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La scienza aperta è un paradigma che influenza le pratiche di produzione e condivisione di conoscenza. Obiettivo di questa roadmap è delineare un percorso per la realizzazione e diffusione di pratiche e politiche di scienza aperta all'interno del Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche.

A conference abstract from NIRItalia online 2021 in English and Italian.

The paper describes a journey which starts from various social sciences and humanities (SSH) Research Infrastructures (RI) in Europe and arrives at the comprehensive "ecosystem of infrastructures", namely the European Open Science Cloud (EOSC). We highlight how the SSH Open Science infrastructures contribute to the goal of establishing the EOSC. First, through the example of OPERAS, the European Research Infrastructure for Open Scholarly Communication in the SSH, to see how its services are conceived to be part of the EOSC and to address the communities' needs. The next two sections highlight collaboration practices between partners in Europe to build the SSH component of the EOSC and a SSH discovery platform, as a service of OPERAS and the EOSC. The last two sections focus on an implementation network dedicated to SSH data fairification.

Personalità di Raffaele Ajello. Storia della storiografia giuridica a Napoli e in Italia nella seconda metà del XX secolo

Background: The negative side effects of breast cancer treatments can include upper limb lymphoedema. The growing literature indicates that Nordic walking is an effective discipline against several disease symptoms. The aim of this study was to determine whether introduction to Nordic walking alone is effective against total body extracellular water and upper limb circumferences in breast cancer survivors compared to its combination with a series of specifically created exercises (i.e. the Isa method). Methods: 16 breast cancer survivors (49.09 ± 2.24 years) were recruited and randomly assigned to 1 of 2 different training groups. Results: 10 lessons on Nordic walking technique plus the Isa method significantly reduced both extracellular body water and the extracellular-to-total body water ratio (p = 0.01 for both), and also the circumference of the upper limb, (both relaxed arm and forearm circumferences) (p = 0.01 for all), whereas Nordic walking alone did not. Conclusions: Introduction to Nordic walking does not seem to affect lymphoedema in breast cancer survivors. This might be because novice Nordic Walkers do not adequately generate an effective muscular pump through coordination of the alternated bimanual openclose cycle. The Isa method appears to close this gap.

Catch-up growth in coeliac disease was thought to be a continuous process and hence linear models have been proposed to interpret the pattern of catch-up growth. Observed longitudinal data do not fit a linear model adequately. The aim of this study is to clarify the pattern of short-term catch-up growth in coeliac patients. Twenty-one coeliac children (aged 6-24 months) entered the study and were monitored at short-time intervals. All showed a "pulsatile" pattern of growth velocity for height, weight, leg length, subscapular and triceps skinfolds. Peaks alternated with troughs at a mean time of 62 days for the whole set of measurements. The periodicity was remarkably stable. The size of the peaks decreased with time on a gluten-free diet. Catch-up growth is a discontinuous process made up of a sequence of bursts of growth followed by a resting phase. This provides strong evidence for the possibility that short-term growth may be pulsatile.

Although residential facilities (RFs) have largely replaced mental hospitals (MHs) in most developed countries for the long-term residential care of severely impaired patients, the process of care in RFs has not been well studied. The aim of this paper is to investigate the process of care in 265 RFs, representing 19.3% of all RFs in Italy, and to devise a classification of RFs based on process characteristics. Structured interviews were conducted with the manager and staff of each RF. Residents were evaluated using standardized rating instruments. Most RFs had specific admission criteria, with one third having a waiting list that averaged about 3 months. There was no formal limitation to the length of stay in three quarters of RFs, and turnover rates were very low. Although a homelike atmosphere was found in many RFs, most facilities had restrictive rules on patients’ daily lives and behaviours. RFs carried out several external activities targeted at integrating patients within the local community. Standardized assessment instruments and written treatment plans were rarely used. A cluster analysis based on the levels of restrictiveness and the standardization of the process of care classified RFs into five groups that differed with respect to daily staff coverage, size, geographical distribution and proportion of former MH residents. No significant intercluster differences were associated with the current clinical and psychosocial characteristics of residents, or with several other outcome variables. This study provides naturalistic evidence of the heterogeneity of the process of residential care on a large scale. Future efforts should focus on developing an empirical classification of RFs, as well as on national and international standards of care and staffing to address patients’ needs.

Access of intracellular Ags SSA/Ro and SSB/La to cognate maternal autoantibodies is unexplained despite their strong association with congenital heart block. To investigate the hypothesis that apoptosis facilitates surface accessibility of these Ags, human fetal cardiac myocytes from 16- to 22-wk abortuses were established in culture using a novel technique in which cells were isolated after perfusing the aorta with collagenase. Confirmation of cardiac myocytes included positive staining with antisarcomeric α-actinin and contractility induced by 1.8 mM calcium. Incubation with 0.5 μM staurosporine or 0.3 mM 2,3-dimethoxy-1,4-naphthoquinone induced the characteristic morphologic and biochemical changes of apoptosis. The cellular topology of Ro and La was evaluated with confocal microscopy and determined in nonapoptotic and apoptotic cardiocytes by indirect immunofluorescence. In permeabilized nonapoptotic cardiocytes, Ro and La were predominantly nuclear, and propidium iodide (PI) stained the nucleus. In early apoptotic cardiocytes, condensation of the PI- and Ro- or La-stained nucleus was observed, accompanied by Ro/La fluorescence around the cell periphery. In later stages of apoptosis, nuclear Ro and La staining became weaker, and PI demonstrated nuclear fragmentation. Ro/La-stained blebs emerged from the cell membrane, a finding observed in nonpermeabilized cells, supporting an Ab-Ag interaction at the cell surface. In summary, induction of apoptosis in cultured cardiocytes results in surface translocation of Ro/La and recognition by Abs. Although apoptotic cells are programmed to die and do not characteristically evoke inflammation, binding of maternal Abs and subsequent influx of leukocytes could damage surrounding healthy fetal cardiocytes.

Executive functions are susceptible to age-related changes, and menopause has also been shown to be linked with their decline. The aim of the present study was to investigate the variables related to executive functions in postmenopausal women not involved in controlled dietary and physical exercise programs and without hormone-replacement therapy.Fifty-seven women (58.39 ±4.16 yr) were investigated for their medical history, blood lipids, insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), body composition, blood pressure, executive functions (Digit Span and Trail Making tests), maximal aerobic capacity, dietary habits, and spontaneous physical activity.Cluster analysis performed on the basal data of the Digit Span scores and Trail Making tests identified two subgroups: Group A (N.=24) that showed better executive functions than Group B (N.=33). Although these subgroups differed across several variables of body composition, plasma lipids, dietary habits, spontaneous physical activity, aerobic fitness, and insulin resistance, logistic regression models showed B10m/die as the only predictive variable for subgroup membership.In the absence of a physical exercise program, the knowledge of how spontaneous physical activity is organized (B10m/die) is important for executive functions of post-menopausal women. It is the specific moderate to intense physical activity characteristic of B10m/die, rather than generic physical activity, that seems to determine the maintenance or attainment of cognitive health through body movement.

Topics: Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) evaluation of HyberBaric Oxygen Therapy (HBOT) effects on chronic cerebral stroke Patients (Pts). Introduction: Our aim was to evaluate with fMRI, in a 3 Tesla system, the functional effects of HBOT on the Central Nervous System (CNS) in four Pts with established ischaemic and haemorrhagic cerebral strokes (2 Pts each). To our knowledge, no author used this Magnetic Resonance (MR) technique for this purpose, till now. Methods: All four Pts underwent a fMRI study before and after 40 HBOT sessions, with a time window of a few days. They carried out two language (text listening, silent word-verb generation) and two motor (hand and foot movements) tasks (30 s On-Off block paradigms). Results: After HBOT, all Pts reported a clinical improvement, mostly concerning language fluency and motor paresis. fMRI analysis demonstrated an increase in both the extent and the statistical significance of most of the examined eloquent areas. Conclusions: These changes were consistent with the clinical improvement in all Pts, suggesting a possible role of fMRI in revealing neuronal functional correlates of neuronal plasticity and HBOT-related neoangiogenesis. Although only four Pts were examined, fMRI proved to be a sensitive, non-invasive and reliable modality for monitoring neuronal functional changes before and after HBOT.

L'articolo esamina il contributo del giurista Claude-Marie Raudot , deputato della Droite durante la Seconda Repubblica, al dibattuto sul decentramento, da lui condotto nelle pagine della rivista "Correspondant" con la competenza del giurista, ma anche con l’esperienza maturata come sindaco d’Avallon, nel cuore della Borgogna, durante gli anni della monarchia orleanista.

Le contrôle de constitutionnalité, dont la magistrature parlementaire de l’Ancien Régime revendiquait le plein droit, n’était pas fondé uniquement sur les lois fondamentales du royaume, mais sur l’ensemble des principes (« les maximes ») tirés de la « Tradition ». Cette dernière était composée en premier lieu par le droit divin et le droit naturel, c’est-à-dire par des systèmes juridiques qui nécessitaient, tous les deux, une interprétation juridictionnelle ‘sapientiale’. Cette activité interprétative était ‘révélatrice’ d’un corpus de valeurs métaphysiques à laquelle seule la Scientia Juris des magistrats pouvait puiser. Mais dans la sphère de la Tradition juridique rentraient aussi le « dépôt légal », c’est-à-dire l’ensemble de toutes les lois, même des lois ainsi dites « ordinaires », c’est-à-dire celles qui avaient été produites par la simple manifestation de volonté souveraine d’un roi prédécesseur « car tel avait été son plaisir » (moderne formulation du brocarde de droit romain : « quidquid principi placuit legis habet vigorem »). Ainsi la juridiction parlementaire donnait lieu à un jugement de constitutionnalité qui était normalement exercé de manière très flexible par le corps de la magistrature, dépendant des circonstances et des intérêts politiques momentanés des situations juridiques qu’elle voulait protéger. La hiérarchie des normes était ainsi un formidable instrument de protection de cet ordre juridique dont les legum doctores se sentaient les tuteurs. Elle était, donc, directement liée au gouvernement politique des juges. The judicial review, to which the Ancient Regime’s parliamentary judiciary claimed full and unique right, was not only founded on the fundamental laws of the French kingdom, but also on a set of principles (“les maximes”) drawn from the “Tradition”. This “Tradition” was first of all composed of the divine law and the natural law, that is of legal systems both of which needed a judicial ‘sapiencial’ interpretation. This interpretative activity provided revealing insight into the body of metaphysical values that only the magistrates’ Scientia Juris was able to draw on. However, the legal Tradition also included the “dépôt légal”, i.e., the totality of all laws, including, so to say, ‘ordinary’ laws, that is to say statutes created as a result of the simple manifestation of the sovereign will of an earlier King “car tel avait été son plaisir” (modern formulation of the Roman expression: quidquid principi placuit legis habet vigorem). Thus, parliamentary jurisdiction used to give rise to judicial review that was usually exercised very flexibly by the Judiciary, i.e. depending on the circumstances and momentary political interests of the legal situations it wanted to protect. Thus, the hierarchy of norms was a remarkable instrument for protecting this legal order whose tutors were, according to their own opinion, legum doctores. And so the hierarchy of norms was directly connected with the political government of judges. Hierarhija norm v pravni, družbeni in institucionalni ureditvi Starega režima. Presoja ustavnosti, do katere si je v Starem režimu parlamentarno sodstvo lastilo polno in izključno pravico, je bila utemeljena ne le na temeljnih zakonih francoskega kraljestva, temveč tudi na sklopu načel (fran. les maximes), izhajajočih iz »Izročila«. To Izročilo sta tvorila predvsem božanski in naravni zakon, tj. pravna sistema, ki zahtevata »modrostno« sodno razlago. Ta razlagalna dejavnost je dajala uvid v množico metafizičnih vrednot, ki jih je sposobna razumeti le sodniška Scientia Juris. Pravno Izročilo pa je obenem tvoril tudi “dépôt légal”, tj. celota vseh zakonov, vključno z »navadnimi« zakoni, ki so posledica običajnega izraza suverene volje prejšnjega kralja – car tel avait été son plaisir (gre za sodobno ubeseditev rimskega reka quidquid principi placuit legis habet vigorem). Iz parlamentarne pristojnosti se je tako razvila presoja ustavnosti, ki jo je sodništvo navadno izvrševalo zelo gibko, tj. odvisno od okoliščin in trenutnih političnih interesov v pravnih položajih, ki jih je želelo zaščititi. Hierarhija norm je bila tako pomemben instrument za zaščito pravnega reda, katerega varuhi so bili po lastnem prepričanju legum doctores. Hierarhija norm je bila na ta način neposredno povezana s politično vladavino sodnikov.

HC is a possible cause of morbidity and extended hospitalization after HSCT. Recent studies have reported the efficiency of HOT in adult patients who underwent allogeneic HSCT, but data in children are scarce. We report our single center experience with HOT in late-onset HC after HSCT. Treatment with HOT consisted of daily sessions of breathing 100% O(2) for a total of 75 min in the hyperbaric chamber with a minimum of eight sessions. HOT had been associated with a concomitant treatment with oral oxybutynin, hyperhydration and/or irrigation of the bladder through the catheter. Cidofovir had been administered based on the demonstration of viral infection. Between 2004 and 2011, 10 patients developed severe HC after a median of 26 days after HSCT. HOT was started after a median of six days since the clinical diagnosis of HC. After a median of 10 sessions of HOT, seven of 10 patients were in complete remission. HOT is a well-tolerated procedure also in the pediatric setting. The early start of HOT might be effective in the treatment of HC offering advantages in terms of duration of symptoms and hospitalization.