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By developing DPA-TPE-DCM with intense near-infrared fluorescence emission in the aggregation state, AIE materials were used for the first time in the early diagnosis of orthotopic TSCC and SLN mapping in an orthotopic TSCC-bearing mouse model.

High-density polyethylene (HDPE) pipes have been used in essential service water (ESW) systems of nuclear power plants (NPP) for years. Some NPPs use buried HDPE pipes, while some others use above ground (gallery-installed) HDPE pipes, and this paper will discuss the differences in the design methods of these two construction methods in related technical standards. The design requirements and related load types of buried and above ground HDPE pipes in safety-related Class 3 service water or cooling water piping systems are compared. Pipeline models under different load types are introduced, including model assumption, material simplification, boundary conditions, interactions, etc. The differences in design loads are summarized, i.e., soil and surcharge load, negative internal pressure, flotation due to flood of buried HDPE pipe, and axial forces due to different supporting or fixing methods of above ground HDPE pipe. The design methods of buried and above ground HDPE pipeline are discussed and compared, i.e., design of mechanical load, temperature load, non-repeated anchor movements and seismic load. A case study is presented by using different technical standards of buried and above ground HDPE pipes. This work can provide a reference for the selection of HDPE pipes for safety-related Class 3 service water or cooling water piping systems in different NPPs.

As a most feasible defect detection method, phased array ultrasonic testing (PA-UT) plays an important role in nondestructive testing of pressure vessels and piping for its high detection efficiency. It’s necessary to obtain the size and position of defects or features for safety assessment to ensure the safe running of equipment if there is a defect. However, PA-UT suffers from image distortion due to acoustic attenuation and dispersion, as well as problems with imaging principle, which usually leads to errors when measuring the size and position of detected features. In this paper, the standard polyethylene block with a through hole was tested by PA-UT and the PA-UT images of artificial defects were obtained. At the same time, the PA-UT images were simulated by combining finite element analysis of the PA-UT process as well as the ultrasonic imaging algorithm. By comparing the test results and simulation results, the influence of sector scan angle and the number of elements in the active aperture on image distortion was analyzed. Moreover, based on the simulation method, the PA-UT images were post-processed to eliminate the distortion and reconstructed to be closer to the real size. This method could be further used for improving the imaging quality of the PA-UT testing system.

Owing to the complementary high spatial resolution and signal-to-noise ratio, the dual-modality imaging technique of photoacoustic imaging (PAI)/the second near-infrared window fluorescence imaging (NIR-II FI) holds great promise for the detection of tumor tissues and sentinel lymph nodes (SLNs). Herein, by developing two aggregation-induced emission luminogens (AIEgens) (C-NTBD and O-NTBD) with benzodithiadiazole as the electron acceptor, PAI/NIR-II FI was applied to the diagnosis and treatment of neuroendocrine neoplasms (NENs) and their SLNs for the first time. Both AIEgens exhibited good PAI properties as well as intense NIR-II fluorescence emission. Among them, C-NTBD nanoparticles (NPs) have better PAI and NIR-II FI performance with maximum absorption at 732 nm and emission peak at 1042 nm. In NENs-bearing nude mice model, after successful preoperative localization of NENs by PAI, NIR-II FI was then used to detect SLNs. Under the NIR-II FI guidance of C-NTBD NPs, an SLN with a diameter of 1 mm located in the chest wall and far away from the primary tumor site was even detected and precisely removed. This dual-modality imaging technology could improve the detection of NENs and the accuracy of intraoperative SLNs dissection, improve patient prognosis, and provide a new strategy for the precise treatment of NENs.

Roquefornine A, a sesterterpenoid with an unprecedented 5/6/5/5/6-membered pentacyclic system, was characterized from Penicillium roqueforti YJ-14. Its structure was determined by extensive spectroscopic analyses, [Rh2(OCOCF3)4]-induced CD data, and DP4+ calculations. A biosynthetic pathway, cytotoxicity, and anti-inflammatory activity were also discussed.

Photoacoustic (PA) imaging emerges as a promising technique for biomedical applications. The development of new strategies to boost PA conversion without depressing other properties (e.g., fluorescence) is highly desirable for multifunctional imaging but difficult to realize. Here, we report a new phenomenon that active intramolecular motions could promote PA signal by specifically increasing thermal-to-acoustic conversion efficiency. The compound with intense intramolecular motion exhibits amplified PA signal by elevating thermal-to-acoustic conversion, and the fluorescence also increases due to aggregation-induced emission signature. The simultaneously high PA and fluorescence brightness of TPA-TQ3 NPs enable precise image-guided surgery. The preoperative fluorescence and PA imaging are capable of locating orthotopic breast tumor in a high-contrast manner, and the intraoperative fluorescence imaging delineates tiny residual tumors. This study highlights a new design guideline of intramolecular motion amplifying PA effect.

In order to solve the problem of large amount of calculation of IGBT open circuit fault location of modular multilevel converter (MMC), a multi-group fault location method of submodule (SM) based on Fruit Fly Optimization Algorithm (FOA) optimized LSSVM model is proposed. The fault characteristics of MMC are analyzed , the SMs of bridge arm are grouped, and the output voltage, terminal voltage of SMs group and capacitor voltage of SMs are selected as fault parameters respectively. The wavelet packet decomposition is used for data compression and noise reduction, and a model based on fruit fly algorithm is constructed to optimize the regular parameters and kernel function parameters of LS-SVM to achieve accurate fault location. Adopting NLM modulation strategy, a 31 level MMC is built based on SIMULINK, and a MMC semi-physical simulation platform is built based on STARSIM. The results show that, when an open-circuit fault occurs, the node energy of the three fault characteristic parameters will change obviously. The proposed fault positioning model is compared with the single group positioning FOA-LSSVM model, WPD-FOA-LSSVM model, SSAE-SOFTMAX model, 1-D CNNs model, WPD-PSO-SVM model and multi-group positioning FOA-LSSVM model, the test accuracy can reach 100%, and the anti-noise performance is excellent. The experimental results show that this method can accurately locate the faulty bridge arm, submodule and IGBT.

Small molecule tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) targeting at epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) in recent years have made great progress in the treatment of advanced non-small cell cancer (NSCLC). Although as the first-line treatment for sensitizing EGFR mutation-positive metastatic NSCLC, gefitinib has also behaved quite a lot of side effect and EGFR tolerance. Herein, a novel series of 7-bromo-1,4-dihydrothieno[3’,2’:5,6]thiopyrano[4,3-c]pyrazole-3-carboxamide derivatives were designed and synthesized, and screened for their inhibitory activity on the EGFR high-expressing human lung adenocarcinoma cell line A549 and human large cell lung cancer cell line NCI-H460 by using 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide colorimetric assay. The calculated IC50 values were reported. Compound 8h demonstrated the most potent inhibitory activity (IC50 = 9.57 ± 2.20 μmol L–1 for A549 and IC50 = 13.04 ± 1.21 μmol L–1 for NCI-H460), comparable to the positive-control gefitinib (IC50 = 8.58 ± 1.65 μmol L–1 for A549 and IC50 = 18.66 ± 5.01 μmol L–1 for NCI-H460). Conclusively, 7-bromo- 1,4-dihydrothieno[3’,2’:5,6]thiopyrano[4,3-c]pyrazole-3-carboxamide derivatives as the EGFR–TKIs were discovered, and could be used as potential leading compounds for further research.

A new dibenzopyrrocoline alkaloid, (-)-grandifloramine (1), together with five known ones, actinodaphnine (2), N-methyllaurotetanine (3), boldine (4), lindcarpine (5), and (+)-norboldine (6), were isolated from Illigera grandiflora W. W. Sm. et J. F. Jeff. The structure of 1 was identified by HRESIMS, 1D/2D NMR, and electronic circular dichroism (ECD) spectra. Compound 1 and 2 exhibited the moderate inhibitory activity against acetylcholinesterase and 3 showed moderate butyrylcholinesterase inhibitory activity. This is the first report of the chemical constituents of I. grandiflora.

Pure organic persistent room temperature phosphorescence (RTP) materials have attracted wide attention owing to their great potential in various applications, particularly in bioimaging. However, it is still a challenge to manufacture organic RTP materials possessing quite high efficiency and long lifetime, owing to the high requirements for triplet excitons. In this study, a series of keto derivatives with efficient RTP in crystals are developed through the regulation of molecular aggregation states by simple alkyl groups, resulting in impressive luminescence performance with a longer lifetime and higher efficiency of up to 868 ms and 51.59%, respectively. All the alkyl-substituted derivatives exhibit bright RTP intensities after heavy grinding with a pestle, indicating their robust RTP features, which are suitable for many fields. Encouraged by the excellent RTP performance of these luminogens in the crystalline state, successful orthotopic lung tumor imaging with a high signal-to-background ratio (SBR) of 65 is demonstrated in this study to provide the promise of pure organic RTP materials for disease diagnosis, which hold the advantages of low autofluorescence interference and high signal-to-background ratio.

The Duroc pig originated in the United States and is a typical lean meat pig. The breed grows fast and the body size is large, but the meat quality is poor. The Luchuan pig is one of the eight local excellent breeds in China; it has tender meat but a small size. To study the factors that determine growth, we selected the longissimus dorsi muscle of Luchuan and Duroc pigs for transcriptome sequencing. The results of transcriptome showed that 3682 genes were differentially expressed (DEGs) in the longissimus dorsi muscle of Duroc and Luchuan pigs. We screened out forty genes related to muscle development and selected the Myosin light chain-2 (MYL2) gene to perform preliminary research. Gene Ontology (GO) enrichment of biological functions and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) analysis showed that most of the forty gene were mainly involved in the Akt/FoxO signaling pathway, Fatty acid metabolism, Arachidonic acid metabolism and Glycine, serine and threonine metabolism. Such pathways contributed to skeletal muscle growth, fatty acid metabolism and intramuscular fat deposition. These results provide insight into the mechanisms underlying the formation of skeletal muscle and provide candidate genes to improve growth traits and meat quality traits, as well as contribute to improving the growth and development traits of pigs through molecular breeding.

The thermal protection layer of cathode plasmaelectrolytic deposition on platinum particles was prepared on Al-Si alloy.The microstructure and the heat insulation performance, fracture toughness and bending strengthof the coating were investigated by SEM, XRD, the heat insulation test device and tensile testing machine. The distribution of platinum particles in the ceramic layer is uniform, which can effectively fill the micropores of plasma discharge. The ceramic layer is mainly composed ofα-Al2O3 and t-ZrO2, and there is the formation of high temperature stable phase Zr3Y4O12in the ceramic layer. With the increase of platinum particles, the heat insulation temperature, fracture toughness and bending strength gradually increase.After thermal shock, no obvious cracks were found on the surface of the coating, which indicated that the coating had good thermal shock resistance.

Cathode plasma electrolytic deposition ceramic coating modified by carbon nanotubes was prepared on Al-Si alloy. The microstructure and the heat insulation performance, fracture toughness and bending strength of the coating were investigated by SEM, XRD, the heat insulation test device and tensile testing machine. Carbon nanotubes(CNTs) are staggered in the ceramic layer and partially filled with plasma discharge micropores. To some extent, CNTs can promote the cathode plasma discharge and improve the film formation rate. The content of α-Al2O3 and t-ZrO2 phases increased with the increase of CNTs concentration. A certain amount of carbon nanotubes can effectively improve the insulation temperature of ceramic layer. With the increase of the content of carbon nanotubes, the fracture toughness and bending strength gradually increase.

In this article, the authors present a new malicious code detection model. The detection model improves typical n-gram feature extraction algorithms that are easy to be obfuscated. Specifically, the proposed model can dynamically determine obfuscation features and then adjust the selection of meaningful features to improve corresponding machine learning analysis. The experimental results show that the feature database, which is built based on the proposed feature selection and cleaning method, contains a stable number of features and can automatically get rid of obfuscation features. Overall, the proposed detection model has features of long timeliness, high applicability and high accuracy of identification.

Hit, Lead & Candidate Discovery To discover succinate dehydrogenase inhibitors with a novel structure, we introduced cinnamic acid structure to optimize the lead structure 1 and synthesized four series of cinnamon-pyrazole carboxamide derivatives. The bioassay data showed that compounds (E)-N-(1-[4-chlorophenyl]-4-cyano-1H-pyrazol-5-yl)-3-(2-fluorophenyl) acrylamide (5III-d) and (E)-3-(2-chlorophenyl)-N-(1-[4-chlorophenyl]-4-cyano-1H-pyrazol-5-yl) acrylamide (5III-f) showed the significant antifungal activity against three fungi. In addition, 5III-d and 5III-f exhibited the excellent inhibitory effect against succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) enzymes with IC50 values ranging from 19.4 to 28.7 μM. The study demonstrates that the chlorine substituent group is present on both the phenyl and pyrazole rings that have a very good effect on the antifungal effect, and the compounds 5III-d and 5III-f can act as potential SDH inhibitors (SDHI) and throw a sprat for a new generation of SDHI.

In this article, the authors present a new malicious code detection model. The detection model improves typical n-gram feature extraction algorithms that are easy to be obfuscated. Specifically, the proposed model can dynamically determine obfuscation features and then adjust the selection of meaningful features to improve corresponding machine learning analysis. The experimental results show that the feature database, which is built based on the proposed feature selection and cleaning method, contains a stable number of features and can automatically get rid of obfuscation features. Overall, the proposed detection model has features of long timeliness, high applicability and high accuracy of identification.

This paper addresses the problem of crowd simulation while maintaining the attention behaviors. We set up an environmental attention model, which simulates various attention targets of virtual characters influenced by the surrounding environment. According to the investigation and analysis of crowd behaviors, the virtual character attention attributes are divided into the intrinsic attributes and the attention tendency. Based on the various environmental attributes and character attributes, the attention target of a virtual character can be calculated during the walk. Different attention targets lead to different moving heads’ behaviors of characters with different attributes. In this way, we implement the attention individualization of virtual characters, and thereby, improve the diversity of crowd animation.

The VR technologies are widely adopted for training purposes by providing the users with educational virtual experience. In this work, we propose an immersive VR system that help the choreographers and the dancers to facilitate their dance rehearsal experience. The system integrates motion capture devices and head-mounted displays (HMDs). The motions of the dancers, their partners, and the choreographers are captured and projected into a virtual dancing scene in an interactive frame rate. The dancers who are wearing the HMDs, are allowed to observe the synthesized virtual performances within a virtual stage space from several selected third-person views. These are the audience’s view, the dancing partner’s view, and the choreographer’s view. Such synthesized external self-images augment dancer’s perception of their dance performance and their understanding of the choreography. Feedbacks from the participants indicate the proposed system is effective and the preliminary experimental results agree with our observations.

Blaps rynchopetera Fairmaire has long been used as a folk medicine by the Yi and Bai ethnic groups in China to treat fever, cough, gastritis, boils, and tumors. In the present study, the cytotoxicity of the defensive secretion (TDS) of B. rynchopetera against AGS Caco-2, HepG2 U251 and Bel-7402 was tested, and the results revealed that TDS had potent cytotoxicity against testing cells with IC50 values of 45.8, 17.4, 53.6, 98.4 and 23.4 μg/mL, respectively. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis was employed to clarify the cytotoxic constituents in TDS of B. rynchopetera and five volatile compounds, including 2-ethyl-2,5-cyclohexadiene-1,4-dione (3, 31.00%), 1-tridecene (5, 28.02%), 2-methyl-2,5-cyclohexadiene-1,4-dione (2, 22.86%), hydroquinone (4, 1.33%), and p-benzoquinone (1, 1.01%), were identified. Chemical constituent investigation on TDS further supported the presence of 5 above compounds. A cytotoxic assay indicated that compounds 1, 2, 3 and 4 exhibited significant cytotoxicity against the testing cell lines, implying that benzoquinones and hydroquinone played important roles in the cytotoxicity of TDS of B. rynchopetera. TDS is a cytotoxic natural material and further studies investigating mechanisms and inhibitory activities on other cell lines is warranted.

The SCARB1 gene encodes human scavenger receptor class B type I (SR-BI), the primary receptor for high-density lipoprotein (HDL)- cholesteryl ester uptake, and polymorphisms in this gene may influence SR-BI protein expression and serum lipid levels, modulating susceptibility to coronary heart disease (CHD) and cerebral infarction (CI). Therefore, we investigated the association between singlenucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the SCARB1 gene and serum lipid levels as well as risk of CHD and CI in the Chinese Han population. Genotypes in 295 CHD patients, 302 CI patients and 312 healthy controls matched for age and gender were determined by high-resolution melting (HRM). Among the 5 SNPs investigated in this study, rs10846744 and rs2278986 were significantly associated with CHD risk. The frequency of the C allele for rs10846744 and that of the T allele for rs2278986 appeared to be significantly increased in the CHD group (OR: 1.416, 95%CI: 1.128-1.778, P=0.0058 and OR: 1.681, 95%CI: 1.327-2.130, P

Factors affecting students’ English learning performances are always debated among language researchers. This research is carried out in art colleges to figure out the students’ preferences in learning styles and learning strategies as well as the relationship between them. Questionnaires have been applied and data have been dealt with by SPSS. This research has shown that students in the art college tend to be visual and individual learners, and thus they prefer to adopt metacognitive, memory and affective strategies.

Obesity exhibits a wide variety of electrocardiogram (ECG) abnormalities in adults, which often lead to cardiovascular events. However, there is currently no evidence of an association between obesity and ECG variables in children and adolescents. The present study aimed to explore the associations between obesity and ECG intervals and axes in children and adolescents. A cross-sectional observational study of 5,556 students aged 5–18 years was performed. Anthropometric data, blood pressure and standard 12-lead ECGs were collected for each participant. ECG variables were measured manually based on the temporal alignment of simultaneous 12 leads using a CV200 ECG Work Station. Overweight and obese groups demonstrated significantly longer PR intervals, wider QRS durations and leftward shifts of frontal P-wave, QRS and T-wave axes, while the obese group also demonstrated significantly higher heart rates, compared with normal weight groups within normotensive or hypertensive subjects (P0.05). The results of the current study indicate that in children and adolescents, general and abdominal obesity is associated with longer PR intervals, wider QRS duration and a leftward shift of frontal P-wave, QRS and T-wave axes, independent of age, gender, ethnicity and blood pressure.

This paper presents an approach to simulate dynamic phenomena of a flower including blooming and fading. Firstly, we constructed flower models according to the flower's primary morphology data, especially taking five species throughout the year for example, such as a tulip, a lily and other kinds of flowers. Secondly, algorithms of flower dynamic simulations includes two phases: blooming algorithm and fading algorithm. The blooming algorithm adjusts the controlling points of the petal's Bezier curved surfaces to simulate blooming dynamic process in a procedure way, the fading algorithm realizes the simulation in a physically-based way by emphatically analyzing the gravity, the wind power and the air resistance. The experimental results reveal that the proposed approach in this paper is able to effectively simulate the blooming and fading processes for various kinds of flowers under the influences of the internal and external factors, which proves its application values and broad prospects for development.

Fusarium wilt (FW) caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. niveum (FON) is the major soilborne disease of watermelon (Citrullus lanatus L.). The development and deployment of resistant cultivars is generally considered to be an effective approach to control FW. In this study, an F8 population consisting of 103 recombinant inbred lines derived from a cross between the cultivar 97103 and a wild accession PI 296341-FR was used for FON race 1 and race 2 fungal inoculations. One major QTL on chromosome 1 for FON race 1 resistance was detected with a logarithm of odds of 13.2 and explained phenotypic variation R2 = 48.1 %; two QTLs of FON race 2 resistance on chromosomes 9 and 10 were discovered based on the high-density integrated genetic map we constructed. The nearest molecular marker should be useful for marker-assisted selection of FON race 1 and race 2 resistance. One receptor kinase, one glucan endo-1,3-β-glucosidase precursors and three acidic chitinase located in the FON-1 QTL genomic region. In Qfon2.1 QTL region, one lipoxygenase gene, five receptor-like kinases and four glutathione S-transferase genes are discovered. One arginine biosynthesis bifunctional protein, two receptor kinase proteins and one lipid-transfer protein located in Qfon2.2 QTL region. Based on SNP analysis by using 20 re-sequenced accessions of watermelon and 231-plant F2 population generated from Black Diamond × Calhoun Grey, we developed a SNP marker Chr1SNP_502124 for FON-1 detection. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s11032-015-0375-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

To investigate the ratio of Th17 cells and CD4⁺CD25⁺Foxp3⁺ regulatory T (Treg) cells in peripheral blood from patients with multiple myeloma (MM) and explore its pathological effects.70 MM patients were divided into three groups: newly diagnosed group (n=30), plateau stage group (n=23) and relapsed/refractory group (n=17). The controls consisted of 20 healthy donors. The frequencies of Th17 and Treg cells were detected by flow cytometry.Compared with controls [(0.72±0.33)%] and plateau stage group [(0.74±0.29)%], frequencies of Th17 cells were higher in newly diagnosed group [(1.62±0.65)%] and relapsed/refractory group [(1.45±0.51)%], respectively (P0.05). Compared with controls [(2.33±0.90)%] and plateau stage group [(1.69±0.70)%], frequencies of Treg cells were significantly lower in newly diagnosed group [(0.55±0.23)%] and relapsed/refractory group [(0.82±0.54)%], respectively (P0.05). The ratios of Th17/Treg in newly diagnosed group and relapsed/refractory group were higher than those in controls (P0.05). There were no differences of the frequencies of CD3⁺CD4⁺ T cells and Th17 cells between plateau stage group and controls. The frequencies of Treg cells were significantly lower in plateau stage group than that in controls (P0.05), and the ratio of Th17/Treg was significantly higher in plateau stage group than that in controls (P0.05).The remarkable abnormality of T cells subsets was reduction of CD4⁺ T cells in MM. Higher frequency of Th17 and lower ratio of Treg could lead to imbalance of Th17/Treg, which may play a critical role in the pathogenesis of MM.

This study was purposed to investigate the ratio of Th17 cells and CD4(+)CD25(+)Foxp3(+) regulatory T (Treg) cells in peripheral blood of patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) and to explore their roles in the pathogenesis and clinical diagnosis. Based on the number of peripheral lymphocytes and treatment condition, the CLL patients were divided into 2 groups: untreated group (n = 30) and remission group (n = 15), the healthy control group (n = 20) was set up as well. The frequencies of Th17 and Treg cells of all cases were detected by flow cytometry (FCM). The results showed that frequencies of CD3(+)CD4(+)T cells and Th17 cells were significantly higher in untreated group than that in healthy control group (P0.05), the frequencies of CD3(+)CD8(+)T cells and Treg cells were significantly lower in untreated group than that in healthy control group (P0.05), the ratio of Th17/Treg was significantly higher in untreated group than that in healthy control group (P0.05). The frequencies of Th17 were not statistically different between remission and healthy control groups, the frequencies of Treg cells were significantly lower in remission group than that in healthy control group (P0.05), the ratio of Th17/Treg was significantly higher in remission group than that in healthy control group (P0.05), frequencies of Th17 cells were markedly lower in remission group than that in untreated group (P0.05). It is concluded that Th17/Treg imbalance exists in patients with CLL, which may play a key role in pathogenesis and development of CLL.

Proppant selection has been discussed in previous works (Yang et al, 2012), as one of the most important elements in both the physical success of a hydraulic fracture and its economic optimization. This paper continues this in-depth discussion. The study presents the statistical usage of fracture technology in major locations in Texas. The geographic analysis is consistent and valuable: similar reservoirs in the same basin call for similar treatments. The research will particularly focus on the analysis of proper proppant selection. Texas completion and production data from the past several years, specifically on fracturing treatments in the Eagle Ford Shale and the Permian Basin, have been studied and summarized. The statistical analysis includes, but is not limited to: the fracture job size, proppant type, pay formations and the true vertical depth of the well. Important factors involved in fracture design are also represented: formation type, depth, reservoir permeability, closure stress, stress isotropy/anisotropy and post-treatment productivity. Studies show that natural sands are the appropriate proppants for reservoirs currently under exploration in the specified plays. However, while Premium Brown Sand and Premium White Sand are the recommended proppants, this study proves that by utilizing the Unified Fracture Design model, the Net Present Values of the treatments using Premium Brown Sand are superior to those using Premium White Sand. This is established not only because of the shallower depths (and therefore less crushing) but also because Premium Brown Sand creates similar EUR at a substantially lower completion cost. With the theory guidance of the Unified Fracture Design and extensive completion and production data analysis, this study can considerably help the oil and gas industry to effectively implement hydraulic fracturing designs.