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Genus Sciurella Allman, 1883 Type species. Sciurella indivisa Allman, 1883, by monotypy. Diagnosis. Colonies erect, composed of multiple stems springing in clusters from the hydrorhiza. Stems thick but monosiphonic, either simple or forked, divided into somewhat regular internodes; coenosarc canaliculate. Stem internodes usually bearing four cladial apophyses, of which a pair is set close to the proximal node, while the other is found next to the distal node, the pairs forming an acute angle between them and giving the hydrocladia a bipinnate arrangement along the stem; the number of cladia per internode and their arrangement could be locally or fully altered, giving rise to stems whose appearances range from simple-pinnate to multi-verticillate. Cladial apophyses stubby, bearing a prominent adaxial mamelon, and a number of flanking nematothecae. Cladia unbranched, divided into elongate internodes, composed of usually one hydrotheca (but up to three possibly present) and its complement of three nematothecae. Hydrotheca long, almost tubular, fully adnate, with thick perisarc. Mesial nematotheca quite long, conical, borne on a distinct bulge of perisarc far below the hydrothecal base; lateral nematothecae comparatively shorter, sometimes becoming almost globular; all nematothecae bithalamic, wall of upper chamber with deep adaxial emargination. Gonothecae borne in pairs, one to each side of the cladial apophyses; gonothecae not known in all species but, when present, either stellate or urn-shaped, flattened dorso-ventrally and curving over the corresponding stem internode; as a rule, the gonothecae are provided with nematothecae (notably along their perimeter) whose coenosarc is composed of ramifications originating from a central blastostyle. Remarks. Morphologically, the genus Sciurella is readily distinguished from Nemertesia Lamouroux, 1812 through the following features: 1) unlike in Nemertesia, its cladia are borne at different levels on the stem internodes, often adopting a bipinnate arrangement; 2) its hydrothecae are very deep and almost tubular, instead of being cup-shaped; 3) its gonothecae are armed with nematothecae, instead of being devoid of them; 4) the upper chamber of all nematothecae is distinctly emarginated on the adaxial side, instead of having an entire rim., Published as part of Galea, Horia R., Maggioni, Davide & Di Camillo, Cristina G., 2021, Towards a better understanding of the genus Sciurella Allman, 1883 (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa: Plumulariidae): evidence from an integrative study, pp. 1-32 in Zootaxa 5040 (1) on pages 4-5, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5040.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/5530885, {"references":["Allman, G. J. (1883) Report on the Hydroida dredged by H. M. S. Challenger during the years 1873 - 76. Part I. Plumularidae. Report on the Scientific Results of the Voyage of H. M. S. Challenger during the years 1873 - 76, Zoology, 7 (20), 1 - 55. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 11299","Lamouroux, J. V. F. (1812) Extrait d'un memoire sur la classification des polypiers coralligenes non entierement pierreux. Nouveau Bulletin de la Societe Philomathique de Paris, 3, 181 - 188."]}

Antomma longicarpa (Nutting, 1900) Fig. A5 Hippurella annulata— Fewkes, 1881: 134, pl. 1 fig. 1, pl. 2 figs 4, 5, 8 (non Hippurella annulata Allman, 1877). Hippurella longicarpa Nutting, 1900: 84, pl. 17 figs 1–3 [new name for Hippurella annulata sensu Fewkes (1881)].—Fraser, 1944: 333, pl. 71 fig. 322.—Calder, 2004: 18. Antomma longicarpa —Stechow, 1919: 852.—Stechow, 1920: 35.—Stechow, 1923: 231. Description. Colony up to 23 cm high, stem fascicled, bearing on its distal third a series of opposite to alternate side branches that are given off in all directions; condition of the branches not stated; both stem and branches set with alternately-arranged cladia, more distant on stem than on branches; hydrocladia alternate, divided homomerously into long internodes, each with 7–8 intranodal septa, a proximally-set hydrotheca and its complement of 3 nematothecae (one mesial and a pair of laterals), as well as another nematotheca distal on the internode; hydrotheca deep, conical, aperture circular, rim even; distal parts of branches abruptly modified into phylactocarps, composed of stacked verticils of 6 unbranched ramuli; between the bases of adjacent ramuli, there is a nematotheca; a pair of additional nematothecae occurs more distally, where the ramulus, originally given off perpendicularly to the gonosomal axis adopts a vertical posture; finally, a row of nematothecae occur all the way long to their tips; gonothecae quite small, orbicular, arising from the axils of ramuli. Distribution. Off St. Vincent Island (13°15’ N, 61°12’ W, 227 m), St. Vincent and the Grenadines (Fewkes 1881)., Published as part of Galea, Horia R., Di Camillo, Cristina G. & Maggioni, Davide, 2021, An integrative study of Callicarpa gracilis Fewkes, 1881 and Aglaophenia trifida L. Agassiz, 1862, with notes on some hydroids (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa) from French Guiana, pp. 301-341 in Zootaxa 4926 (3) on pages 334-335, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4926.3.1, http://zenodo.org/record/4529212

Aglaophenia trifida L. Agassiz, 1862 Figs 9–14, 16; Table 3 Aglaophenia cristata McCrady, 1859: 202 [non Plumularia cristata Lamarck, 1816 = Aglaophenia pluma (Linnaeus, 1758)]. Aglaophenia trifida L. Agassiz, 1862: 358 [new name for A. cristata, sensu McCrady (1859)].—A. Agassiz, 1865: 140.— Kirchenpauer, 1872: 26.— Verrill, 1872: 437.— Kirchenpauer, 1876: 23, 33.— Verrill, 1879: 308.— Nutting, 1900: 105.— Bedot, 1910: 242.— Bedot, 1912: 255.— Bedot, 1916: 51.— Fraser, 1944: 392.— Calder, 1976: 169.— Calder & Hester, 1978: 91.— Calder, 1983: 21, fig 12.— Cairns et al., 1991: 29.— Ansín Agís et al., 2001: 65, fig. 31A, D–F.— Cairns et al., 2002: 22.— Bouillon et al., 2006: 281.— Calder & Cairns, 2009: 391.— Da Silveira & Morandini, 2011: 449.— Calder, 2013: 49, fig. 14D.— Miranda et al., 2015: 488.— Moura et al., 2018: 7.— Moura et al., 2019: 5, 8. Aglaophenia rigida Allman, 1877: 43, pl. 25 figs 5–9.— Clarke, 1879: 240, 248.— Verrill, 1879: 308.— Nutting, 1895: 179.— Jäderholm, 1896: 17.— Nutting, 1900: 91, pl. 18 figs 3–4.— Bedot, 1912: 253.— Fraser, 1912 (pro parte): 343, 378, fig. 44.— Bedot, 1916: 49.— Bedot, 1918: 64.— Fraser, 1947: 15.— Vannucci, 1950: 83, 90, pl. 2 figs 7–9.— Vannucci, 1951: 106, 108, 109, 112, 117.— Vannucci, 1954: 118.— Vervoort, 1968: 113.— Ansín Agís et al., 2001: 66, fig. 31B–C.— Migotto et al., 2002: 13.— Bouillon et al., 2006: 281. non Aglaophenia rigida — Fraser, 1938a: 10, 57.— Fraser, 1938b: 135.— Fraser, 1939: 161, 173.— Fraser, 1948: 188. Type material. MCZ 2109 for the holotype of A. rigida Allman, 1877 [Calder (1983: 22); registration code not currently listed in the online catalogue; type locality: off Cape Fear, North Carolina, USA, 16 m] and MCZ 252 for specimens of A. trifida L. Agassiz, 1862 from the type locality of Charleston, South Carolina, USA [A. Agassiz (1865: 140); registration code not currently listed in the online catalogue]. Material examined. MNHN-IK-2015-626; Proteus stn DW5067; 6°12.4’ N, 52°04.5’ W; 103– 101 m; 01 Dec 2017; many colonies up to 10 cm high, some with corbulae, both sexes present; GenBank accession numbers: MT 949947 and MT 949948 (16S), MT 949953 and MT 949954 (18S), MT 949941 and MT 949942 (28S).—MNHN-IK-2015-636; Proteus stn DW5068; 6°13.8’ N, 52°05.5’ W; 116– 115 m; 01 Dec 2017; colony composed of a few stems up to 6.5 cm high, some bearing ³ corbulae.—MNHN-IK-2015-627; Proteus stn DW5069; 6°13.6’ N, 52°05.3’ W; 115– 115 m; 01 Dec 2017; a few colonies up to 11 cm high, some with corbulae, both sexes present; GenBank accession numbers: MT 949949 (16S), MT 949955 (18S), MT 949943 (28S).—MNHN-IK-2015-638; Proteus stn DW5070; 6°15.8’ N, 52°06.5’ W; 125– 125 m; 01 Dec 2017; two stems, 7 and 8.5 cm high, tallest bearing ♀ corbulae.—MNHN-IK-2015-637; Proteus stn DW5074; 6°16.8’ N, 52°08.6’ W; 132– 130 m; 01 Dec 2017; three stems, 6–7.5 cm high, one bearing ♀ corbulae.—MNHN-IK-2015-640; Proteus stn DW5085; 6°12.4’ N, 52°01.5’ W; 149–150 m; 02 Dec 2017; a 12 cm high stem bearing ³ corbulae.—MNHN-IK-2015-633; Proteus stn DW5086; 6°11.1’ N, 52°02.4’ W; 107– 104 m; 02 Dec 2017; a few colonies up to 6.5 cm high, some with corbulae, both sexes present.—MNHN-IK-2015-639; Proteus stn DW5096; 6°10.5’ N, 52°02.6’ W; 96–98 m; 03 Dec 2017; several stems 4–10 cm high, tallest bearing ³ corbulae. Description. Colonies growing in tangled masses, composed of upright (though rather flaccid) stems, up to 12 cm high, arising from creeping, branched, tortuous hydrorhiza generally firmly attached to barnacle shells. Stems monosiphonic throughout, wiry, slender, composed of proximal, smooth, athecate part of varied length, and an upper, thecate part divided into regular internodes by means of slightly oblique nodes, the latter becoming gradually more distinct distally. Thecate part proximally devoid of cladia, but provided with a row of frontal, saccate nematothecae and/or followed by internodes with atrophied cladial apophyses and nematothecae. Junction between acladiate and cladiate parts of the stem either indistinct, or marked by a deeply incised, strongly oblique node (hinge joint), or comprising a prosegment (delimited at both ends by hinge joints) carrying frontally a saccate nematotheca. Regular internodes of the stem short, with a proximal, frontal, saccate nematotheca, a latero-distal apophysis supporting a cladium, the latter flanked by two saccate nematothecae with gutter-shaped, adaxial apertures; apophysis with a well-developed, latero-frontal, conical mamelon with circular aperture on summit. Young stems unbranched, older stems with up to second order branches; the latter irregularly replacing a hydrocladium; branches given off from front of stem either singly or in alternating pairs from two (rarely three) consecutive internodes of the upper part of main stem; structure similar to that of the main stem. Cladia alternate (the two rows forming an obtuse angle between them), closely-set, up to 12 mm long, composed of a regular succession of up to 35 cormidia separated by well-marked, slightly oblique nodes; cormidium short, accommodating a hydrotheca of the same length, together with its three associated nematothecae: one mesial and a pair of laterals; two intranodal, conspicuous (though incomplete) septa, dividing the internode into three, almost equal parts. Hydrotheca cup-shaped, slightly elongate, lower half of abaxial wall bearing a moderately-long mesial nematotheca, upper half concave, with thickened perisarc; adaxial wall slightly concave, giving rise (from the insertion point of the proximal intranodal septum) laterally to a pair of perisarcal processes running obliquely upwards into the hydrothecal lumen, each forming a globular projection, but not a transverse septum uniting the lateral walls of the hydrotheca between them; aperture slightly sloping, composed of 9 triangular cusps, one abaxial and 4 pairs of lateral, the last pair mostly hidden by the lateral nematothecae; mesial nematotheca reaching half-length the hydrotheca, aperture gutter-shaped, opened adaxially all the way long; lateral nematothecae saccate, imperceptibly projecting above the hydrothecal rim, apertures gutter-shaped on adaxial side. Hydranths contracted within their corresponding hydrothecae; tentacles filiform, their number could not be ascertained. Colonies dioecious; male and female gonophores formed inside ovoid gonothecae with flimsy perisarc, protected together by elongate corbulae, the latter replacing irregularly a cladium, either singly or in alternate, consecutive pairs; a normal cormidium at the base of each corbula. Male corbulae cylindrical, up to 5 mm long, open, composed of up to 15 regular ribs per side, arranged alternately along a straight rachis; a nematotheca in the distal axil at the insertion of each rib on the axis; ribs free, curving above the gonothecae, occasionally fused punctually at their tips and/or at some sites where they touch each other laterally; ribs triangular in general outline, each free side with a row of 9–10 nematothecae. Female corbulae arched in overall outline, up to 3.5 mm long, closed, composed of up to 14 regular ribs, except for the proximal most pair that are distinct; regular ribs arranged alternately along the corbula axis, with a distal, axillar nematotheca at their basal insertion; each rib asymmetrical, proximal half sheet-shaped, distal half set with a row of 12–14 nematothecae; the junction between adjacent ribs takes place along a continuous line at the base of the row of nematothecae; proximal-most ribs forming a pair fused basally together, one rib being free from the corbula (except for its origin on the axis), while the other is fused in its center to the first regular rib of the corbula; these ribs are bilaterally symmetrical, and bear a row of 7–10 nematothecae on each free side; all the nematothecae of the corbula saccate, with adaxial, gutter-shaped apertures. Female gonothecae similar in shape to their male counterparts. The development of the zygote takes place within the female gonotheca, and up to 1 mm long, worm-like planulae are released from the female corbula through a passage between the proximal-most, unpaired rib and the couple of first regular ribs. Remarks. Calder (1983, 2013) and Ansín Agis et al. (2001) discussed the nomenclature of this species. Calder (1983) confirmed the so far accepted synonymy (see Fraser 1944: 393), stating that “There is nothing in the original description of Aglaophenia rigida by Allman (1877), or in subsequent descriptions of that species by later authors, that can be used to distinguish it from A. trifida ”. Of noteworthy importance, Calder’s material was essentially topotypic with McCrady’s A. cristata (D. Calder, pers. comm.). The syntype of A. rigida was reexamined subsequently by Ansín Agis et al. (2001), as well. The original description given by McCrady (1859, as A. cristata) is imperfect (e.g. the number of hydrothecal cusps is given as “eight or ten (?)”), the morphological terminology is inadequate, and there are no illustrations, making the species unrecognizable on microscopical grounds. However, a few macroscopic traits highlight its general morphology, e.g. “Main stems […] giving of, on their upper half, two or three pairs of opposite branches, and growing together in a bushy cluster […]”, and “The main stems are of a yellowish, horny brown, the branchlets lighter in color, and the tips of the branchlets have a vivid, somewhat golden yellow color” (McCrady 1859: 202, 203). Nutting (1900: 91, 105) gave a comparatively more modern and clearer description based on McCrady’s account as, at the date of publication of his monograph, he was “unable to secure either specimens or figures of this species” (Nutting 1900: 106). Colonies may reportedly reach as much as 24 inches (61 cm) (Nutting 1900: 91, as A. rigida). Although recognized as “the most abundant Aglaophenia on our [USA] Atlantic seaboard”, Nutting gave a short account on the “closed” corbula only, not stipulating that a morphologically distinct structure is build up by the opposite sex, as documented in the present study. Similarly, Allman (1877) documented only “completely closed” corbulae in specimens assigned to his newly-described A. rigida, as equally did Vannucci (1950, as A. rigida) and Calder (1983). Several species of Aglaophenia have corbulae resembling those of A. trifida and, among those thoroughly described, those of A. lophocarpa Allman, 1877 and A. tubulifera (Hincks, 1861) could be mentioned (Svoboda 1992; Ansín Agís et al. 2001). As noted by Calder (2013), it is unlikely that this hydroid could have occurred on floating Sargassum, as stated by Fraser (1912, as A. rigida), but the dredged specimens epizoic on sponge may, indeed, belong to the present species. Similarly, the Pacific material dealt with by Fraser (1938a, b, 1939, 1948, as A. rigida) may not belong, either, to the species dealt with herein. Distribution. From North Carolina, USA, to Brazil, including the Gulf of Mexico and the Caribbean Sea (Calder 2013). This is the first record from French Guiana (present study)., Published as part of Galea, Horia R., Di Camillo, Cristina G. & Maggioni, Davide, 2021, An integrative study of Callicarpa gracilis Fewkes, 1881 and Aglaophenia trifida L. Agassiz, 1862, with notes on some hydroids (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa) from French Guiana, pp. 301-341 in Zootaxa 4926 (3) on pages 315-322, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4926.3.1, http://zenodo.org/record/4529212, {"references":["Agassiz, L. (1862) Contributions to the Natural History of the United States of America. Second monograph. Vol. 4. Little, Brown & Co., Boston, 380 pp.","McCrady, J. (1859) Gymnopthalmata of Charleston Harbor. Proceedings of the Elliott Society of Natural History, 1, 103 - 221.","Lamarck J. B. P. A. (1816) Histoire naturelle des animaux sans vertebres. Verdiere, Paris, 568 pp.","Linnaeus, C. (1758) Systema naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Editio decima, reformata. L. Salvii, Holmiae, Stockholm, 823 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 542","Agassiz, A. (1865) North American Acalephae. Illustrated catalogue of the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard College, 2, 1 - 234. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 11629","Kirchenpauer, G. H. (1872) Ueber die Hydroidenfamilie Plumularidae, einzelne Gruppen derselben und ihre Fruchtbehalter. I. Aglaophenia, Lx. 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Zoologische Verhandelingen, Leiden, 333, 1 - 268.","Cairns, S. D., Calder, D. R., Brinckmann-Voss, A., Castro, C. B., Fautin, D. G., Pugh, P. R., Mills, C. E., Jaap, W. C., Arai, M. N., Haddock, S. H. D. & Opresko, D. M. (2002) Common and scientific names of aquatic invertebrates from the United States and Canada: Cnidaria and Ctenophora. Special Publication of the American Fisheries Society, 28, 1 - 115.","Bouillon, J., Gravili, C., Pages, F., Gili, J. M. & Boero, F. (2006) An introduction to Hydrozoa. Memoires du Museum national d'histoire naturelle, Paris, 194, 1 - 591.","Calder, D. R. & Cairns, S. D. (2009) Hydroids (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa) of the Gulf of Mexico. In: Felder, D. L. & Camp, D. K. (Eds.), Gulf of Mexico-Origins, waters, and biota. Vol. 1. Biodiversity. Texas A & M Press, College Station, Texas, pp. 381 - 394.","Da Silveira, F. L. & Morandini, A. C. (2011) Checklist dos Cnidaria do Estado de S \" o Paulo, Brasil. Biota Neotropica, 11 (1), 445 - 454. https: // doi. org / 10.1590 / S 1676 - 06032011000500016","Calder, D. R. (2013) Some shallow-water hydroids (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa) from the central east coast of Florida, USA. Zootaxa, 3648 (1), 1 - 72. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 3648.1.1","Miranda, T. P., Genzano, G. N. & Marques, A. C. (2015) Areas of endemism in the southwestern Atlantic Ocean based on the distribution of benthic hydroids (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa). Zootaxa, 4033 (4), 484 - 506. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4033.4.2","Moura, C., Lessios, H., Cortes, J., Nizinski, M. S., Reed, J., Santos, R. S. & Collins, A. G. (2018) Hundreds of genetic barcodes of the species-rich hydroid superfamily Plumularioidea (Cnidaria, Medusozoa) provide a guide toward more reliable taxonomy. Scientific Reports, 8, 17986. https: // doi. org / 10.1038 / s 41598 - 018 - 35528 - 8","Moura, C. J., Collins, A. G., Santos, R. S. & Lessios, H. (2019) Predominant east to west colonizations across major oceanic barriers: Insights into the phylogeographic history of the hydroid family Plumularioidea, suggested by a mitochondrial DNA barcoding marker. Ecology and Evolution, 9 (23), 1 - 16. https: // doi. org / 10.1002 / ece 3.5608","Allman, G. J. (1877) Report on the Hydroida collected during the exploration of the Gulf Stream by L. F. de Pourtales, Assistant United States Coast Survey. Memoirs of the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard College, 5 (2), 1 - 66. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 10420","Clarke, S. F. (1879) Report on the Hydroida collected during the exploration of the Gulf Stream and Gulf of Mexico by Alexan- der Agassiz, 1877 - 78. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, at Harvard College, 5, 239 - 252.","Nutting, C. C. (1895) Narrative and preliminary report of Bahama Expedition. Bulletin from the Laboratories of Natural History, State University of Iowa, 3 (1), 1 - 251. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 12426","Jaderholm, E. (1896) Ueber Aussereuropaische Hydroiden des Zoologischen Museums der Universitat Upsala. Bihang till Kongliga Svenska Vetenskaps-Akademiens Handlingar, 21 (4), (6), 1 - 20.","Fraser, C. M. (1912) Some hydroids of Beaufort, North Carolina. Bulletin of the United States Bureau of Fisheries, 30, 337 - 387.","Bedot, M. (1918) Materiaux pour servir a l'histoire des Hydroides. 6 e periode (1891 a 1900). Revue Suisse de Zoologie, 26 (Supplement), 1 - 376.","Fraser, C. M. (1947) Hydroids of the 1939 Allan Hancock Caribbean Sea Expedition. Allan Hancock Atlantic Expedition, 4, 1 - 24.","Vannucci, M. (1950) Resultados cientificos do cruzeiro \" Baependi \" e do \" Vega \" a Isla da Trindade. Boletim do Instituto Paulista de Oceanografia, 1 (1), 81 - 96. https: // doi. org / 10.1590 / S 0100 - 42391950000100007","Vannucci, M. (1951) Distribuic \" o dos Hydrozoa ate agora conhecidos nas costas do Brasil. Boletim do Instituto Paulista de Oceanografia, 2 (1), 105 - 124. https: // doi. org / 10.1590 / S 0100 - 42391951000100004","Vannucci, M. (1954) Hydrozoa e Scyphozoa existentes no Instituto Oceanografico. II. Boletim do Instituto Oceanografico, 5 (1 - 2), 95 - 149. https: // doi. org / 10.1590 / S 0373 - 55241954000100005","Vervoort, W. (1968) Report on a collection of Hydroida from the Caribbean region, including an annotated checklist of Caribbean hydroids. Zoologische Verhandelingen, Leiden, 92, 1 - 124.","Migotto, A. E., Marques, A. C., Morandini, A. C. & Silveira, F. L. (2002) Checklist of the Cnidaria Medusozoa of Brazil. Biota Neotropica, 2 (1), 1 - 31. https: // doi. org / 10.1590 / s 1676 - 06032002000100010","Fraser C. M. (1938 a) Hydroids of the 1934 Allan Hancock Pacific Expedition. Allan Hancock Pacific Expeditions, 4 (1), 1 - 105.","Fraser, C. M. (1938 b) Hydroids of the 1932, 1933, 1935, and 1938 Allan Hancock Pacific Expeditions. Allan Hancock Pacific Expeditions, 4 (3), 129 - 153.","Fraser, C. M. (1939) Distribution of the hydroids in the collections of the Allan Hancock Expeditions. Allan Hancock Pacific Expeditions, 4 (4), 155 - 178.","Fraser, C. M. (1948) Hydroids of the Allan Hancock Pacific Expeditions since March, 1938. Allan Hancock Pacific Expeditions, 4 (5), 179 - 343.","Svoboda, A. (1992) Sexual dimorphism in Aglaophenia tubulifera and Aglaophenia lophocarpa (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa). Scientia Marina, 56 (2 - 3), 177 - 183."]}

Nemertesia hippuris (Allman, 1877) Fig. A1 Antennopsis hippuris Allman, 1877: 35, pl. 21 figs 3–6 (type species of the genus Antennopsis Allman, 1877).—Fewkes, 1881: 128.—Nutting, 1900: 73, pl. 11 figs 4–6.—Fraser, 1944: 319, pl. 67 fig. 305. Nemertesia hippuris— Ramil & Vervoort, 2006: 122. Description. Small and rather delicate colonies, not surpassing 2 inches (ca. 5 cm) in height, arising from a cluster of tubular, stolonal fibers; stems simple, straight, monosiphonic, divided into rather short internodes, each bearing distally a conspicuous cladial apophysis; a couple of axillar nematothecae, and one below the apophysis; the latter are given off irregularly from all sides of the stem; cladia slender, heteromerously divided into hydrothecate and ahydrothecate internodes; the former with one hydrotheca and 4 nematothecae: one mesial, a couple of laterals, and one above the hydrotheca; ahydrothecate internodes with 2 nematothecae in a row; hydrothecae borne on proximal halves of their corresponding internodes, small, rather deep, cup-shaped, margin entire, not everted; colonies dioecious; gonothecae shortly pedunculate, borne singly in the axils of hydrocladia; presumably male elongated oval, with an oblique terminal orifice; presumably female slipper-shaped with the distal end curved over to one side, and with a subterminal orifice. Distribution. Off Double-Headed Shot Cays (23°59’50’’ N, 80°19’15’’ W, 356 m), Florida Straits; off Charleston, South Carolina (32°7’ N, 78°37’ W, 419 m); off St. Augustine, Florida (29°47’ N, 80°06’ W, 481 m) [summarized by Nutting (1900)]., Published as part of Galea, Horia R., Di Camillo, Cristina G. & Maggioni, Davide, 2021, An integrative study of Callicarpa gracilis Fewkes, 1881 and Aglaophenia trifida L. Agassiz, 1862, with notes on some hydroids (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa) from French Guiana, pp. 301-341 in Zootaxa 4926 (3) on page 330, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4926.3.1, http://zenodo.org/record/4529212

Callicarpa gracilis Fewkes, 1881 Figs 1���8, 15; Tables 1, 2 Callicarpa gracilis Fewkes, 1881: 134, pl. 2 figs 1, 2, 6, 7.��� Allman, 1883: 3 (footnote), 13.���A. Agassiz, 1888: 137, figs 438���439.��� Versluys, 1899: 47.��� Nutting, 1900: 85, pl. 17 figs 4���6.��� Bedot, 1916: 58.��� Bedot, 1918: 78.��� Bedot, 1921: 16.��� Fraser, 1944: 328, pl. 69 fig. 316.��� Bouillon et al., 2006: 364, fig. 172A���B.���Stephens & Calder, 2010: 271. Type material. National Museum of Natural History, Washington, USA, catalogue number: USNM 72363 (schizoholotype); collected in 1880 from an unknown locality ���off the eastern coast of the United States��� (Fewkes 1881: 127, 129). Material examined. Unbranched morphotype: MNHN-IK-2015-629; Proteus stn DW5067; 6��12.4��� N, 52��04.5��� W; 103��� 101 m; 01 Dec 2017; one colony 5 cm high bearing a phylactocarp.���MNHN-IK-2015-631; Proteus stn DW5076; 6��10.3��� N, 51��59.6��� W; 112��� 112 m; 02 Dec 2017; one colony, 6 cm high, bearing 2 phylactocarps.��� MNHN-IK-2015-625; Proteus stn DW5078; 6��10.2��� N, 52��00.1��� W; 105��� 99 m; 02 Dec 2017; 6 colonies, 5���7.5 cm high, all but one bearing phylactocarps; GenBank accession numbers: MT 949946 (16S), MT 949952 (18S), MT 949940 (28S), MT 949458 (COI).���MNHN-IK-2015-652; Proteus stn DW5079; 6��10.1��� N, 52��00.3��� W; 104��� 101 m; 02 Dec 2017; 4 colonies, 3���6 cm high, of which 2 are sterile, while 2 others bear phylactocarps.���MNHN-IK-2015-628; Proteus stn DW5080; 6��09.9��� N, 52��00.1��� W; 101��� 100 m; 02 Dec 2017; 2 colonies, one 5.5 cm high and sterile, the other 6.5 cm high and bearing a phylactocarp.���MNHN-IK-2015-653; Proteus stn DW5086; 6��11.1��� N, 52��02.4��� W; 107��� 104 m; 02 Dec 2017; 3 colonies, 5.5���7.5 cm high, all bearing phylactocarps.���MNHN-IK- 2015-617; Proteus stn DW5087; 6��11.2��� N, 52��02.6��� W; 105��� 103 m; 02 Dec 2017; 7 colonies, 4���8 cm high, with variably developed phylactocarps; GenBank accession numbers: MT 949945 (16S), MT 949951 (18S), MT 949939 (28S), MT 949457 (COI).���MNHN-IK-2015-630; Proteus stn DW5089; 6��09.5��� N, 52��01.4��� W; 94��� 92 m; 03 Dec 2017; 2 colonies, each bearing a phylactocarp.���MNHN-IK-2015-635; Proteus stn DW5091; 6��07.4��� N, 51��59.5��� W; 89��� 31 m; 03 Dec 2017; a 4.5 cm high colony bearing a young phylactocarp.��� MNHN-IK-2015-634; Proteus stn DW5093; 6��05.4��� N, 52��01.5��� W; 75���76 m; 03 Dec 2017; a 6.5 cm high colony bearing a young phylactocarp. Branched morphotype: MNHN-IK-2015-632; Proteus stn DW5069; 6��13.6��� N, 52��05.3��� W; 115��� 115 m; 01 Dec 2017; a ca. 22 cm high colony with phylactocarps; GenBank accession numbers: MT 949950 (16S), MT 949956 (18S), MT 949944 (28S), MT 949459 (COI). Description. The species displays two distinct morphotypes: one forming simple plumes (Fig. 2) and one building comparatively taller colonies whose stems are provided with irregularly-arranged cladia-bearing branches (Fig. 6). Due to their different appearance and structure, they are described separately below. Unbranched colonies solitary, erect, up to 8 cm high, relatively rigid (quite able to support themselves when out of liquid), feather-like, arising from a tangled mass of thin, highly-ramified, stolonal tubes embedded in sand. Stems simple, moderately-fascicled, not exceeding 0.75 mm in width basally, composed of a centrally-placed, cladia-bearing, main tube, surrounded by a varied number of auxiliary tubes. Main tube relatively thick and unsegmented, with rather thick, smooth perisarc; equivalents of internodes moderately-long, bearing a latero-distal apophysis supporting a cladium; apophysis not always distinctly delimited from the corresponding cladium but, when present, node oblique; apophysis well-developed, with a distally-placed, conical mamelon (with circular aperture on summit) on adaxial surface, and a pair of axillar nematothecae, one on each lateral side. Auxiliary tubes equally undivided, with two parallel, longitudinal rows of nematothecae, arranged either in pairs or irregularly alternate. Cladia unbranched, alternate, closely-set, in two parallel, coplanar rows; up to 12 mm long, regularly divided by distinct, slightly oblique nodes into up to 30 cormidia; each internode relatively long, with a hydrotheca almost centrally-placed, although closest to the proximal node and not occupying the whole length of the cormidium, and its complement of 3 nematothecae, one mesial and a pair of laterals; proximal-most cormidium occasionally with twin mesial nematothecae. Hydrotheca inverted-conical, rather deep, abaxial wall straight to imperceptibly convex, with thickened perisarc, latero-adaxial wall equally thickened and consequently opaque, slightly concave; a perisarc plug at junction between the base and the adaxial wall; hydropore rounded, set close to the abaxial wall; hydrothecal aperture semicircular (in apical view), set at a right angle to the internode. Mesial nematotheca seated well below the hydrothecal base on an adaxial prominence of the internode wall; lateral nematothecae borne on indistinct apophyses, slightly below the hydrothecal rim. Each cladial internode with a number of incomplete internal ridges of perisarc originating adaxially: two flanking above and below the mesial nematotheca, one radiating from the perisarc plug prolonging abaxially the hydrothecal base, one occasionally present in middle of the adaxial hydrothecal wall, two flanking above and below the lateral nematothecae, as well as one (occasionally two) close to the distal node. Phylactocarps up to 3 to each cormoid, given off on one side (that becomes frontal) of the colony from a thick, internal, auxiliary tube that surfaces from inside the fascicled stem at an angle of about 35���40��; up to 19 mm long, borne on a short, smooth pedicel prolonged distally into the longitudinal axis proper; the latter unsegmented, bearing up to 44 stacked verticils, each of which is composed of 3 ramuli (with the exception of the first, occasionally second, whorl) forming an angle of 120�� between them; ramuli from every other verticil arranged in the same position, while those belonging to consecutive verticils alternate in position; ramuli hollow tubes, antler-shaped, divided dichotomously twice, occasionally showing an incipient third division, distally opening into small, circular apertures; pedicel of phylactocarp with 2���4 pairs of nematothecae on adaxial side, remainder of axis athecate; adaxial side of undivided, proximal part of ramulus with a pair of proximal nematothecae, followed by a broadly triangular, raised area of thinner perisarc on which are borne ca. 3���4 gonothecae (at different developmental stages), and ending more distally into two successive pairs of nematothecae; first order branches of ramulus with 1���2 pairs of nematothecae displaced laterally; second order branches of ramulus with a number of irregularly-placed nematothecae, with a tendency to alternate. Proximal-most whorl of ramuli generally composed of only two latero-abaxial ramuli; occasionally, there may be an unpaired, abaxial ramulus, followed by a pair, and then by regular, alternating rows of three. Gonothecae broadly ovoid, somehow laterally flattened, thin-walled, aperture distal, transversely-set, ovoid in outline, closed by flimsy, deciduous operculum; the type of gonophore could not be ascertained in this fixed material. All nematothecae of a colony trumpet-shaped, movable, bithalamic, with tall lower chamber and shallow upper chamber, the adaxial wall of the latter with distinct emargination. Hydranths contracted inside their corresponding hydrothecae; tentacle number could not be ascertained. Branched colony erect, ca. 22 cm high, rather flaccid, unable to fully support itself when out of liquid, arising from a large mass of enmeshing, thin, ramified fibers embedded in sand. Stem 1 mm wide basally, fascicled, grading to monosiphonic distally; lower half without branches and/or cladia, upper half cladiate, giving rise to 5 irregularly-arranged branches springing in all directions; branches up to 3.5 cm long, given off out- and slightly upward, then arching gracefully nearly horizontally; proximally lightly fascicled, grading to monosiphonic distally. Main tube of stem and branches undivided; equivalents of stem internodes with a latero-distal apophysis supporting a cladium, and 1���2 nematothecae in central part of the opposite side, towards the middle of the internode; apophyses well-developed, with a conspicuous, conical mamelon (with small, rounded aperture on summit) on adaxial side, a pair of axillar nematothecae (one on each side of apophysis), as well as with twin, distally-placed, adaxial nematothecae, just below the slightly oblique node that separates the apophysis from the corresponding hydrocladium; internodes of cladia-bearing branches comparatively shorter than their cauline counterparts, without proximal nematothecae, but with similar cladial apophyses, the latter however not delimited distally, but confluent with the corresponding cladia. The latter alternate, the two rows coplanar on both stem and branches; up to 5 mm long on stem and 7 mm long on branches; divided homomerously into up to 16 regular internodes through distinct, slightly oblique nodes; internodes moderately long, with a hydrotheca placed centrally, and its complement of 3 nematothecae, one mesial and a couple of laterals; there are 5 internal septa to each internode, of which 2 pairs flank below and above the nematothecae, while the last one is placed towards the distal node. Hydrotheca deep, conical, abaxial wall almost straight for nearly its whole length, basally convex; adaxial wall distinctly thickened, displaying a wide flange of gradually thinner perisarc on each side of the theca; aperture distinctly sloping adaxially, rim even. Mesial nematotheca well below the hydrothecal base, seated on a distinct, proximal, adaxial prominence of the internode; lateral nematothecae borne on small, though distinct apophyses given off at the junction of the lateral hydrothecal wall with the internode behind; lateral nematothecae greatly surpassing the hydrothecal rim. Hydranths contracted inside their hydrothecae, type of tentacles and their number could not be ascertained. {Fig. 7 about here} Gonosome forming phylactocarps on the distal parts of the branches; phylactocarps arising from either the accessory tubes or the cladia-bearing tube, but given off amongst the hydrocladia in a plane perpendicular to theirs, and projecting upward; proximal most phylactocarps all aligned along a median row but, more distally, alternately shifted on to each side, occasionally forming divergent pairs; phylactocarps short, tubular, arching upward from the axis of cladia-bearing branch, but not being demarcated basally from it by a node; composed of a proximal (axillar) pair of nematothecae (one to each side), followed immediately by 2 consecutive pairs of foramina (for the insertion of gonothecae), another pair of nematothecae towards the central part, and a distal hydrotheca, together with its complement of 3 nematothecae. Gonothecae urn-shaped, thin-walled, except below the aperture, tapering below into an indistinct, laterally-set pedicel; aperture circular, operculum not seen; type of gonophore and sex could not be ascertained. All the nematothecae of the colony alike; conical, moderatelylong, bithalamic, lower chamber deep, upper chamber relatively shallow, with rim emarginated of adaxial side. Remarks. Nutting (1900) supplemented the original account on C. gracilis with a redescription of the type material, a text that was reproduced later on by Fraser (1944). Although many details of its microscopical anatomy remained overlooked, Nutting confirmed the polysiphonic structure of the stem. As noted in the descriptive section, two morphotypes occur in the present collection, one being a typical Callicarpa, sensu Fewkes (1881), while the other has an Antomma -like appearance; they can be easily mistaken for two distinct species, although the results of the molecular study (see below) demonstrate that both are conspecific. In the unbranched colonies, the phylactocarps ���resemble spikes of barley��� (Fewkes 1881: 135) and, unlike in the type material in which there were ���no hydrothecae on the ribs or at the base of the verticils���, the proximal most ramuli do not always comprise exclusively the usual branched, hollow, nematothecate tubes. Indeed, a ramulus can be replaced by a short, either simple (MNHN-IK-2015-629) or bifid (MNHN-IK-2015-652), cladium. In this case, the proximal part of the ramulus comprises a short axis, provided basally with 2 laterally-placed, axillar nematothecae (at origin from the longitudinal axis of the phylactocarp), immediately followed by the site of the insertion of gonothecae and ���after a short distance��� by another pair of nematothecae, all ending in a hydrotheca with its complement of 3 nematothecae. From here, the ramulus is either prolonged by a sequence of hydrothecate internodes (MNHN-IK-2015-629), or by a short, bifid, distal projection above the hydrotheca (each branch is provided with a single, basal nematotheca) carrying a succession of hydrothecate internodes, with or without intervening ahydrothecate internodes bearing single nematothecae (MNHN-IK-2015-652). In some other instances, above the proximal-most hydrotheca, there is a bifid projection (whose short branches do not bear nematothecae) provided with a pair of hollow spikes with nematothecae (MNHN-IK-2015-628). In order to preserve the integrity of these rare specimens, the structures mentioned above were not illustrated. Type material of C. gracilis was represented by a ca. 15 cm high colony, whose proximal part of the stem bore the stump of a potential broken branch (although this could have been well the pedicel of a broken phylactocarp). A comparatively taller, branched colony is present in material MNHN-IK-2015-632. Its trophosome resembles that of Antomma longicarpa (Nutting, 1900), as illustrated by Fewkes (1881, as Hippurella annulata Allman, 1877), in being represented by a stem with pinnately-arranged cladia that gives rise irregularly to a number of cladia-bearing branches, both the stem and its branches being fascicled. Although their respective cladia are almost indistinguishable morphologically, there are several differences occurring in the branched morphotype compared to its unbranched counterpart: 1) the cladial apophyses of the stem possess distally twin nematothecae (Fig. 7A, B), but their presence is, however, inconstant, although it is not clear whether this is a normal situation or the consequence of a possible mechanical breakage; such nematothecae were never observed in any of the unbranched colonies at hand; 2) the gonosome of the branched morphotype is not represented anymore by a morphologically-complex structure, but by the equivalent of a radial section of it, comprising only single or twin ramuli, that have spread over the distalmost part of the axis of a cladia-bearing branch; 3) this said, it is however not clear whether the specimen at hand displays a fully-developed gonosome or, in other words, if the structures illustrated in Figs 7K, L and 8B, C represent incipient phylactocarps or the components of an entire phylactocarp fused to the axis of a cladia-bearing branch; additional fertile specimens are expected to answer the question; 4) each phylactocarp/ramulus represents the equivalent of the proximal-most portion of a ramulus that include hydrothecate internodes, as described in the unbranched colonies. Besides C. gracilis, the genus Callicarpa comprises a second species, C. chazaliei Versluys, 1899, that is distinguished from the former through the following characters: 1) its cladia are comparatively more distant from one another; 2) its hydrocladial internodes possess a distal, unpaired nematotheca above the hydrotheca; 3) the ramuli of its phylactocarps are reportedly branched once instead of twice. Distribution. Callicarpa gracilis, although dealt with in comprehensive works such as Nutting (1900) and Fraser (1944), was only known through the (unlabeled) type material collected by the Blake in 1880 who, according to Fewkes (1881: 127), sailed ���off the eastern coast of the United States, in the summer of 1880���. Nutting (1900: 85), however, expressed the opinion that it ���belongs doubtless to the West Indian fauna���, but this appears to be inexact in light of the data provided by the descriptor. The specimens dealt with in the present study represent the first record for French Guiana., Published as part of Galea, Horia R., Di Camillo, Cristina G. & Maggioni, Davide, 2021, An integrative study of Callicarpa gracilis Fewkes, 1881 and Aglaophenia trifida L. Agassiz, 1862, with notes on some hydroids (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa) from French Guiana, pp. 301-341 in Zootaxa 4926 (3) on pages 304-314, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4926.3.1, http://zenodo.org/record/4529212, {"references":["Fewkes, J. W. (1881) Report on the Acalephae. In: Reports on the results of dredging, under the supervision of Alexander Agassiz, in the Caribbean Sea, in 1878, 1879, and along the Atlantic coast of the United States, during the summer of 1880, by the U. S. Coast Survey Steamer \" Blake \". Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, at Harvard College, 8 (7), pp. 127 - 140.","Allman, G. J. (1883) Report on the Hydroida dredged by H. M. S. Challenger during the years 1873 - 76. Part I. - Plumularidae. Report on the Scientific Results of the Voyage of H. M. S. Challenger during the years 1873 - 76, Zoology, 7 (20), 1 - 55. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 11299","Agassiz, A. (1888) Characteristic deep-sea types. Acalephs. In: Three cruises of the Blake. Vol. 2. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard College, 15, 128 - 141.","Versluys, J. J. (1899) Hydraires calyptoblastes recueillis dans la mer des Antilles, pendant l'une des croisieres accomplies par le comte R. de Dalmas sur son yacht \" Chazalie \". Memoires de la Societe Zoologique de France, 12, 29 - 58.","Nutting, C. C. (1900) American hydroids. Part I. The Plumularidae. Special Bulletin of the United States National Museum, 4 (1), 1 - 285. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 1327","Bedot, M. (1916) Materiaux pour servir a l'histoire des Hydroides. 5 e periode (1881 - 1890). Revue Suisse de Zoologie, 24 (1), 1 - 394.","Bedot, M. (1918) Materiaux pour servir a l'histoire des Hydroides. 6 e periode (1891 a 1900). Revue Suisse de Zoologie, 26 (Supplement), 1 - 376.","Bedot, M. (1921) Notes systematiques sur les Plumularides. 2 e partie. Revue Suisse de Zoologie, 29 (1), 1 - 40. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. part. 84689","Fraser, C. M. (1944) Hydroids of the Atlantic coast of North America. University of Toronto Press, Toronto, 451 pp.","Bouillon, J., Gravili, C., Pages, F., Gili, J. M. & Boero, F. (2006) An introduction to Hydrozoa. Memoires du Museum national d'histoire naturelle, Paris, 194, 1 - 591.","Allman, G. J. (1877) Report on the Hydroida collected during the exploration of the Gulf Stream by L. F. de Pourtales, Assistant United States Coast Survey. Memoirs of the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard College, 5 (2), 1 - 66. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 10420"]}

Callicarpa chazaliei Versluys, 1899 Fig. A3 Callicarpa chazaliei Versluys, 1899: 44, figs 14, 15.—Fraser, 1947: 13. Description. No complete colonies are known, but their stems are likely unbranched and fascicled. Main stem unsegmented, bearing alternate cladia; a nematotheca near the origin of each cladium. Cladia rather spaced from one another, up to 14.5 mm long, homomerously divided into moderately-long internodes; the latter with a nearly centrally-placed hydrotheca, its complement of three nematothecae (one mesial and a pair of laterals), as well as a distal nematotheca above the hydrotheca; internodes with internal ridges given off adaxially: one proximal and one distal, as well as two additional pairs, one flanking the mesial nematotheca above and below, and the second the lateral nematothecae, equally above and below. Hydrothecae rather deep, inverted-conical, abaxial wall straight or nearly so, adaxial wall slightly concave, aperture set perpendicularly to the length of internode, rim even. Nematothecae movable, elongate, bithalamic, wall of upper chamber emarginated adaxially; mesial nematotheca seated on an adaxial prominence of the internode; lateral nematothecae borne on inconspicuous apophyses. Phylactocarps given off in a plane outside that formed by the two rows of cladia; up to ca. 6 mm long, bearing 10 stacked whorls of verticillate ramuli; each whorl composed of 3 ramuli divided dichotomously once; main trunk with 2 successive pairs of opposite nematothecae, branches with 2 alternate rows of nematothecae. Remarks. Proximal-most portions of phylactocarps occasionally bearing a cladium. Distribution. Off the Dry Tortugas (ca. 24°37’ N, 82°55’ W, 45 m), Florida, USA (Versluys 1899) and off Margarita Island (ca. 11° N, 64° W, 31–40 m), Nueva Esparta, Venezuela (Fraser 1947)., Published as part of Galea, Horia R., Di Camillo, Cristina G. & Maggioni, Davide, 2021, An integrative study of Callicarpa gracilis Fewkes, 1881 and Aglaophenia trifida L. Agassiz, 1862, with notes on some hydroids (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa) from French Guiana, pp. 301-341 in Zootaxa 4926 (3) on page 332, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4926.3.1, http://zenodo.org/record/4529212

Hippurella annulata Allman, 1877 Fig. A2 Hippurella annulata Allman, 1877: 36, pl. 21 figs 7, 8. Antennopsis annulata— Nutting, 1900: 75, pl. 12 figs 7–9.—Fraser, 1944: 318, pl. 66 fig. 303. Antennopsis ramosa Fewkes, 1881: 133, pl. 3 fig. 3.—Stephens & Calder, 2010: 271. Description. Colonies up to 15 cm high, arising from a dense bundle of tubular filaments; stem fascicled throughout, giving rise to monosiphonic, (sub)opposite to alternate side branches, pinnately-set proximally, irregularly arranged distally around the stem; branches divided into rather long internodes, each bearing a nematotheca proximally, and a latero-distal cladial apophysis; axil with conical mamelon and a pair of axillar nematothecae; cladia alternate on the side branches; set in one plane proximally, but surrounding the branches on all sides distally and, there, either scattered or regularly verticillate; heteromerously divided into alternating long, hydrothecate and short, ahydrothecate internodes; two intranodal septa, one proximal, the other distal; hydrothecate internodes with a hydrotheca and its complement of 3 nematothecae, one mesial and a pair of laterals; hydrothecae deep, thimble-shaped, with slightly everted margin, rim even; ahydrothecate internodes with single nematothecae; gonothecae arising singly from the axils of hydrocladia, fusiform, with a somewhat bottle-shaped neck. Remarks. Type material was destitute of a gonosome, but Nutting (1900) found a fertile specimen “among the Albatross material from the West Indies”. Distribution. Off Pacific Reef, Florida (ca. 25°22’ N, 80°08’ W, 517 m); off Charleston, South Carolina (32°7’ N, 78°37’ W, 419 m); off Beaufort, North Carolina (34°39’ N, 75°33’ W, 195 m) [summarized by Nutting (1900)]. FIGURE A2. Hippurella annulata Allman, 1877. A. Whole colony. B. Portion of stem with proximal parts of two consecutive hydrocladia. C. Cladial apophysis. D. Portion of cladium. E. Detail of a hydrotheca. F. Distal part of a branch with gonothecae. Modified after Allman (1877) (A, B), Fewkes (1881, as Antennopsis ramosa) (C), and Nutting (1900, as Antennopsis annulata) (D–F)., Published as part of Galea, Horia R., Di Camillo, Cristina G. & Maggioni, Davide, 2021, An integrative study of Callicarpa gracilis Fewkes, 1881 and Aglaophenia trifida L. Agassiz, 1862, with notes on some hydroids (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa) from French Guiana, pp. 301-341 in Zootaxa 4926 (3) on page 331, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4926.3.1, http://zenodo.org/record/4529212

Antomma elegans (Fraser, 1937), comb. nov. Fig. A4 Hippurella elegans Fraser, 1937: 5, pl. 2 fig. 9.—Fraser, 1944: 332, pl. 71 fig. 321. Description. Colonies up to 35 cm high, with fascicled stems, whose lower half is devoid of branches and hydrocladia; upper half bearing long, slender branches, given off either singly or, commonly, in nearly opposite pairs; branches arising in all direction around the stem; stem and branches with indistinct divisions; equivalents of internodes with a proximal nematotheca, a latero-distal cladial apophysis with 2 nematothecae, as well as an additional nematotheca below; cladia given off at an angle of ca. 60°, arranged regularly alternately along the branches; homomerously (?) divided into long internodes, each with a proximal hydrotheca and its complement of 3 nematothecae (one mesial and a couple of laterals), as well as a distal nematotheca, above the hydrotheca; hydrothecae deep, tubular, abaxial walls slightly sinuated, margins entire; gonosome on distal portions of some branches; composed of staked whorls of up to 8 rows of 6 slender, distally tapering, unbranched, nematothecate ramuli, curving out- and upward from the common rachis; gonothecae elliptical, smooth-walled, borne singly or in pairs on the axils of ramuli. Remarks. Antomma elegans was distinguished from A. longicarpa through the “hydrocladial internodes without septa” (Fraser 1944) and, consequently, its relationships to the latter remain obscure, pending the reexamination of the type, Fraser’s illustrations being qualitatively poor to sufficiently highlight its specific differences. Distribution. Off Puerto Rico (18°31’30’’ N, 66°18’20’’ W, depth not recorded; 18°24’45’’ N, 67°14’15’’ W, 146–329 m; 18°13’15’’ N, 65°56’45’’ W, 439 m) (Fraser 1937).

Class Hydrozoa Owen, 1834 4 “Les gonothèques naissent sur les portions distales de branches ordinaires dont les hydroclades modifiées en rameaux protecteurs et armés de nématothèques (phylactocarpes), sont disposées en verticilles plus ou moins réguliers, enveloppant les gonothèques à la façon d’une corbule (pseudo-corbule)”. 5 “As described by Nutting (1900:75), those of Hippurella annulata, type species of Hippurella, are axillary and by inference unprotected (in being assigned to Antennopsis), while those of H. longicarpa, type species of Antomma, are protected by phylactocarps at the ends of the branches.», Published as part of Galea, Horia R., Di Camillo, Cristina G. & Maggioni, Davide, 2021, An integrative study of Callicarpa gracilis Fewkes, 1881 and Aglaophenia trifida L. Agassiz, 1862, with notes on some hydroids (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa) from French Guiana, pp. 301-341 in Zootaxa 4926 (3) on page 303, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4926.3.1, http://zenodo.org/record/4529212, {"references":["Nutting, C. C. (1900) American hydroids. Part I. The Plumularidae. Special Bulletin of the United States National Museum, 4 (1), 1 - 285. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 1327"]}

Sibogella flabellata Di Camillo & Galea, sp. nov. Figs 1 D���F; 2B; 5; 7A; 8C, D, I, J; 9E, H; 10A������I���; 11; Tables 1���2 Sibogella sp. Di Camillo et al., 2008: 1592. Material examined. Holotype: MHNG-INVE-137160, Indonesia, Bali I., -8.278284��, 115.597062��, 13���15 m, 31 Jan. 2017, a colony composed of 6 stems, largest 6.5 �� 5 cm, some bearing gonothecae.��� Paratype: MHNG-INVE- 137166, Indonesia, Siladen I., 1.626414��, 124.802058��, 16 m, 15 Feb. 2005, several fragmentary, sterile stems, tallest 3.2 cm high. Description. Colonies fan-shaped, largest 6.5 �� 5 cm, relatively flaccid when out of liquid, arising from rhizoid stolon spreading over a solid substrate. Stems moderately fascicled, irregularly branched in one plane, with a tendency to alternate; up to second order branches observed. Main tube with thin perisarc, divided by transverse, though faintly indicated nodes into long, collinear internodes, each with a latero-distal apophysis and several longitudinal rows of nematothecae; auxiliary tubes undivided, each provided with a longitudinal row of nematothecae; stem branches either mono- or polysiphonic, depending on their length, arising from bifurcations of auxiliary tubes: the divergent part (given off at an angle of 70���80��) forms a lateral branch (= lower-order stem), while a newlyformed tube is sent up along the main stem so as to maintain the polysiphony; secondary and tertiary stems with same structure as the main stem. Stem apophyses short, alternate, given off at right angles with the longitudinal axes of their corresponding internodes; with 2 axillar nematothecae, ending in slightly oblique node; two successive apophyses (left and right), slightly shifted on to the ���anterior��� side of the colony, alternating with the two preceding and two subsequent ones that are shifted on to the ���posterior��� side, giving the colony a nearly planar appearance; only distally on certain stems this arrangement can be disrupted, the cladia-bearing branches adopting a spiral arrangement. A cladia-bearing branch borne on each stem apophysis; up to 10 mm long, generally unbranched, divided into up to 25 internodes by means of transverse nodes; internodes, with the exception of the two proximal most, long, geniculate (proximally rather faintly, grading to strongly so distally), with a latero-distal apophysis supporting a cladium, and generally two nematothecae (occasionally one) in a row on opposite side; apophyses well-developed, given off at an angle of 55���60�� with the long axis of the corresponding internode, with a conical mamelon, an unpaired nematotheca on opposite side, as well as a nematotheca on upper side of the axil; distally an internal, perisarcal ridge on adaxial side. Cladia set at right angles with respect to the longitudinal axis of the branch; composed of a proximal nematothecate internode, a hydrothecate internode, and a whip-like appendage distally; first internode long, with proximal node transverse and distal node oblique, with a nematotheca on upper side and a proximal, internal, adaxial perisarc ridge; hydrothecate internode short, accommodating distally a hydrotheca and its pair of lateral nematothecae; mesial nematotheca absent; distal appendage composed of a succession of up to 14 slender, articulated internodes, length decreasing distally, each bearing a nematotheca, with the exception of the distalmost that is provided with two of these, one borne in the middle part, while the second is apical; nematothecae arranged alternately left and right along the appendage. Hydrothecae cup-shaped, relatively shallow, adnate for most of their length to the corresponding internode, leaving only a small portion of their adaxial wall free; a belt of desmocytes slightly above base; abaxial wall slightly flaring below aperture; the latter rounded, rim even; apertures of all hydrothecae of the colony facing towards the corresponding (primary or lower-order) stem. Hydranths too large to be accommodated into their corresponding hydrothecae, with a whorl of 15���16 filiform tentacles. Gonothecae, possibly immature, borne singly in the axils formed by the cladial apophyses with their corresponding internodes, on side opposite to the mamelon; piriform, borne on indistinct pedicel, perisarc thin; sex probably male; gonophore liberated as a globular mass on top of gonotheca, possibly through the lysis of the central part of the apical perisarc. All nematothecae conical, movable and bithalamic, with deep basal chamber and rather shallow upper chamber, whose adaxial wall is variably lowered on adaxial side. Cnidome: banana-shaped microbasic mastigophores, (6.0��� 6.2) �� (2.0���2.2) ��m, in the tentacles; pseudostenoteles, (11.7���12.1) �� (5.5���5.9) ��m, in the nematophores, as well as disseminated in the coenosarc. Color in life: hydrocauli brown, cladia transparent. Remarks. The cladia-bearing branches are generally unbranched; branching takes place only when a cladium was broken off basally and subsequently replaced by a second order cladia-bearing branch, instead of a newlyformed cladium. The three proximal most internodes of a cladium-bearing branch can occasionally give rise to pairs of latero-distal, cladial apophyses, making a variable angle between them; unlike the subsequent cladia, the cladia they bear are not arranged in the same plane, but often point towards the frontal and dorsal sides of the colony. Unlike S. erecta and S. spissa sp. nov. (see below), the present hydroid forms branched, fan-shaped colonies with fascicled stems. Additional distinguishing characters are summarized in Table 2. Etymology. From Latin flābellum, meaning fan, to illustrate the appearance of its colonies. Distribution. Only known from two Indonesian localities, viz. Bunaken (Di Camillo et al. 2008, as Sibogella sp.; present study) and Bali (present study)., Published as part of Galea, Horia R., Maggioni, Davide & Di Camillo, Cristina G., 2020, On the hydroid genus Sibogella Billard, 1911 (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa: Plumulariidae) with descriptions of two new species, pp. 521-540 in Zootaxa 4860 (4) on pages 528-532, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4860.4.3, http://zenodo.org/record/4414289, {"references":["Di Camillo, C. G., Bavestrello, G., Valisano, L. & Puce, S. (2008) Spatial and temporal distribution in a tropical hydroid assemblage. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, 88 (8), 1589 - 1599. https: // doi. org / 10.1017 / S 0025315408002981","Billard, A. (1911) Note sur un nouveau genre et une nouvelle espece d'hydroide: Sibogella erecta. Archives de Zoologie Experimentale et Generale, 5 (6) [Notes et revue 3 (XI)], CVIII-CIX."]}

Sibogella spissa Galea, Maggioni & Di Camillo, sp. nov. Figs 1G; 2C; 6; 7B; 8E, F, K, L; 9F, I; 10 A���������I������; 11; Tables 1���2 Material examined. Holotype: MNHN-IK-2015-588, holotype, off New Caledonia, KANACONO stn DW4741, -22.86667��, 167.68333��, 210��� 210 m, 23 Aug. 2016, GenBank accession numbers: MT 663356 (16S), MT 678863 (18S), MT 678861 and MT 678862 (28S), a colony composed of several up to 8 cm high, apparently sterile stems.��� Paratype: MNHN-IK-2015-656, paratype, off New Caledonia, KANACONO stn DW4741, -22.86667��, 167.68333��, 210��� 210 m, 23 Aug. 2016, a detached plume, ca. 5 cm high, bearing a few gonothecae (these minute structures are only seen when the specimen is mounted in toto between slide and coverslip, and examined with a compound microscope).��� Additional material: MNHN-IK-2015-586, paratype, off New Caledonia, KANACONO stn DW4768, - 23.41667��, 168.01667��, 180���210 m, 27 Aug. 2016, an apparently sterile colony composed of many sterile stems, up to 10 cm high.���MNHN-IK-2015-587, off New Caledonia, KANACONO stn DW4763, -23.28333��, 168.25000��, 192���260 m, 27 Aug. 2016, three badly-preserved, apparently sterile colonies, 6���8 cm high, each comprising several stems.���MNHN-IK-2015-589, off New Caledonia, KANACONO stn DW4764, -23.33333��, 168.25000��, 350���356 m, 27 Aug. 2016, five apparently sterile, badly-preserved colonies, 3���6 cm high, each composed of several stems. Description. Colonies upright, up to 10 cm high, rigid, able to support themselves when out of liquid, composed of clumps of adjacent, thick, straight, unbranched, monosiphonic stems held together by an up to 28 mm long enmeshing of comparatively slender, tortuous, branching and anastomosing stolonal fibers prolonged from a rhizoid hydrorhiza embedded in sand; auxiliary tubes athecate. Stems divided into regular internodes by means of faintly-marked, transverse nodes; internodes short (giving the colony a Nemertesia -like appearance), collinear proximally, imperceptibly geniculate distally, with a distal bulge of perisarc below node, a latero-distal apophysis and several longitudinal rows of nematothecae; generally 2���3 nematothecae in each row between two successive branches on each side of the stem; perisarc very thick throughout; apophyses short, alternate, making an angle of 70���75�� with the corresponding internode, flanked on each side by a nematotheca, distally with internal, perisarcal ridge, ending in transverse node; two successive apophyses (left and right) slightly shifted on to the ���anterior��� side of the colony alternate with the two preceding and two subsequent ones that are shifted on to the ���posterior��� side; each apophysis bears a cladia-bearing branch. The latter up to 9 mm long, generally unbranched, divided by means of transverse nodes, slanting in alternate directions, into up to 33 long, proximally straight and distally slightly geniculate internodes; each internode long (except for the proximal most) with a latero-distal apophysis and a nematotheca (exceptionally 2) on opposite side; apophyses set at an angle of 35���40�� with the corresponding internode, alternate, long, bearing a conical mamelon shifted laterally, an unpaired nematotheca on opposite side, as well as a second nematotheca in the upper side of the axil; apophyses shifted on to one side of the cladia-bearing branch, the two rows forming an angle between them; the opening of the angle formed by the two rows of cladia belonging to a frontally shifted cladia-bearing branch faces the posterior side of the colony; conversely, the opening of the angle formed by the two rows of cladia belonging to a dorsally-shifted cladia-bearing branch faces the anterior side of the colony; each apophysis supports a cladium; exceptionally, a cladium can be replaced by a secondary cladia-bearing branch. Cladia composed of a proximal ahydrothecate internode, followed by a hydrothecate internode, ending in a whip-like appendage; first internode, when intact, long, slender, with proximal node straight and distal node oblique, with a proximal, internal perisarcal ridge, and a nematotheca (exceptionally 2) on upper side; often, proximal internode with (multiple) signs of breakage and subsequent regeneration, occasionally composed of several short segments, distalmost with one nematotheca on upper side; hydrothecate internodes short, with proximal node oblique and distal node straight, bearing a distally-placed hydrotheca flanked by a pair of lateral nematothecae; the mesial nematotheca is constantly missing although, exceptionally, it can be present here and there; distal appendage composed of up to 9 slender, articulated internodes, whose length decreases distally, each bearing a centrally-placed, trumpet-shaped nematotheca, except for the distalmost internode that can be provided with up to 3 of these, one of which is necessarily apical. Hydrothecae cup-shaped, relatively shallow, adnate for most of the length of their adaxial wall, leaving only a small portion free from the corresponding internode; abaxial wall almost straight, imperceptibly flaring distally, aperture circular, rim even, a belt of desmocytes slightly above the base. Hydranths small, able to retract almost completely into their corresponding hydrothecae, with a whorl of about 16 filiform tentacles. All nematothecae of the colony elongate, bithalamic, basal chamber deep, upper chamber shallow, the latter with adaxial wall lowered for a varied extent, except for the lateral nematothecae flanking each hydrotheca, in which the rim is even. Gonothecae, of undetermined sex and possibly immature, arising singly from axils of cladia-bearing branches; piriform, thin-walled, borne on indistinct pedicels, distally flattened, gonophore expelled through the lysis of the central portion of the apical wall. Cnidome: banana-shaped microbasic mastigophores, ca. 5.5 �� 2.0 ��m, in the tentacles; pseudostenoteles, 12.8 �� 5.8 ��m, in the nematophores, as well as disseminated in the coenosarc. Color of alcohol-preserved specimens: perisarc of stems dark-brown, that of cladia-bearing branches light brown, hydrocladia translucent. Remarks. This species comes close to S. erecta, but is more robust, has comparatively more approximated cladia-bearing branches, and its hydrothecae are borne on short internodes almost constantly devoid of a mesial nematotheca. The presence of the latter was, however, observed in a couple of instances, but it does not appear to be the normal condition met with in this hydroid. Additional distinguishing features with respect to S. erecta and S. flabellata sp. nov. are summarized in Table 2. Etymology. From Latin spissus, -a, -um, meaning tight, dense, compact, to illustrate the appearance of its colonies. Distribution. Only known from off New Caledonia., Published as part of Galea, Horia R., Maggioni, Davide & Di Camillo, Cristina G., 2020, On the hydroid genus Sibogella Billard, 1911 (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa: Plumulariidae) with descriptions of two new species, pp. 521-540 in Zootaxa 4860 (4) on pages 533-537, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4860.4.3, http://zenodo.org/record/4414289, {"references":["Billard, A. (1911) Note sur un nouveau genre et une nouvelle espece d'hydroide: Sibogella erecta. Archives de Zoologie Experimentale et Generale, 5 (6) [Notes et revue 3 (XI)], CVIII-CIX."]}

In the Mediterranean, habitat-forming corals often characterize essential fish habitats. While their distribution is sufficiently known for the western basin, few data are available from the Central-Eastern Mediterranean Sea (CEM). This study fills this gap supplying the largest dataset ever built on the geographical and bathymetric distribution of the most relevant habitat-forming corals (Eunicella cavolini, Eunicella verrucosa, Eunicella singularis, Leptogorgia sarmentosa, Paramuricea clavata, Corallium rubrum and Savalia savaglia) of the CEM. Information collected from different sources such as literature, citizen science, and from the World Wide Web (WWW) was combined. Videos published on the WWW provided additional information on the presence of fishing lines and signs of damage, as well as on the distribution of purple and yellow-purple colonies of Paramuricea clavata. The study highlighted the impressive amount of information that the WWW can offer to scientists, termed here as Web Ecological Knowledge (WEK). The WEK is constantly fuelled by internauts, representing a free, refreshable, long-term exploitable reservoir of information. A quick and easy method to retrieve data from the WWW was illustrated. In addition, the distribution of corals was overlapped to marine protected areas and to the distribution of environmental conditions suitable for coralligenous habitats, fragile biogenic Mediterranean structures hosting complex assemblages in need of strict protection. The collected data allowed identifying priority areas with high species diversity and sites that are impacted by fishing activities. Supplied data can correctly address conservation and restoration policies in the CEM, adding an important contribution to ecosystem-based marine spatial planning.