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2. Introduction—Advances and Challenges in Active Distribution Systems

Author

Chicco, Gianfranco, Ciocia, Alessandro, Colella, Pietro, Di Leo, Paolo, Mazza, Andrea, Musumeci, Salvatore, Pons, Enrico, Russo, Angela, Spertino, Filippo, Angrisani, Leopoldo, Series Editor, Arteaga, Marco, Series Editor, Panigrahi, Bijaya Ketan, Series Editor, Chakraborty, Samarjit, Series Editor, Chen, Jiming, Series Editor, Chen, Shanben, Series Editor, Chen, Tan Kay, Series Editor, Dillmann, Rüdiger, Series Editor, Duan, Haibin, Series Editor, Ferrari, Gianluigi, Series Editor, Ferre, Manuel, Series Editor, Hirche, Sandra, Series Editor, Jabbari, Faryar, Series Editor, Jia, Limin, Series Editor, Kacprzyk, Janusz, Series Editor, Khamis, Alaa, Series Editor, Kroeger, Torsten, Series Editor, Li, Yong, Series Editor, Liang, Qilian, Series Editor, Martín, Ferran, Series Editor, Ming, Tan Cher, Series Editor, Minker, Wolfgang, Series Editor, Misra, Pradeep, Series Editor, Möller, Sebastian, Series Editor, Mukhopadhyay, Subhas, Series Editor, Ning, Cun-Zheng, Series Editor, Nishida, Toyoaki, Series Editor, Pascucci, Federica, Series Editor, Qin, Yong, Series Editor, Seng, Gan Woon, Series Editor, Speidel, Joachim, Series Editor, Veiga, Germano, Series Editor, Wu, Haitao, Series Editor, Zamboni, Walter, Series Editor, Zhang, Junjie James, Series Editor, Zambroni de Souza, Antonio Carlos, editor, and Venkatesh, Bala, editor

Published
2022
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19. A Smart Battery Management System for Photovoltaic Plants in Households Based on Raw Production Forecast

Author

Spertino, Filippo, Ciocia, Alessandro, Di Leo, Paolo, Malgaroli, Gabriele, Russo, Angela, Spertino, Filippo, Ciocia, Alessandro, Di Leo, Paolo, Malgaroli, Gabriele, and Russo, Angela

Abstract

A basic battery management system (BMS) permits the safe charge/discharge of the batteries and the supply of loads. Batteries are protected to avoid fast degradation: the minimum and maximum state-of-charge (SOC) limits are not exceeded and fast charge/discharge cycles are not permitted. A more sophisticated BMS connected to a photovoltaic (PV) generator could also work with the double purpose of protecting storage and reducing peak demand. Peak reduction by storage generally requires the forecast of consumption and PV generation profiles to perform a provisional energy balance. To do it, it is required to have accurate information about production profiles, that is, to have at disposal accurate weather forecasts, which are not easily available. In the present work, an efficient BMS in grid-connected PV plants for residential users is described. Starting from raw 1-day ahead weather forecast and prediction of consumption, the proposed BMS preserves battery charge when it is expected high load and low PV production and performs peak shaving with a negligible reduction in self-sufficiency.

Published
2018
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35. Guidelines for Design, Installation and Maintenance of PV Systems to Achieve the Energy Predictions

Author

Spertino, Filippo, DI LEO, Paolo, and Corona, Fabio

Subjects
Large PV Power Plants and Distributed PV: System Aspects and Grid Connection, PV Systems
Abstract

27th European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference and Exhibition; 4014-4019, This work was an important part of the European Project PERSIL (Solar Performance and Local Industry), joint collaboration between public and private administrations in Italy and France. The activity is twofold: both the 1-year monitoring results of thirteen PV systems and the subsequent guidelines for the design, installation and maintenance of grid connected PV systems. The results in terms of performance-ratio parameters show that three PV plants behave in excellent manner, whereas five PV plants exhibit poor energy production and the remainder has average behaviour. Within the guidelines for design, the optimum coupling array/inverter and the partial shading of PV modules have been discussed in detail. Within the guidelines for installation, the PV module/inverter cooling, the electric cables and enclosures have been dealt with. Finally, within the guidelines for maintenance, the main items are the energy production assessment, the glass dirt checking and the maintenance of motors in sun-trackers.

Published
2012
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39. Optimal Configuration of Module Connections for Minimising the Shading Effect in Multi-Rows PV Arrays

Author

Spertino, Filippo, DI LEO, Paolo, and SUMAILI AKILIMALI, Jean

Subjects
PV Power Plants, PV Systems
Abstract

24th European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference, 21-25 September 2009, Hamburg, Germany; 4136-4140, In large grid-connected PV systems it is a normal condition to accept periodic shading among the rows in the morning and in the evening. In fact, the designer does not take into account this shading when he decides the module connections in the strings, the number of modules per string and the arrangement, according to the longest side of the modules, in horizontal or vertical direction. This paper discusses, by suitable comparisons, various cases of shading pattern in PV arrays from multiple viewpoints: power profiles in clear days with 15-min time step, daily energy as a monthly average value for clear and cloudy days. The simulation results prove that, with simple structure of the array and important amount of shading, it is better to limit the shading effect within one string rather than to distribute the shading on all the strings: the gains are higher than 10% in the worst month and 1% on yearly basis. Contrary, with more complex structure of the array and low amount of shading, it is practically equivalent to concentrate or to distribute the shading on all the strings. Finally, in the simulation conditions the impact of the shading losses on yearly basis is limited to 1-3%.

Published
2009
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47. Saint Augustine reader of Genesis

Author

Di Leo, Paolo and Di Leo, Paolo

Abstract

Since the end of the 19th century a debate has began about the dependence of Augustine's speculation on Plotinus and Porphyry's thought. Many scholars have seen Augustine speculation and even his understanding of Christianity as a disguised version of Platonism. In Augustine's Confessiones, however, one can observe an unprecedented stress on the idea of the "self' as an entity determined by temporality. The "I" appears in the Confessiones with a centrality never seen before: this "I" does not limit himself to tell us his story, which becomes the story, but reflects on who he himself is and what it means to say "I". What is at stake is the emergence of the "self" as something bound to time, but at the same time held together by its relation to Eternity. Starting from an acknowledgment of the special place occupied by the idea of the "self" in the Confessiones, we can wonder what were the paths that led to this new vision, and from what sources. This work demonstrates that the idea of the "self" as a temporal being first dawned on Augustine's mind while he was writing the De Genesi contra Manichaeos. It is through a reflection on the act of Creation and on the ontological relation and difference between the Creator and the creature that Augustine first understood as a new acquisition the temporality of the human soul. If this new point of view, however, represents a revolution and a change of perspective regarding the understanding that the previous philosophical tradition, as represented especially by Neo-Platonic speculation, had had of the human soul, the full comprehension of its theoretical consequences is something Augustine himself understood only over time. Thus, the De Genesi contra Manichaeos is for us a document of the progression of his thought: although having asserted the temporality of the human soul, Augustine keeps thinking of the perfect state of the soul (beatitudo) in terms that exclude temporality as a positive constituent and are still very depen

Published
2010

49. Error Assessment of Solar Irradiance Forecasts and AC Power from Energy Conversion Model in Grid-Connected Photovoltaic Systems.

Author

Chicco, Gianfranco, Cocina, Valeria, Di Leo, Paolo, Spertino, Filippo, and Massi Pavan, Alessandro

Subjects
SOLAR energy research, RENEWABLE energy source research, ENERGY conversion, PHOTOVOLTAIC power systems, WEATHER forecasting
Abstract

Availability of effective estimation of the power profiles of photovoltaic systems is essential for studying how to increase the share of intermittent renewable sources in the electricity mix of many countries. For this purpose, weather forecasts, together with historical data of the meteorological quantities, provide fundamental information. The weak point of the forecasts depends on variable sky conditions, when the clouds successively cover and uncover the solar disc. This causes remarkable positive and negative variations in the irradiance pattern measured at the photovoltaic (PV) site location. This paper starts from 1 to 3 days-ahead solar irradiance forecasts available during one year, with a few points for each day. These forecasts are interpolated to obtain more irradiance estimations per day. The estimated irradiance data are used to classify the sky conditions into clear, variable or cloudy. The results are compared with the outcomes of the same classification carried out with the irradiance measured in meteorological stations at two real PV sites. The occurrence of irradiance spikes in "broken cloud" conditions is identified and discussed. From the measured irradiance, the Alternating Current (AC) power injected into the grid at two PV sites is estimated by using a PV energy conversion model. The AC power errors resulting from the PV model with respect to on-site AC power measurements are shown and discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2016
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