p < 0.05, n = 8). Moreover, IRW and IQW increased glucose tolerance and insulin resistance based on the results of the intraperitoneal glucose test and insulin tolerance test (p < 0.05, n = 8). The quantitative polymerase chain reaction results revealed that IRW and IQW downregulated the mRNA expression of DGAT1 (Diacylglycerol O-Acyltransferase 1), DGAT2 (Diacylglycerol O-Acyltransferase 2), TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-1β of liver tissue (p < 0.05, n = 8). The results of the 16S ribosomal RNA amplicon sequencing showed that IQW and IRW tended to reduce the relative abundance of Firmicutes and Parabacteroides, and that IRW enhanced the abundance of Bacteroides (p < 0.05, n = 8). Collectively, IRW and IQW supplementation could alleviate the progression of obesity due to the fact that the supplementation reduced lipid deposition, maintained energy balance, and reprogrammed gut microbiota.
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- 2022
41. Variation in Ovine
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Rong, Dai, Huitong, Zhou, Qian, Fang, Ping, Zhou, Yang, Yang, Shuang, Jiang, and Jonathan G H, Hickford
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Sheep ,Nucleotides ,Muscles ,Animals ,Cattle ,Diacylglycerol O-Acyltransferase ,Sheep, Domestic ,Triglycerides - Abstract
Diacylglycerol O-acyltransferase 1 (DGAT1) is a microsomal enzyme that plays a key role in the synthesis of triglycerides. Its gene (
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- 2022
42. Genetic diversity of DGAT1 gene linked to milk production in cattle populations of Ethiopia
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Behailu Samuel, Dejenie Mengistie, Ermias Assefa, Mingue Kang, Chankyu Park, Hailu Dadi, and Hunduma Dinka
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Milk ,Polymorphism, Genetic ,Genetics ,Animals ,Cattle ,Health Informatics ,Acyl Coenzyme A ,Diacylglycerol O-Acyltransferase ,Ethiopia ,Phylogeny - Abstract
Background Diacylglycerol acyl-CoA acyltransferase 1 (DGAT1) has become a promising candidate gene for milk production traits because of its important role as a key enzyme in catalyzing the final step of triglyceride synthesis. Thus use of bovine DGAT1 gene as milk production markers in cattle is well established. However, there is no report on polymorphism of the DGAT1 gene in Ethiopian cattle breeds. The present study is the first comprehensive report on diversity, evolution, neutrality evaluation and genetic differentiation of DGAT1 gene in Ethiopian cattle population. The aim of this study was to characterize the genetic variability of exon 8 region of DGAT1 gene in Ethiopian cattle breeds. Results Analysis of the level of genetic variability at the population and sequence levels with genetic distance in the breeds considered revealed that studied breeds had 11, 0.615 and 0.010 haplotypes, haplotype diversity and nucleotide diversity respectively. Boran-Holstein showed low minor allele frequency and heterozygosity, while Horro showed low nucleotide and haplotype diversities. The studied cattle DGAT1 genes were under purifying selection. The neutrality test statistics in most populations were negative and statistically non-significant (p > 0.10) and consistent with a populations in genetic equilibrium or in expansion. Analysis for heterozygosity, polymorphic information content and inbreeding coefficient revealed sufficient genetic variation in DGAT1 gene. The pairwise FST values indicated significant differentiation among all the breeds (FST = 0.13; p ≤ 0.05), besides the rooting from the evolutionary or domestication history of the cattle inferred from the phylogenetic tree based on the neighbourhood joining method. There was four separated cluster among the studied cattle breeds, and they shared a common node from the constructed tree. Conclusion The cattle populations studied were polymorphic for DGAT1 locus. The DGAT1 gene locus is extremely crucial and may provide baseline information for in-depth understanding, exploitation of milk gene variation and could be used as a marker in selection programmes to enhance the production potential and to accelerate the rate of genetic gain in Ethiopian cattle populations exposed to different agro ecology condition.
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- 2022
43. Medium-chain triglyceride production in Nannochloropsis via a fatty acid chain length discriminating mechanism
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Yi Xin, Qintao Wang, Chen Shen, Chunxiu Hu, Xianzhe Shi, Nana Lv, Xuefeng Du, Guowang Xu, and Jian Xu
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Diglycerides ,Physiology ,Fatty Acids ,Genetics ,Plant Science ,Diacylglycerol O-Acyltransferase ,Stramenopiles ,Triglycerides - Abstract
Depending on their fatty acid (FA) chain length, triacylglycerols (TAGs) have distinct applications; thus, a feedstock with a genetically designed chain length is desirable to maximize process efficiency and product versatility. Here, ex vivo, in vitro, and in vivo profiling of the large set of type-2 diacylglycerol acyltransferases (NoDGAT2s) in the industrial oleaginous microalga Nannochloropsis oceanica revealed two endoplasmic reticulum-localized enzymes that can assemble medium-chain FAs (MCFAs) with 8–12 carbons into TAGs. Specifically, NoDGAT2D serves as a generalist that assembles C8-C18 FAs into TAG, whereas NoDGAT2H is a specialist that incorporates only MCFAs into TAG. Based on such specialization, stacking of NoDGAT2D with MCFA- or diacylglycerol-supplying enzymes or regulators, including rationally engineering Cuphea palustris acyl carrier protein thioesterase, Cocos nucifera lysophosphatidic acid acyltransferase, and Arabidopsis thaliana WRINKLED1, elevated the medium-chain triacylglycerol (MCT) share in total TAG 66-fold and MCT productivity 64.8-fold at the peak phase of oil production. Such functional specialization of NoDGAT2s in the chain length of substrates and products reveals a dimension of control in the cellular TAG profile, which can be exploited for producing designer oils in microalgae.
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- 2022
44. Genome-Wide Analysis of the
- Author
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Yu-Ze, Li, Jia-Wei, Zhu, Wei, Lin, Mo-Ying, Lan, Cong, Luo, Li-Ming, Xia, Yi-Li, Zhang, Rong-Zhen, Liang, Wang-Li, Hu, Gui-Xiang, Huang, and Xin-Hua, He
- Subjects
Citrus ,Aspartic Acid Proteases ,beta-Fructofuranosidase ,RNA Ligase (ATP) ,Self-Incompatibility in Flowering Plants ,Gibberellins ,Ribonucleases ,Endoribonucleases ,Pollen ,RNA ,Diacylglycerol O-Acyltransferase ,Phospholipids ,Fucose ,Plant Proteins - Abstract
S-RNase plays vital roles in the process of self-incompatibility (SI) in
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- 2022
45. [Effect of Danlou Tablets on alleviating hepatic adipogenesis, inflammatory response, and insulin resistance in db/db mice]
- Author
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Ya-Fen, Pang, Ming, Huang, Lin, Li, Xin, Zhao, Hong-Xia, Zhang, and Yu-Hong, Li
- Subjects
Blood Glucose ,Male ,Adipogenesis ,Interleukin-6 ,Lipids ,Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental ,Mice ,Liver ,Animals ,Insulin ,Diacylglycerol O-Acyltransferase ,RNA, Messenger ,Insulin Resistance ,Sterol Regulatory Element Binding Protein 1 ,Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt ,Drugs, Chinese Herbal - Abstract
This study explored the effect and potential mechanism of Danlou Tablets(DLT) on insulin resistance in db/db mice with type 2 diabetic mellitus(T2 DM). The db/db male mice were randomly assigned into model control(MC) group, metformin(MET, tablet, 100 mg·kg~(-1)) group, and DLT(1 g·kg~(-1)) group, and C57 BL/6 J mice were taken as normal control(NC) group. The mice in the MET group and DLT group were given corresponding drugs by gavage once a day for 16 weeks. The fasting blood glucose, glucose tolerance, and insulin tolerance were measured to evaluate the effect of DLT on blood glucose and insulin resistance in diabetic mice. The serum free fatty acid, triacylglycerol, and total cholesterol levels were determined to evaluate the effect of DLT on blood lipids in diabetic mice. The liver index and perirenal fat index were calculated to measure the effect of DLT on lipid accumulation in non-adipose tissue and adipose tissue. Western blot was performed to determine the protein levels of insulin receptor-β(IRβ), phospho-IRβ(p-IRβ), phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase(PI3 K), and insulin receptor substrate-1(IRS-1) involved in IRS-1/PI3 K/Akt signaling pathway in the livers of mice to reveal the mechanism of DLT in alleviating insulin resistance in diabetic mice. The protein levels of sterol regulatory element binding protein-1(SREBP-1) and the mRNA levels of sterol regulatory element binding protein-1 c(SREBP-1 c), fatty acid synthase(FAS), acetyl-CoA carboxylase(ACC), diacylglycerol acyltransferase-1(Dgat1), and diacylglycerol acyltransferase-2(Dgat2) involved in the SREBP-1/FAS signaling pathway were detected to evaluate the effect of DLT on lipid metabolism in diabetic mice. Real-time quantitative PCR was employed to determine the mRNA levels of galectin-3(Gal-3), interleukin-6(IL-6), and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1(MCP-1) in mouse liver to evaluate the effect of DLT on inflammatory response in diabetic mice. The results showed that DLT significantly reduced the blood glucose and lipid levels and alleviated the insulin resistance in diabetic mice. Compared with the MC group, DLT significantly up-regulated the protein levels of p-IRβ, PI3 K, and IRS-1(Plt;0.05 or Plt;0.01), and down-regulated the protein level of SREBP-1 in liver tissues of diabetic mice(Plt;0.05). DLT lowered the mRNA levels of SREBP-1 c, FAS, ACC, Dgat1, and Dgat2 related to lipid metabolism as well as those of Gal-3, IL-6, and MCP-1 associated with inflammation in the livers of diabetic mice(Plt;0.05 or Plt;0.01). The findings of this study suggest that DLT may alleviate insulin resistance in diabetic mice by regulating IRS-1/PI3 K/Akt signaling pathway and SREBP-1/FAS signaling pathway to reduce lipid production and inhibit inflammatory response.
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- 2022
46. Homologous Overexpression of Diacylglycerol Acyltransferase in Oleaginous Fungus
- Author
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Feifei, Xin, Ruixue, Wang, Yufei, Chang, Meng, Gao, Zhike, Xie, Wu, Yang, Meiling, Chen, Huaiyuan, Zhang, and Yuanda, Song
- Subjects
Mucor ,Fatty Acids ,Diacylglycerol O-Acyltransferase ,Lipid Metabolism ,Triglycerides - Abstract
Diacylglycerol acyltransferase (DGAT) catalyzes the binding of acyl-CoA to diacylglycerol to form triacylglycerol (TAG). Previous studies strongly indicate that DGAT2, rather than DGAT1, is crucial for TAG accumulation in the oleaginous fungus
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- 2022
47. Enhancing very long chain fatty acids production in Yarrowia lipolytica
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Peter Gajdoš, Veronika Urbaníková, Mária Vicenová, and Milan Čertík
- Subjects
Biofuels ,Fatty Acids ,Yarrowia ,Bioengineering ,Biomass ,Diacylglycerol O-Acyltransferase ,Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology ,Biotechnology - Abstract
Background Very long chain fatty acids (VLCFA) and their derivatives are industrially attractive compounds. The most important are behenic acid (C22:0) and erucic acid (C22:1Δ13), which are used as lubricants, and moisturizers. C22:0 and C22:1Δ13 have also potential for biofuel production. These fatty acids are conventionally obtained from plant oils. Yarrowia lipolytica is an oleaginous yeast with a long history of gene manipulations resulting in the production of industrially interesting compounds, such as organic acids, proteins, and various lipophilic molecules. It has been shown previously that it has potential for the production of VLCFA enriched single cell oils. Results The metabolism of Y. lipolytica was redesigned to achieve increased production of VLCFA. The effect of native diacylglycerol acyltransferases of this yeast YlLro1p, YlDga1p, and YlDga2p on the accumulation of VLCFA was examined. It was found that YlDga1p is the only enzyme with a beneficial effect. Further improvement of accumulation was achieved by overexpression of 3-ketoacyl-CoA synthase (TaFAE1) under 8UAS-pTEF promoter and blockage fatty acid degradation pathway by deletion of YlMFE1. The best-producing strain YL53 (Δmfe, pTEF-YlDGA1, 8UAS-pTEF-TaFAE1) produced 120 µg of very long chain fatty acids per g of produced biomass, which accounted for 34% of total fatty acids in biomass. Conclusions Recombinant strains of Y. lipolytica have proved to be good producers of VLCFA. Redesign of lipid metabolism pathways had a positive effect on the accumulation of C22:1Δ13 and C22:0, which are technologically attractive compounds.
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- 2022
48. A yeast-based tool for screening mammalian diacylglycerol acyltransferase inhibitors
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Peter Gajdoš, Rodrigo Ledesma‐Amaro, Jean‐Marc Nicaud, and Tristan Rossignol
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Mice ,Animals ,Humans ,Yarrowia ,Diacylglycerol O-Acyltransferase ,Enzyme Inhibitors ,Microbiology - Abstract
Dysregulation of lipid metabolism is associated with obesity and metabolic diseases but there is also increasing evidence of a relationship between lipid body excess and cancer. Lipid body synthesis requires diacylglycerol acyltransferases (DGATs) which catalyze the last step of triacylglycerol synthesis from diacylglycerol and acyl-coenzyme A. The DGATs and in particular DGAT2, are therefore considered potential therapeutic targets for the control of these pathologies. Here, the murine and the human DGAT2 were overexpressed in the oleaginous yeast Yarrowia lipolytica deleted for all DGAT activities, to evaluate the functionality of the enzymes in this heterologous host and DGAT activity inhibitors. This work provides evidence that mammalian DGATs expressed in Y. lipolytica are a useful tool for screening chemical libraries to identify potential inhibitors or activators of these enzymes of therapeutic interest.
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- 2022
49. New Pathogenic Mutations Associated with Diacylglycerol O-Acyltransferase 1 Deficiency
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Lesley Rawlings, Jessica Allison Eldredge, Michael R. Couper, Richard Couper, and Christopher P. Barnett
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Mutation ,business.industry ,Compound heterozygosity ,medicine.disease_cause ,Phenotype ,Microbiology ,03 medical and health sciences ,0302 clinical medicine ,Diacylglycerol O-Acyltransferase ,030225 pediatrics ,Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health ,Diarrheal disorder ,medicine ,Macrophage ,030212 general & internal medicine ,business ,Dietary fat ,Diacylglycerol kinase - Abstract
Diacylglycerol O-acyltransferase 1 deficiency is a recently discovered, rare congenital diarrheal disorder. We report 2 patients with newly described pathogenic mutations in diacylglycerol O-acyltransferase 1 with compound heterozygous inheritance and unusual phenotypes. This included a macrophage activation syndrome-like response seen in one patient, ameliorated with low dietary fat.
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- 2021
50. Evolutionary and biochemical characterization of a Chromochloris zofingiensis MBOAT with wax synthase and diacylglycerol acyltransferase activity
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Juli Wang, Junhao Lu, Xue Pan, Jake Stout, Qiyuan Shan, Yang Xu, and Guanqun Chen
- Subjects
0106 biological sciences ,0301 basic medicine ,Physiology ,Chlamydomonas reinhardtii ,MBOAT ,Plant Science ,01 natural sciences ,03 medical and health sciences ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Biosynthesis ,Microalgae ,Diacylglycerol O-Acyltransferase ,Triglycerides ,2. Zero hunger ,biology ,food and beverages ,biology.organism_classification ,Yeast ,Wax ester ,030104 developmental biology ,chemistry ,Biochemistry ,Acyltransferase ,Acyltransferases ,Functional divergence ,Function (biology) ,010606 plant biology & botany - Abstract
Wax synthase (WS) catalyzes the last step in wax ester biosynthesis in green plants. Two unrelated sub-families of WS, including the bifunctional acyltransferase and plant-like WS have been reported, but the latter is largely uncharacterized in microalgae. Here, we functionally characterized a putative plant-like WS (CzWS1) from the emerging model green microalga Chromochloris zofingiensis. Our results showed that plant-like WS evolved under different selection constraints in plants and microalgae, with positive selection likely contributing to functional divergence. Unlike jojoba with high amounts of wax ester in seeds and a highly active WS enzyme, C. zofingiensis has no detectable wax ester but a high abundance of WS transcripts. Co-expression analysis showed that C. zofingiensis WS has different expression correlation with lipid biosynthetic genes from jojoba, and may have a divergent function. In vitro characterization indicated that CzWS1 had diacylglycerol acyltransferase activity along with WS activity, and overexpression of CzWS1 in yeast and Chlamydomonas reinhardtii affected triacylglycerol accumulation. Moreover, biochemical and bioinformatic analyses revealed the relevance of the C-terminal region of CzWS1 in enzyme function. Taken together, our results indicated a functional divergence of plant-like WS in plants and microalgae, and the importance of its C-terminal region in specialization of enzyme function.
- Published
- 2021
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