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Je voudrais, tout d’abord, consacrer un moment de réflexion au titre de ce colloque : titre intelligent, aux vastes implications, angoissant pour la multitude de références que l’unique culture gionienne exige. Car, si l’on doit parler de Giono dans sa culture il faut du moins esquisser les grandes lignes d’un patrimoine qui lui appartient et dans lequel il s’est formé : tâche difficile à l’égard de tout homme « cultivé », mais en particulier de cet écrivain qui a puisé abondamment dans la tr...

Les voyages représentent pour Flaubert un immense réservoir auquel l’écrivain a puisé pour la création de son œuvre. Hérodias, par ses anachronismes et ses « fautes », pourrait représenter un catalogue de la méthode flaubertienne et une preuve irréfutable de l’indifférence de l’écrivain à l’égard de la vérité. Partant du voyage en Palestine (1850), cet article met en évidence les profondes transformations subies par des données diverses concernant ce voyage, pour aboutir au Vrai d’Hérodias.

L’œuvre de la journaliste et romancière napolitaine Matilde Serao (1856-1927) manifeste l’influence des écoles littéraires de son temps (naturalisme, vérisme, expérimentalisme), mais aussi d’auteurs comme Balzac et Flaubert. Cet article analyse en particulier le rapport entre Madame Bovary et Fantasia, mettant en évidence, dans le roman de Matilde Serao, des échos manifestes du texte flaubertien mais soulignant aussi de profondes différences entre les deux ouvrages. The work of the Neapolitan journalist and novelist Matilde Serao (1856-1927) shows the influence of her time’s literary schools (Naturalism, Verism, Experimentalism), but also of authors such as Balzac and Flaubert. We will analyze in particular the relationship between Madame Bovary and Fantasia, illustrating how, in Matilde Serao’s novel, there are patent echoes of Flaubert’s text but also highlighting the deep differences between the two works.

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BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Steatosis and insulin resistance (IR) are the major disease modifying in patients with chronic hepatitis C (CHC). Only few studies evaluated these features in patients with chronic hepatitis B (CHB). We aimed to assess the prevalence and the factors related to steatosis and IR in CHB patients, compared with CHC subjects, and to evaluate the potential association between these features and fibrosis severity. MATERIAL AND METHODS: One hundred and seventy consecutive patients with CHB (28 HBeAg positive, 142 HBeAg negative), were evaluated using liver biopsy and metabolic measurements and matched for sex, age and body mass index with 170 genotype 1 CHC patients. IR was defined if HOMA-IR>2.7. All biopsies were scored for grading and staging by Scheuer's score, and the steatosis was considered significant if ≥ 10%. RESULTS: The prevalence of significant steatosis was similar in both CHB and CHC patients (31 vs. 38%; P=0.14). IR rate was significantly higher in CHC than in CHB patients (42 vs. 26%; P=0.002). Severe fibrosis (F3-F4), at multivariate analysis, was independently associated with older age (OR 1.050, 95% CI 1.009-1.093), steatosis >10% (OR 4.375, 95% CI 1.749-10.943), and moderate-severe necroinflammatory activity (OR 8.187, 95% CI 2.103-31.875), regardless of HBeAg status, in CHB patients, and with older age (OR 1.080, 95% CI 1.028-1.136), IR (OR 2.640, 95% CI 1.110-6.281), steatosis >10% (OR 3.375, 95% CI 1.394-8.171), and moderate-severe necroinflammatory activity (OR 8.988, 95% CI 1.853-43.593) in CHC patients. CONCLUSIONS: CHB patients had high steatosis prevalence, similar to CHC controls, but lower IR rate. Both steatosis and IR in CHC, and only steatosis in CHB, are independently associated with fibrosis severity.

The triglycerides × glucose (TyG) index is a recently proposed surrogate marker of insulin resistance (IR), calculated from fasting plasma triglyceride and glucose concentrations. We tested the host and viral factors associated with Tyg and homeostasis model assessment (HOMA) scores, comparing their associations with histological features and with sustained virological response (SVR) in patients with genotype 1 chronic hepatitis C(G1CHC). Three hundred and forty consecutive patients with G1CHC were considered. All had a liver biopsy scored by one pathologist for staging and grading (Scheuer), and graded for steatosis, which was considered moderate–severe if ≥30%. Anthropometric and metabolic measurements, including IR measured by both HOMA and TyG, were registered. By linear regression analysis, TyG was independently associated with waist circumference (WC), total cholesterol, presence of arterial hypertension, Log10 HCV-RNA and steatosis. Similarly, WC and steatosis were significantly associated with HOMA. Older age (OR, 1.036; 95%CI, 1.004–1.070, P = 0.02), higher WC (1.031; 1.004–1.060; P = 0.02) and higher TyG (11.496; 3.163–41.784; P < 0.001) were linked to moderate-to-severe steatosis (≥30%) by multiple logistic regression analysis. When TyG was replaced by HOMA-IR in the model, the latter remained significantly associated with steatosis ≥30% (1.237; 1.058–1.448; P = 0.008). Receiver operating characteristic curves showed a similar performance of TyG (AUC 0.682) and HOMA-IR (AUC 0.699) in predicting moderate–severe steatosis. No independent associations were found between both TyG and HOMA and fibrosis or SVR. In patients with G1CHC , TyG, an easy-to-calculate and low-cost surrogate marker of IR, is linked to liver steatosis and shows an independent association with viral load.

International audience; L'idée d'une interface multilingue, que les auteurs illustrent dans ce volume, est venue enrichir le projet initial et une bourse a été décernée par le Ministère des Affaires étrangères et européennes (France) et le Ministero dell'Istruzione, dell'Università e della Ricerca (Italie) au sein du Programme Galilée 2008-2009. C'est grâce à ce financement que les membres des deux équipes ont pu se retrouver, d'abord à Lyon (2-3 juillet 2009), puis à Messine (19-20 octobre 2009) pour confronter leurs opinions et hypothèses, mettre en commun les premiers résultats de leurs travaux in itinere, échanger des réflexions et émettre des propositions; c'est grâce à ce financement que l'interface est à présent disponible en quatre langues (français, anglais, italien, espagnol), ce qui facilite l'accès au site pour les chercheurs non francophones. L'ouvrage comporte une vingtaine de communications, individuellement déposées sur HAL dans leur majorité.

Background/Aim: Patients with an occult hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection undergoing deep immunosuppression are potentially at risk of HBV reactivation. In order to assess whether a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay for HBV DNA in serum could be used to predict the reactivation of an occult HBV infection, we performed a retrospective study in a cohort of Sicilian patients with oncohaematological diseases. Methods: We studied by a highly sensitive ad hoc nested PCR for serum HBV DNA 75 HBsAg-negative oncohaematological patients requiring chemotherapy. Results: Thirty-three patients (44%) were HBV seronegative (anti-HBc and anti-HBs negative) and 42 patients (56%) were HBV seropositive (anti-HBc and/or anti-HBs positive). Baseline serum HBV DNA was positive in nine out of 33 HBV-seronegative patients and in nine out of 42 HBV-seropositive patients (27.3 vs. 21.4%; P=NS). HBsAg seroconversion was observed in five out of 33 seronegative vs. six out of 42 seropositive patients (15 vs. 14%, P=0.9), and in five out of 18 HBV DNA-positive vs. six out of 57 HBV DNA-negative patients (27.7 vs. 10.6%P=0.11). Hepatitis C virus infection was found in 18 patients (24.3%), although with no correlation to HBV serological status, presence of serum HBV DNA or frequency of HBsAg seroconversion. Conclusions: In oncohaematological patients undergoing chemotherapy, highly sensitive serum HBV DNA testing at baseline has a 28% predictive ability to forecast HBsAg seroconversion in HBV DNA-positive patients, and a 90% ability to forecast persistent HBsAg negativity in HBV DNA-negative patients, a better performance than serological tests.

Background: The relative prevalence of each HCV strain in a specific country is characterized by a predominant genotype and a number of other sub-prevalent types. Over the last decade a shift away from the prevalent HCV G1 towards G3 and G4 has been reported in some countries, and might affect the global management of HCV disease. Aim: In order to assess any possible variation in the prevalence of HCV genotypes in Sicily, we surveyed an hospital based cohort of subjects with chronic HCV infection observed over the last ten years. Patient and methods: 3209 Italian patients resident in Western Sicily, 1842/1367 M/F, between 1 and 89 years of age, presented at our tertiary referral Laboratory between 1997 to 2007 and genotyped by Line Probe Assay (INNOLIPA HCV III). We compared the distribution of the HCV genotypes in two consecutive periods, from 1997 to 2002 and from 2003 to 2007, according to age. Results and conclusion: The prevalent genotypes was 1 in all age groups, but the rate of subtype 1b decrease between 1997 and 2007 from 80.7 to 63.0% with a proportional low increase of the other genotypes. In the first period genotype 1 and 2 were more prevalent in the persons aged 46-65 years but in the second period the rates were very high in the elderly (>56 years), suggesting a cohort effect. Genotype 3a was more frequent among younger people (

Longtemps catalogué comme « romancier de la nature », c’est en écrivain de grande culture que Giono apparaît davantage aujourd’hui, sans que soit oublié pour autant son rapport privilégié au cosmos. Une compréhension plus complète de l’œuvre, une meilleure connaissance de sa genèse ont révélé l’étendue et la diversité des lectures que l’écriture gionienne met en jeu. De l’Antiquité à la modernité, de l’Amérique à l’Extrême-Orient, le champ est immense d’une culture qui s’est construite hors des institutions, dans le pur plaisir de lire, au gré des curiosités, des amitiés, des épreuves, des exigences de la création, et dont témoigne encore aujourd’hui la vaste bibliothèque du Paraïs à Manosque. Si l’on ajoute à cette passion de l’imprimé un goût profond pour la musique et la peinture, un intérêt certain pour le cinéma et la photographie, on mesure l’ampleur de la tâche à laquelle sont confrontés les chercheurs soucieux d’éclairer la relation de Giono à sa culture. Premier ouvrage collectif entièrement consacré à cette problématique, les Actes du colloque international de Perpignan et Montpellier apportent une riche contribution à la connaissance du dialogue exceptionnel qui se noue, dans le mouvement de la création, entre l’un des grands romanciers français du XXe siècle et la culture universelle.