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I vigneti, disposti in filari regolari lungo le pendici delle nostre colline, disegnano da secoli il paesaggio agricolo irpino ed oggi più che mai sono oggetto di attenzione grazie all'esplosione commerciale e mediatica del settore vitivinicolo. A questo fenomeno se ne aggiunge uno più recente: la consapevolezza da parte degli imprenditori che attribuendo una maggiore attenzione all'architettura, si può ulteriormente qualificare e incrementare il settore del cosiddetto 'turismo del vino'.Il seguente saggio riporta i risultati del progetto L'architettura del vino in Irpinia, svolto da ricercatori dell'Istituto di Scienze dell'Alimentazione del Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, rivolto ai proprietari di quelle cantine vitivinicole della provincia di Avellino, per le quali è stato possibile riconoscere un certo interesse progettuale, architettonico e d'inserimento nel contesto paesaggistico.

La laguna di Lesina raccoglie le acque ricche di inquinanti di origine agricola provenienti dal bacino idrografico. Infatti, nel bacino imbrifero è praticata un'agricoltura intensiva spesso al limite della sostenibilità con uso massivo di prodotti chimici. Questi prodotti spesso contengono metalli pesanti che possono essere veicolati in laguna per dilavamento dei terreni. Le lagune hanno un' elevata capacità biogenica e la produzione ittica rappresenta la principale fonte di reddito. In laguna sono presenti specie ittiche che occupano diversi livelli trofici, e a diverso velocità di accrescimento. La mazzancolla (Melicertus kerathurus) è una specie che svolge in laguna un breve periodo del suo ciclo vitale, da post-larva a 3-10 g raggiunti a fine estate, poi migra verso il mare. Nel presente lavoro sono stati analizzati, mediante spettrofotometria ad assorbimento atomico, Cr, Cd, Pb, Zn, Mn e Cu in crostacei, sedimenti e acqua prelevati in siti della laguna di Lesina a diverso impatto antropico, al fine di verificare l'accumulo e la biomagnificazione nei diversi comparti. I sedimenti sono il comparto con concentrazioni di metalli più elevati rispetto alle specie ittiche esaminate, che a loro volta hanno mostrato per alcuni elementi concentrazioni differenti rispetto ai siti di campionamento. I risultati preliminari ci permettono di affermare che è possibile utilizzare Melicertus kerathurus come indicatore di inquinamento da metalli negli ambienti lagunari.

There is a growing interest in the use of anticariogenic and antimicrobial agents to prevent demineralization and promote remineralization of dental enamel for the prevention of oral diseases. The purpose of this study was to develop a novel chewing-system containing as Casein-Phosphopeptides-Amorphous-Calcium-Phosphate (CPP-ACP) as Quercetin (Qt) and evaluate their release using in vitro and in vivo experiments. In vitro and in vivo experimental protocols were designed to test the percentages of Ca from CPP-ACP and Qt released with time and their delivery rate from a chewing gum. The in vitro experiments were performed using a specifically designed chewing apparatus to test the release of Ca and Qt in artificial saliva in function of chewed time, while the in vivo experiments required a chew-out method with volunteers and the residual CPP-ACP and Qt present in the chewed gums was analyzed. This study demonstrated that both CPP-ACP'Ca and Qt were released during chewing although CPP-ACP'Ca was released from the chewing gum in a slower and more controlled manner than Qt. They were also both effectively retained in the oral cavity for all the investigated chewing time and according to their monitored release concentrations they were able to serve as a novel antiplaque agent. This research concludes that both drugs were efficiently released during the mastication process to fully exploit their anti-carious activity.

The kinetics of phosphopeptide release from gum fortified with a commercial casein hydrolysate in artificial and human saliva was studied. Using mass spectrometry techniques, the caseinophosphopeptide (CPP) composition of the commercial casein hydrolysate compared with a standard tryptic casein digest from whole raw cow milk was determined. In in vitro trials, the amount of CPPs released was always the same for each chewing time; in contrast, during in vivo chewing, a decrease of peptide levels was detected, from 10% after 5 min to 0.1% at 20 min, due to physiological swallowing. It is concluded that gums are a useful vehicle for CPP intake, owing to their functional role in bone health. However, their use is less satisfactory for prevention of dental caries, due to the brief contact with the enamel surface. Moreover, more calcium would need to be added to enrich the CPP fraction of the commercial hydrolysate.

Aim. To evaluate the antimicrobial activity of hydroalcoholic extracts of pomegranate (Punica granatumL.) peel and juice, against the microorganisms considered the main etiologic agents of dental caries.Methods. The values of the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and the minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) were determined againstStreptococcus mutansClarke ATCC® 25175™ strain andRothia dentocariosaclinical isolate.Results. Peel extracts inhibit effectively the growth and survival ofS. mutansATCC 25175 strain andR. dentocariosaclinical isolate with MIC and MBC values of 10 μg/μl and 15 μg/μl, respectively. Furthermore, the pomegranate juice extract showed high inhibitory activity againstS. mutansATCC 25175 strain with a MIC value of 25 μg/μl and a MBC value of 40 μg/μl, whereas, againstR. dentocariosa, it has displayed a moderate inhibitory activity, with MIC and MBC values of 20 μg/μl and 140 μg/μl, respectively.Conclusions.In vitromicrobiological tests demonstrate that the hydroalcoholic extracts of pomegranate juice and peel are able to contrast the main cariogenic bacteria involved in tooth decay. Although being preliminary data, our results suggest that pomegranate polyphenolic compounds could represent a good adjuvant for the prevention and treatment of dental caries.

Chewing gums may be particularly effective means for delivering and maintaining bioactive molecules, included in the gum formulation, able to have an anti-cariogenic effect. The purposes of this study were: to develop novel chewing gums containing quercetin (Qt); to evaluate their release using in vivo trial; finally, to test their in vivo antibacterial effect against oral Streptococcus mutans strains. A preliminary study was performed to produce new gums, enriched with the polyphenol quercetin. Then, a first in vivo experimental study was assessed to test the percentages of Qt released in the saliva of young volunteers. Moreover, a second clinical trial was performed to analyze the antibacterial capability of these enriched chewing gums against S. mutans strains after 14 days of daily consumption. The release analysis showed that a more effective release of Qt occurs in the first minutes of chewing, and it does not change saliva pH values. Moreover, Qt included in gums demonstrates an effective antibacterial activity, showing a reduction of the concentration of S. mutans strains in saliva samples, especially after 7 days. Qt included in experimental chewing gums could be efficiently released into the oral cavity and could promote an effective anti-caries concentration in volunteer’s saliva, without changing salivary pH values.

Background: The analysis of mineral elements composition was determined in three wild edible herbs (Cichorium intybus L., Sonchus asper L. and Borago officinalis) collected in seven different sampling sites which were characterized by different pollution grade. The detection of mineral elements (Ca, K, Mg and Na), micronutrients (Cu, Fe, Li, Mn and Zn) and heavy metals (As, Cd, Hg, Ni and Pb) was performed. Results: The results obtained show that in most cases a direct relationship appeared between the amount of elements and the sampling sites. The highest concentrations of heavy metals were found in samples grown in polluted soils. These evaluations showed that contaminants in plants may reflect the environmental state in which they develop. Conclusion: The examined species are a good source of mineral elements and micronutrients, making them particularly adapt to integrate a well-balanced diet. The accumulation of heavy metals showed that contaminants in plants may reflect the environmental state in which they develop. Results showed high concentrations of heavy metals in samples taken in locations characterized by high human activity and in some samples from the local market, of which no one knows the collection area.