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2. Forest Tree Virome as a Source of Tree Diseases and Biological Control Agents

Author

Natural Resources Institute Finland, Junta de Castilla y León, German Research Foundation, Vainio, Eeva [0000-0002-6739-7968], Rumbou, Artemis [0000-0002-7237-7355], Díez, Julio Javier [0000-0003-0558-8141], Büttner, Carmen [0000-0002-2086-2594], Vainio, Eeva, Rumbou, Artemis, Díez, Julio Javier, Büttner, Carmen, Natural Resources Institute Finland, Junta de Castilla y León, German Research Foundation, Vainio, Eeva [0000-0002-6739-7968], Rumbou, Artemis [0000-0002-7237-7355], Díez, Julio Javier [0000-0003-0558-8141], Büttner, Carmen [0000-0002-2086-2594], Vainio, Eeva, Rumbou, Artemis, Díez, Julio Javier, and Büttner, Carmen

Abstract

Purpose of Review: The collective virome of forest trees can be considered to include not only plant viruses, but also viral communities harbored by all tree-associated organisms. In this review, we will concentrate on reviewing recent developments in the two fields of forest tree virology that have received the most research input during the last 5 years: (1) current knowledge of virus diseases affecting forest trees and their causal agents and (2) fungal viruses (mycoviruses) and properties that are required for utilizing them for biocontrol purposes. Recent Findings: The discovery of plant and mycoviruses has been revolutionized during the last few years due to high-throughput sequencing (HTS). This has altered our view of virus diversity and prevalence, but also their host ranges, transmission routes, and host effects. Utilization of HTS has greatly expanded our knowledge of plant virus diversity and disease etiology in forest trees and revealed the commonness of cross-kingdom transmission events between fungi, oomycetes, plants, and arthropods. Research on mycoviruses has also identified several new mycoviruses that restrict the growth or virulence of forest pathogenic fungi. Summary: Gaining knowledge of the collective virome of forest ecosystems is essential not only for understanding virus evolution and diversity but also for improving our understanding on virus impacts, and our ability for biocontrol-based and environmentally friendly management of viral and fungal diseases that affect economically important plants and beneficial insects, and for preventing possible disease outbreaks in the future. Virus infections play a central role in plant health, but viral symptoms on forest trees remain often unrecognized and may be confused with other biotic or abiotic damages. However, recent studies have revealed previously unknown viruses as causes of forest tree symptoms and suggest that viruses are responsible for far greater economic losses than recognized earl

Published
2024

3. Relation between morphology and native climate in the resistance of different Pinus pinaster populations to pitch canker disease caused by Fusarium circinatum

Author

Agencia Estatal de Investigación (España), Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación (España), European Commission, Junta de Castilla y León, Xunta de Galicia, Poveda, Jorge [0000-0002-1415-3580], Torres, Esteban [0000-0001-5282-9740], Sánchez-Gómez, Tamara [0000-0001-6182-0748], Martín-García, Jorge [0000-0002-3057-3710], Díez, Julio Javier [0000-0003-0558-8141], Díaz, Raquel, Poveda, Jorge, Torres, Esteban, Sánchez-Gómez, Tamara, Martín-García, Jorge, Díez, Julio Javier, Agencia Estatal de Investigación (España), Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación (España), European Commission, Junta de Castilla y León, Xunta de Galicia, Poveda, Jorge [0000-0002-1415-3580], Torres, Esteban [0000-0001-5282-9740], Sánchez-Gómez, Tamara [0000-0001-6182-0748], Martín-García, Jorge [0000-0002-3057-3710], Díez, Julio Javier [0000-0003-0558-8141], Díaz, Raquel, Poveda, Jorge, Torres, Esteban, Sánchez-Gómez, Tamara, Martín-García, Jorge, and Díez, Julio Javier

Abstract

Maritime pine (Pinus pinaster) is a forest species of great ecological and economic interest in the European Union, and especially in the Iberian Peninsula. Currently, one of the main threats this species has to face is the spread of the quarantine pathogenic fungus (A2 list) Fusarium circinatum, causal agent of pine pitch canker disease. Since one of the main strategies for the control of the disease is the use of resistant clones, it is necessary to carry out extensive work on the susceptibility analysis of several P. pinaster populations against F. circinatum. To this end, we have studied 35 P. pinaster populations located throughout the natural distribution range. After inoculation with F. circinatum spores, the susceptibility of all populations was studied, correlating it with their morphological traits (height and stem diameter) and relating it with the climate of origin. The results obtained reported significant differences among populations in both the morphological traits and susceptibility to the disease, with a negative correlation between height and susceptibility. With respect to the climate of origin, a negative correlation between continental climate and resistance was established. Therefore, populations with the indicated characteristics could be selected for the establishment of programs of breeding for resistance to control the spread of F. circinatum in P. pinaster forests.

Published
2024

6. Climate, host and geography shape insect and fungal communities of trees

Author

Swiss National Science Foundation, Federal Office for the Environment (Switzerland), European Commission, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of the People's Republic of China, Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation, Slovak Research and Development Agency, National Research, Development and Innovation Office (Hungary), Estonian Research Council, Ministry of Science and Higher Education (Poland), Ministry of Education, Science and Technological Development (Serbia), Franić, Iva [0000-0002-3352-0956], Allan, Eric [0000-0001-9641-9436], Prospero, Simone [0000-0002-9129-8556], Adamson, K. [0000-0002-8810-8838], Attorre, Fabio [0000-0002-7744-2195], Auger-Rozenberg, Marie-Anne [0000-0002-2455-2438], Avtzis, Dimitrios [0000-0002-7772-6892], Baert, Wim [0009-0003-2767-3053], Barta, Marek [0000-0003-2450-1769], Bauters, Kenneth [0000-0003-3356-0306], Bellahirech, Amani [0000-0002-5801-6051], Boroń, P. [0000-0002-8581-6759], Bragança, H. [0000-0002-7957-5493], Brestovanská, Tereza [0000-0003-4907-2542], Brurberg, May Bente [0000-0002-1293-1916], Burgess, Treena [0000-0002-7962-219X], Burokienė, Daiva [0000-0001-5965-5210], Cleary, M. [0000-0002-0318-5974], Corley, Juan [0000-0002-8032-2223], Coyle, David [0000-0003-3074-0440], Csóka, György [0000-0001-9132-4825], Černý, Karel [0000-0003-3492-0940], Davydenko, Kateryna [0000-0001-6077-8533], de Groot, Maarten [0000-0002-5721-6676], Díez, Julio Javier [0000-0003-0558-8141], Doǧmuş-Lehtijärvi, Hatice T. [0000-0002-1050-8823], Edwards, Jacqueline [0000-0003-0310-7236], Elsafy, Mohammed [0000-0002-2008-5182], Eötvös, Csaba Béla [0000-0001-5534-4597], Falko, Roman [0000-0003-2270-9216], Fan, G. [0000-0003-4154-3143], Feddern, Nina [0000-0002-5104-1473], Fürjes-Mikó, Ágnes [0009-0007-5250-7574], Gossner, Martin M. [0000-0003-1516-6364], Grad, Bartłomiej [0000-0001-6600-9348], Hartmann, Martin [0000-0001-8069-5284], Havrdova, Ludmila [0000-0003-3330-1857], Kádasi Horáková, Miriam [0000-0003-1310-8451], Hrabětová, Markéta [0000-0003-1866-2785], Justesen, Mathias Just [0000-0002-5252-7045], Kacprzyk, Magdalena [0000-0001-9679-5423], Kenis, Marc [0000-0002-3179-0872], Kirichenko, Natalia [0000-0002-7362-6464], Kovač, Marta [0000-0002-0116-7545], Kramarets, Volodymyr [0000-0002-5978-3711], Lacković, Nikola [0000-0003-3739-1220], Lantschner, Maria Victoria [0000-0002-2012-1366], Lazarević, Jelena [0000-0002-9460-7342], Li, Hongmei [0000-0001-6509-400X], Madsen, Corrie Lynne [0000-0002-3796-399X], Matošević, Dinka [0000-0001-7380-688X], Matsiakh, Iryna [0000-0003-2249-1296], May, Tom W. [0000-0003-2214-4972], Nikolov, Christo [0000-0003-1126-459X], O'Hanlon, Richard [0000-0002-0595-0246], Oskay, F. [0000-0002-8918-5595], Paap, Trudy [0000-0003-1364-4350], Parpan, Taras [0000-0002-8459-0479], Piškur, B. [0000-0002-9914-4930], Ravn, Hans Peter [0000-0001-5090-3273], Richard, John [0000-0002-9146-530X], Ronse, Anne [0000-0001-7446-9205], Roques, Alain [0000-0002-3734-3918], Ruffner, Beat [0000-0001-9848-2500], Santini, Alberto [0000-0002-7955-9207], Sivickis, Karolis [0000-0003-2304-130X], Soliani, Carolina [0000-0003-0388-2291], Talgø, Venche [0000-0002-2146-9938], Tomoshevich, Maria [0000-0002-0307-5919], Uimari, Anne [0000-0001-7136-685X], Ulyshen, Michael [0000-0001-6614-1242], Vettraino, A. M. [0000-0003-0797-3297], Villari, C. [0000-0003-3259-9866], Wang, Yongjun [0000-0002-8488-3423], Witzell, Johanna [0000-0003-1741-443X], Zlatković, Milica [0000-0003-4514-3980], Eschen, René [0000-0002-0464-6680], Franić, Iva, Allan, Eric, Prospero, Simone, Adamson, K., Attorre, Fabio, Auger-Rozenberg, Marie-Anne, Augustin, Sylvie, Avtzis, Dimitrios, Baert, Wim, Barta, Marek, Bauters, Kenneth, Bellahirech, Amani, Boroń, P., Bragança, H., Brestovanská, Tereza, Brurberg, May Bente, Burgess, Treena, Burokienė, Daiva, Cleary, M., Corley, Juan, Coyle, David, Csóka, György, Černý, Karel, Davydenko, Kateryna, de Groot, Maarten, Díez, Julio Javier, Doǧmuş-Lehtijärvi, Hatice T., Drenkhan, R., Edwards, Jacqueline, Elsafy, Mohammed, Eötvös, Csaba Béla, Falko, Roman, Fan, G., Feddern, Nina, Fürjes-Mikó, Ágnes, Gossner, Martin M., Grad, Bartłomiej, Hartmann, Martin, Havrdova, Ludmila, Kádasi Horáková, Miriam, Hrabětová, Markéta, Justesen, Mathias Just, Kacprzyk, Magdalena, Kenis, Marc, Kirichenko, Natalia, Kovač, Marta, Kramarets, Volodymyr, Lacković, Nikola, Lantschner, Maria Victoria, Lazarević, Jelena, Leskiv, Marianna, Li, Hongmei, Madsen, Corrie Lynne, Malumphy, Chris, Matošević, Dinka, Matsiakh, Iryna, May, Tom W., Meffert, Johan, Migliorini, Duccio, Nikolov, Christo, O'Hanlon, Richard, Oskay, F., Paap, Trudy, Parpan, Taras, Piškur, B., Ravn, Hans Peter, Richard, John, Ronse, Anne, Roques, Alain, Ruffner, Beat, Santini, Alberto, Sivickis, Karolis, Soliani, Carolina, Talgø, Venche, Tomoshevich, Maria, Uimari, Anne, Ulyshen, Michael, Vettraino, A. M., Villari, C., Wang, Yongjun, Witzell, Johanna, Zlatković, Milica, Eschen, René, Swiss National Science Foundation, Federal Office for the Environment (Switzerland), European Commission, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of the People's Republic of China, Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation, Slovak Research and Development Agency, National Research, Development and Innovation Office (Hungary), Estonian Research Council, Ministry of Science and Higher Education (Poland), Ministry of Education, Science and Technological Development (Serbia), Franić, Iva [0000-0002-3352-0956], Allan, Eric [0000-0001-9641-9436], Prospero, Simone [0000-0002-9129-8556], Adamson, K. [0000-0002-8810-8838], Attorre, Fabio [0000-0002-7744-2195], Auger-Rozenberg, Marie-Anne [0000-0002-2455-2438], Avtzis, Dimitrios [0000-0002-7772-6892], Baert, Wim [0009-0003-2767-3053], Barta, Marek [0000-0003-2450-1769], Bauters, Kenneth [0000-0003-3356-0306], Bellahirech, Amani [0000-0002-5801-6051], Boroń, P. [0000-0002-8581-6759], Bragança, H. [0000-0002-7957-5493], Brestovanská, Tereza [0000-0003-4907-2542], Brurberg, May Bente [0000-0002-1293-1916], Burgess, Treena [0000-0002-7962-219X], Burokienė, Daiva [0000-0001-5965-5210], Cleary, M. [0000-0002-0318-5974], Corley, Juan [0000-0002-8032-2223], Coyle, David [0000-0003-3074-0440], Csóka, György [0000-0001-9132-4825], Černý, Karel [0000-0003-3492-0940], Davydenko, Kateryna [0000-0001-6077-8533], de Groot, Maarten [0000-0002-5721-6676], Díez, Julio Javier [0000-0003-0558-8141], Doǧmuş-Lehtijärvi, Hatice T. [0000-0002-1050-8823], Edwards, Jacqueline [0000-0003-0310-7236], Elsafy, Mohammed [0000-0002-2008-5182], Eötvös, Csaba Béla [0000-0001-5534-4597], Falko, Roman [0000-0003-2270-9216], Fan, G. [0000-0003-4154-3143], Feddern, Nina [0000-0002-5104-1473], Fürjes-Mikó, Ágnes [0009-0007-5250-7574], Gossner, Martin M. [0000-0003-1516-6364], Grad, Bartłomiej [0000-0001-6600-9348], Hartmann, Martin [0000-0001-8069-5284], Havrdova, Ludmila [0000-0003-3330-1857], Kádasi Horáková, Miriam [0000-0003-1310-8451], Hrabětová, Markéta [0000-0003-1866-2785], Justesen, Mathias Just [0000-0002-5252-7045], Kacprzyk, Magdalena [0000-0001-9679-5423], Kenis, Marc [0000-0002-3179-0872], Kirichenko, Natalia [0000-0002-7362-6464], Kovač, Marta [0000-0002-0116-7545], Kramarets, Volodymyr [0000-0002-5978-3711], Lacković, Nikola [0000-0003-3739-1220], Lantschner, Maria Victoria [0000-0002-2012-1366], Lazarević, Jelena [0000-0002-9460-7342], Li, Hongmei [0000-0001-6509-400X], Madsen, Corrie Lynne [0000-0002-3796-399X], Matošević, Dinka [0000-0001-7380-688X], Matsiakh, Iryna [0000-0003-2249-1296], May, Tom W. [0000-0003-2214-4972], Nikolov, Christo [0000-0003-1126-459X], O'Hanlon, Richard [0000-0002-0595-0246], Oskay, F. [0000-0002-8918-5595], Paap, Trudy [0000-0003-1364-4350], Parpan, Taras [0000-0002-8459-0479], Piškur, B. [0000-0002-9914-4930], Ravn, Hans Peter [0000-0001-5090-3273], Richard, John [0000-0002-9146-530X], Ronse, Anne [0000-0001-7446-9205], Roques, Alain [0000-0002-3734-3918], Ruffner, Beat [0000-0001-9848-2500], Santini, Alberto [0000-0002-7955-9207], Sivickis, Karolis [0000-0003-2304-130X], Soliani, Carolina [0000-0003-0388-2291], Talgø, Venche [0000-0002-2146-9938], Tomoshevich, Maria [0000-0002-0307-5919], Uimari, Anne [0000-0001-7136-685X], Ulyshen, Michael [0000-0001-6614-1242], Vettraino, A. M. [0000-0003-0797-3297], Villari, C. [0000-0003-3259-9866], Wang, Yongjun [0000-0002-8488-3423], Witzell, Johanna [0000-0003-1741-443X], Zlatković, Milica [0000-0003-4514-3980], Eschen, René [0000-0002-0464-6680], Franić, Iva, Allan, Eric, Prospero, Simone, Adamson, K., Attorre, Fabio, Auger-Rozenberg, Marie-Anne, Augustin, Sylvie, Avtzis, Dimitrios, Baert, Wim, Barta, Marek, Bauters, Kenneth, Bellahirech, Amani, Boroń, P., Bragança, H., Brestovanská, Tereza, Brurberg, May Bente, Burgess, Treena, Burokienė, Daiva, Cleary, M., Corley, Juan, Coyle, David, Csóka, György, Černý, Karel, Davydenko, Kateryna, de Groot, Maarten, Díez, Julio Javier, Doǧmuş-Lehtijärvi, Hatice T., Drenkhan, R., Edwards, Jacqueline, Elsafy, Mohammed, Eötvös, Csaba Béla, Falko, Roman, Fan, G., Feddern, Nina, Fürjes-Mikó, Ágnes, Gossner, Martin M., Grad, Bartłomiej, Hartmann, Martin, Havrdova, Ludmila, Kádasi Horáková, Miriam, Hrabětová, Markéta, Justesen, Mathias Just, Kacprzyk, Magdalena, Kenis, Marc, Kirichenko, Natalia, Kovač, Marta, Kramarets, Volodymyr, Lacković, Nikola, Lantschner, Maria Victoria, Lazarević, Jelena, Leskiv, Marianna, Li, Hongmei, Madsen, Corrie Lynne, Malumphy, Chris, Matošević, Dinka, Matsiakh, Iryna, May, Tom W., Meffert, Johan, Migliorini, Duccio, Nikolov, Christo, O'Hanlon, Richard, Oskay, F., Paap, Trudy, Parpan, Taras, Piškur, B., Ravn, Hans Peter, Richard, John, Ronse, Anne, Roques, Alain, Ruffner, Beat, Santini, Alberto, Sivickis, Karolis, Soliani, Carolina, Talgø, Venche, Tomoshevich, Maria, Uimari, Anne, Ulyshen, Michael, Vettraino, A. M., Villari, C., Wang, Yongjun, Witzell, Johanna, Zlatković, Milica, and Eschen, René

Abstract

Non-native pests, climate change, and their interactions are likely to alter relationships between trees and tree-associated organisms with consequences for forest health. To understand and predict such changes, factors structuring tree-associated communities need to be determined. Here, we analysed the data consisting of records of insects and fungi collected from dormant twigs from 155 tree species at 51 botanical gardens or arboreta in 32 countries. Generalized dissimilarity models revealed similar relative importance of studied climatic, host-related and geographic factors on differences in tree-associated communities. Mean annual temperature, phylogenetic distance between hosts and geographic distance between locations were the major drivers of dissimilarities. The increasing importance of high temperatures on differences in studied communities indicate that climate change could affect tree-associated organisms directly and indirectly through host range shifts. Insect and fungal communities were more similar between closely related vs. distant hosts suggesting that host range shifts may facilitate the emergence of new pests. Moreover, dissimilarities among tree-associated communities increased with geographic distance indicating that human-mediated transport may serve as a pathway of the introductions of new pests. The results of this study highlight the need to limit the establishment of tree pests and increase the resilience of forest ecosystems to changes in climate.

Published
2023

7. Spanish ecological battleground: population structure of two invasive fungi, Cryphonectria parasitica and Fusarium circinatum

Author

Gobierno de Cantabria, Junta de Castilla y León, Universidad de Valladolid, European Commission, Agencia Estatal de Investigación (España), Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación (España), Díez, Julio Javier [0000-0003-0558-8141], Ahmad, Farooq, Díez, Julio Javier, Gobierno de Cantabria, Junta de Castilla y León, Universidad de Valladolid, European Commission, Agencia Estatal de Investigación (España), Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación (España), Díez, Julio Javier [0000-0003-0558-8141], Ahmad, Farooq, and Díez, Julio Javier

Abstract

Invasive fungi distributed worldwide through globalization have caused devastating diseases in different forests, causing economic and ecologic disturbances. Two such invasive species are Cryphonectria parasitica and Fusarium circinatum, which were introduced to Europe from North America, separated temporally: C. parasitica was introduced about nine decades ago, whereas F. circinatum was introduced around two decades ago. As C. parasitica had a longer time to undergo genetic changes, we hypothesized that it has higher genetic diversity than the recently introduced F. circinatum in Spain. In addition, we studied the genetic characterization of both fungi present in similar ecological conditions in Northern Spain with the aim of providing data for biocontrol measures.

Published
2023

8. Gremmeniella abietina: a Loser in the Warmer World or Still a Threat to Forestry?

Author

Conferencia de Rectores de las Universidades Españolas, Ministerio de Ciencia y Tecnología (España), Universidad de Valladolid, Government of Canada, European Commission, Junta de Castilla y León, Romeralo, Carmen [0000-0002-8510-9915], Botella, Leticia [0000-0002-6613-5405], Santamaría, Oscar [0000-0001-5087-6519], Díez, Julio Javier [0000-0003-0558-8141], Laflamme, Gaston [0000-0002-7598-3000], Romeralo, Carmen, Botella, Leticia, Santamaría, Oscar, Díez, Julio Javier, Laflamme, Gaston, Conferencia de Rectores de las Universidades Españolas, Ministerio de Ciencia y Tecnología (España), Universidad de Valladolid, Government of Canada, European Commission, Junta de Castilla y León, Romeralo, Carmen [0000-0002-8510-9915], Botella, Leticia [0000-0002-6613-5405], Santamaría, Oscar [0000-0001-5087-6519], Díez, Julio Javier [0000-0003-0558-8141], Laflamme, Gaston [0000-0002-7598-3000], Romeralo, Carmen, Botella, Leticia, Santamaría, Oscar, Díez, Julio Javier, and Laflamme, Gaston

Abstract

Purpose of Review: Gremmeniella abietina is a destructive forest pathogen responsible for Scleroderris canker, shoot dieback, defoliation, and tree death in forests and tree nurseries. This review is aimed at providing a complete description of the fungus, its distribution, the conditions for its spread, and the impact of climate change and at summarising the relevant forest management methods. Due to the worldwide importance of the pathogen, a retrospective review is required to summarise the lessons learned in relation to the disease, considering application to future outbreaks. Recent Findings: We revise available management methods, considering examples of control strategies, with special focus on the silvicultural approaches, and we also revise the recovery of the affected stands and the associated trade-offs. Forest disturbances such as pests and disease outbreaks are expected to be exacerbated by climate change, although the exact impact on all host-pathogen interactions remains unclear. In regions with a high risk of G. abietina epidemics, climate change is expected to affect the pathogen differently. Summary: Gremmeniella abietina is a widely distributed forest pathogen in Europe and is also present in North America. Based on the conclusions reached in this review, forest stands may recover from pathogen outbreaks within 10 years, with considerable loss of growth and the risk of attack from secondary factors. Provenance selection is vital for preventing outbreaks. Climate change is expected to have different effects: in some areas, it is likely to increase the conditions conducive to the development of the fungus, while in others, it is likely to limit the spread because of high temperatures and low humidity. Preventing future outbreaks of this pathogen requires the use of mitigating strategies, together with forest monitoring, forecasting, and planning.

Published
2023

9. Susceptibility of germinating seedlings of European and Eurasian populations of Pinus sylvestris to damping-off caused by Fusarium circinatum

Author

Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (UK), Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad (España), Woodward, Steve [0000-0002-6627-7702], Flores-Pacheco, J. Asdrubel [0000-0001-6553-7202], Muñoz-Adalia, E.Jordán [0000-0002-0900-6981], Díez, Julio Javier [0000-0003-0558-8141], Woodward, Steve, Flores-Pacheco, J. Asdrubel, Muñoz-Adalia, E.Jordán, Martínez-Álvarez, Pablo, Martín-García, Jorge, Díez, Julio Javier, Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (UK), Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad (España), Woodward, Steve [0000-0002-6627-7702], Flores-Pacheco, J. Asdrubel [0000-0001-6553-7202], Muñoz-Adalia, E.Jordán [0000-0002-0900-6981], Díez, Julio Javier [0000-0003-0558-8141], Woodward, Steve, Flores-Pacheco, J. Asdrubel, Muñoz-Adalia, E.Jordán, Martínez-Álvarez, Pablo, Martín-García, Jorge, and Díez, Julio Javier

Abstract

The effect of inoculation with Fusarium circinatum on survival of seed and seedlings of 19 populations of Pinus sylvestris was examined under environmentally controlled conditions, with four treatments (0, 50, 103, 106 spores ml-1). A single seed source of P. radiata was included as a positive control. Germination (emergence of the plumule above the compost) and health of seedlings was assessed daily, for 85 days. Spore density had a significant effect on germination: at 50 spores ml-1, only germination of a Northeast Scotland population was reduced. Treatment with 1000 spores ml-1, however, reduced germination of six populations of P. sylvestris and of P. radiata. Survival of emerged seedlings also varied with inoculum dose. Approximately 75% of seedlings survived 85 days after germination after inoculation with 50 spores ml-1. Seedlings of all populations were killed within 12-16 days of germination by the 103 and 106 spores ml-1 treatments. Emerged seedlings of the Austrian populations showed the highest susceptibility to F. circinatum following treatment with 50 spores ml-1, although 15% of seedlings of one Austrian population (AU3) survived to the end of the experiment (85 days after germination). There was no clear pattern in survival rates of the P. sylvestris seedlings from other populations treated with 1000 or 1 million spores ml-1 due to death of all emerged seedlings within a short period. Variations in susceptibility of different populations of P. sylvestris to F. circinatum may be used in future selection and breeding programmes to reduce the impact of the pathogen as it spreads over wider areas in Europe and Eurasia.

Published
2022

10. Utilizing volatile organic compounds for early detection of Fusarium circinatum

Author

Swedish Research Council, Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, European Commission, Universidad de Valladolid, Niño-Sánchez, Jonatan [0000-0002-0356-9871], Sánchez-Gómez, T. [0000-0001-6182-0748], Díez, Julio Javier [0000-0003-0558-8141], Nordström, I., Sherwood, P., Bohman, B., Woodward, Steve, Peterson, D.L., Niño-Sánchez, Jonatan, Sánchez-Gómez, T., Díez, Julio Javier, Cleary, M., Swedish Research Council, Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, European Commission, Universidad de Valladolid, Niño-Sánchez, Jonatan [0000-0002-0356-9871], Sánchez-Gómez, T. [0000-0001-6182-0748], Díez, Julio Javier [0000-0003-0558-8141], Nordström, I., Sherwood, P., Bohman, B., Woodward, Steve, Peterson, D.L., Niño-Sánchez, Jonatan, Sánchez-Gómez, T., Díez, Julio Javier, and Cleary, M.

Abstract

Fusarium circinatum, a fungal pathogen deadly to many Pinus species, can cause significant economic and ecological losses, especially if it were to become more widely established in Europe. Early detection tools with high-throughput capacity can increase our readiness to implement mitigation actions against new incursions. This study sought to develop a disease detection method based on volatile organic compound (VOC) emissions to detect F. circinatum on different Pinus species. The complete pipeline applied here, entailing gas chromatography—mass spectrometry of VOCs, automated data analysis and machine learning, distinguished diseased from healthy seedlings of Pinus sylvestris and Pinus radiata. In P. radiata, this distinction was possible even before the seedlings became visibly symptomatic, suggesting the possibility for this method to identify latently infected, yet healthy looking plants. Pinus pinea, which is known to be relatively resistant to F. circinatum, remained asymptomatic and showed no changes in VOCs over 28 days. In a separate analysis of in vitro VOCs collected from different species of Fusarium, we showed that even closely related Fusarium spp. can be readily distinguished based on their VOC profiles. The results further substantiate the potential for volatilomics to be used for early disease detection and diagnostic recognition.

Published
2022

11. New Insights on the Integrated Management of Plant Diseases by RNA Strategies: Mycoviruses and RNA Interference

Author

Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación (España), European Commission, Junta de Castilla y León, Bocos-Asenjo, I.T. [0000-0001-5737-9769], Niño-Sánchez, Jonatan [0000-0002-0356-9871], Ginésy, M. [0000-0002-8042-8239], Díez, Julio Javier [0000-0003-0558-8141], Bocos-Asenjo, I.T., Niño-Sánchez, Jonatan, Ginésy, M., Díez, Julio Javier, Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación (España), European Commission, Junta de Castilla y León, Bocos-Asenjo, I.T. [0000-0001-5737-9769], Niño-Sánchez, Jonatan [0000-0002-0356-9871], Ginésy, M. [0000-0002-8042-8239], Díez, Julio Javier [0000-0003-0558-8141], Bocos-Asenjo, I.T., Niño-Sánchez, Jonatan, Ginésy, M., and Díez, Julio Javier

Abstract

RNA-based strategies for plant disease management offer an attractive alternative to agrochemicals that negatively impact human and ecosystem health and lead to pathogen resistance. There has been recent interest in using mycoviruses for fungal disease control after it was discovered that some cause hypovirulence in fungal pathogens, which refers to a decline in the ability of a pathogen to cause disease. Cryphonectria parasitica, the causal agent of chestnut blight, has set an ideal model of management through the release of hypovirulent strains. However, mycovirus-based management of plant diseases is still restricted by limited approaches to search for viruses causing hypovirulence and the lack of protocols allowing effective and systemic virus infection in pathogens. RNA interference (RNAi), the eukaryotic cell system that recognizes RNA sequences and specifically degrades them, represents a promising. RNA-based disease management method. The natural occurrence of cross-kingdom RNAi provides a basis for host-induced gene silencing, while the ability of most pathogens to uptake exogenous small RNAs enables the use of spray-induced gene silencing techniques. This review describes the mechanisms behind and the potential of two RNA-based strategies, mycoviruses and RNAi, for plant disease management. Successful applications are discussed, as well as the research gaps and limitations that remain to be addressed.

Published
2022

12. Pine pitch canker (PPC): An introduction, an overview

Author

Zamora-Ballesteros, Cristina [0000-0002-9728-5553], Martín-García, J. [0000-0002-3057-3710], Fernández-Fernández, Mercedes M. [0000-0002-1646-5027], Díez, Julio Javier [0000-0003-0558-8141], Zamora-Ballesteros, Cristina, Martín-García, Jorge, Fernández-Fernández, Mercedes M., Díez, Julio Javier, Zamora-Ballesteros, Cristina [0000-0002-9728-5553], Martín-García, J. [0000-0002-3057-3710], Fernández-Fernández, Mercedes M. [0000-0002-1646-5027], Díez, Julio Javier [0000-0003-0558-8141], Zamora-Ballesteros, Cristina, Martín-García, Jorge, Fernández-Fernández, Mercedes M., and Díez, Julio Javier

Abstract

Pine pitch canker (PPC) is a serious disease of Pinus spp. and Pseudotsuga menziesii globally. The infection of its causal agent, Fusarium circinatum, causes pitch or resin-soaked cankers on trunks and lateral branches of mature hosts. In nurseries, the main symptoms are damping off and tip dieback of seedlings. However, the pathogen, with a hemibiotrophic nature, can remain endophytic in seedlings that do not show symptoms of infection. Since the first report in 1946 in North America, the presence of F. circinatum has been notified in 14 countries in America, Asia, Africa, and Europe. Several factors have contributed to the spread of the disease to all these continents, the most important being globalization in terms of trade in reproductive plant material. Wind, raindrops, and forest insects associated with pines contribute to the local dispersion of the pathogen. Therefore, the implementation of early diagnostic methods is crucial to prevent the PPC establishment in disease-free areas. Worryingly, some herbaceous plants growing under the canopy of PPC-affected stands may also act as a source of inoculum for F. circinatum, as recent studies have reported. Since the viability of the inoculum is highly moisture dependent and needs warm temperatures to germinate, coastal areas represent the most suitable climate for PPC development. In fact, the highest incidence occurs in Mediterranean and subtropical climates and temperate regions. Under future climate change scenarios, cooler latitudes with the presence of susceptible hosts would become suitable for the disease establishment. For this reason, the use of tolerant host conifers might reduce outbreaks of PPC in free-disease areas. The range of susceptibility to F. circinatum has been found to vary significantly among species and intraspecifically, posing as a potential disease management strategy. According to this, the development of massive sequencing technologies is allowing a deeper understanding of the plant-pat

Published
2022

13. Genome-wide identification and characterization of Fusarium circinatum-responsive lncRNAs in Pinus radiata

Author

Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación (España), Junta de Castilla y León, European Commission, Universidad de Valladolid, Zamora-Ballesteros, Cristina [0000-0002-9728-5553], Martín-García, Jorge [0000-0002-3057-3710], Suárez-Vega, Aroa [0000-0002-7726-4288], Díez, Julio Javier [0000-0003-0558-8141], Zamora-Ballesteros, Cristina, Martín-García, Jorge, Suárez-Vega, Aroa, Díez, Julio Javier, Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación (España), Junta de Castilla y León, European Commission, Universidad de Valladolid, Zamora-Ballesteros, Cristina [0000-0002-9728-5553], Martín-García, Jorge [0000-0002-3057-3710], Suárez-Vega, Aroa [0000-0002-7726-4288], Díez, Julio Javier [0000-0003-0558-8141], Zamora-Ballesteros, Cristina, Martín-García, Jorge, Suárez-Vega, Aroa, and Díez, Julio Javier

Abstract

One of the most promising strategies of Pine Pitch Canker (PPC) management is the use of reproductive plant material resistant to the disease. Understanding the complexity of plant transcriptome that underlies the defence to the causal agent Fusarium circinatum, would greatly facilitate the development of an accurate breeding program. Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are emerging as important transcriptional regulators under biotic stresses in plants. However, to date, characterization of lncRNAs in conifer trees has not been reported. In this study, transcriptomic identification of lncRNAs was carried out using strand-specific paired-end RNA sequencing, from Pinus radiata samples inoculated with F. circinatum at an early stage of infection.

Published
2022

14. Pine species determine fungal microbiome composition in a common garden experiment

Author

Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad (España), Junta de Castilla y León, European Commission, Swedish Research Council, Romeralo, Carmen [0000-0002-8510-9915], Muñoz-Adalia, E.Jordán [0000-0002-0900-6981], Reis Gonçalves, Danilo [0000-0002-5838-820X], Witzell, Johanna [0000-0003-1741-443X], Díez, Julio Javier [0000-0003-0558-8141], Romeralo, Carmen, Martín-García, Jorge, Martínez-Álvarez, Pablo, Muñoz-Adalia, E.Jordán, Reis Gonçalves, Danilo, Torres, Esteban, Witzell, Johanna, Díez, Julio Javier, Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad (España), Junta de Castilla y León, European Commission, Swedish Research Council, Romeralo, Carmen [0000-0002-8510-9915], Muñoz-Adalia, E.Jordán [0000-0002-0900-6981], Reis Gonçalves, Danilo [0000-0002-5838-820X], Witzell, Johanna [0000-0003-1741-443X], Díez, Julio Javier [0000-0003-0558-8141], Romeralo, Carmen, Martín-García, Jorge, Martínez-Álvarez, Pablo, Muñoz-Adalia, E.Jordán, Reis Gonçalves, Danilo, Torres, Esteban, Witzell, Johanna, and Díez, Julio Javier

Abstract

The factors shaping the composition of microbial communities in trees remain poorly understood. We evaluated whether the core and satellite fungal communities in five pine species (Pinus radiata, Pinus pinaster, Pinus syl vestris, Pinus nigra, and Pinus uncinata) were shaped by the host species identity. Because the trees had earlier been inoculated with a fungal pathogen (Fusarium circinatum), we also explored the possibilities to detect its presence and potential co-occurrence networks. We found interspecific variation in the fungal community composition and abundance among the different tree species and the existence of a core microbiome that was independent of the host species. The presence of F. circinatum was confirmed in some samples through qPCR but the pathogen did not co-occur with a specific fungal community. The results highlight the importance of host species as a determinant of microbiome assembly in common environments.

Published
2021

15. Residual effects caused by a past mycovirus infection in Fusarium circinatum

Author

Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad (España), Gobierno de Cantabria, Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación (España), European Commission, Zamora-Ballesteros, Cristina [0000-0002-9728-5553], Wingfield, Brenda D. [0000-0002-6189-1519], Wingfield, Michael J.[0000-0001-9346-2009], Martín-García, Jorge [0000-0002-3057-3710], Díez, Julio Javier [0000-0003-0558-8141], Zamora-Ballesteros, Cristina, Wingfield, Brenda D., Wingfield, Michael J., Martín-García, Jorge, Díez, Julio Javier, Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad (España), Gobierno de Cantabria, Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación (España), European Commission, Zamora-Ballesteros, Cristina [0000-0002-9728-5553], Wingfield, Brenda D. [0000-0002-6189-1519], Wingfield, Michael J.[0000-0001-9346-2009], Martín-García, Jorge [0000-0002-3057-3710], Díez, Julio Javier [0000-0003-0558-8141], Zamora-Ballesteros, Cristina, Wingfield, Brenda D., Wingfield, Michael J., Martín-García, Jorge, and Díez, Julio Javier

Abstract

Mycoviruses are known to be difficult to cure in fungi but their spontaneous loss occurs commonly. The unexpected disappearance of mycoviruses can be explained by diverse reasons, from methodological procedures to biological events such as posttranscriptional silencing machinery. The long-term effects of a virus infection on the host organism have been well studied in the case of human viruses; however, the possible residual effect on a fungus after the degradation of a mycovirus is unknown. For that, this study analyses a possible residual effect on the transcriptome of the pathogenic fungus Fusarium circinatum after the loss of the mitovirus FcMV1. The mycovirus that previously infected the fungal isolate was not recovered after a 4-year storage period. Only 14 genes were determined as differentially expressed and were related to cell cycle regulation and amino acid metabolism. The results showed a slight acceleration in the metabolism of the host that had lost the mycovirus by the upregulation of the genes involved in essential functions for fungal development. The analysis also revealed a weak expression in the annotated genes of the RNA silencing machinery. To our knowledge, this is the first time that a potential residual effect on the host transcriptome caused by the past infection of a mycovirus is reported.

Published
2021

16. Co-Infections by Fusarium circinatum and Phytophthora spp. on Pinus radiata: Complex Phenotypic and Molecular Interactions

Author

European Commission, Università degli Studi di Catania, Aloi, Francesco [0000-0002-0876-0763], Zamora-Ballesteros, Cristina [0000-0002-9728-5553], Martín-García, Jorge [0000-0002-3057-3710], Díez, Julio Javier [0000-0003-0558-8141], Cacciola, Santa Olga [0000-0001-7926-3601], Aloi, Francesco, Zamora-Ballesteros, Cristina, Martín-García, Jorge, Díez, Julio Javier, Cacciola, Santa Olga, European Commission, Università degli Studi di Catania, Aloi, Francesco [0000-0002-0876-0763], Zamora-Ballesteros, Cristina [0000-0002-9728-5553], Martín-García, Jorge [0000-0002-3057-3710], Díez, Julio Javier [0000-0003-0558-8141], Cacciola, Santa Olga [0000-0001-7926-3601], Aloi, Francesco, Zamora-Ballesteros, Cristina, Martín-García, Jorge, Díez, Julio Javier, and Cacciola, Santa Olga

Abstract

This study investigated the complex phenotypic and genetic response of Monterey pine (Pinus radiata) seedlings to co-infections by F. circinatum, the causal agent of pine pitch canker disease, and the oomycetes Phytophthora xcambivora and P. parvispora. Monterey pine seedlings were wound-inoculated with each single pathogen and with the combinations F. circinatum/P. xcambivora and F. circinatum/P. parvispora. Initially, seedlings inoculated only with F. circinatum showed less severe symptoms than seedlings co-inoculated or inoculated only with P. xcambivora or P. parvispora. However, 30 days post-inoculation (dpi), all inoculated seedlings, including those inoculated only with F. circinatum, showed severe symptoms with no significant differences among treatments. The transcriptomic profiles of three genes encoding pathogenesis-related proteins, i.e., chitinase (PR3), thaumatin-like protein (PR5), phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL), and the pyruvate decarboxylase (PDC)-encoding gene were analyzed at various time intervals after inoculation. In seedlings inoculated with single pathogens, F. circinatum stimulated the up-regulation of all genes, while between the two oomycetes, only P. xcambivora induced significant up-regulations. In seedlings co-inoculated with F. circinatum and P.xcambivora or P. parvispora none of the genes showed a significant over-expression 4 dpi. In contrast, at 11 dpi, significant up-regulation was observed for PR5 in the combination F. circinatum/P.xcambivora and PDC in the combination F. circinatum/P. parvispora, thus suggesting a possible synergism of multiple infections in triggering this plant defense mechanism.

Published
2021

17. Global geographic distribution and host range of fusarium circinatum, the causal agent of pine pitch canker

Author

European Commission, Estonian Science Foundation, Agence Nationale de la Recherche (France), Scottish Government, Office fédéral de l'environnement (Suisse), Martín-García, Jorge [0000-0002-3057-3710], Vahalík, P. [0000-0003-3404-3095], Adamson, K. [0000-0002-8810-8838], Adamčikova, K. [0000-0001-5407-5233], Ahumada, Rodrigo [0000-0002-2397-2721], Blank, Lior [0000-0002-8753-0113], Bragança, H. [0000-0002-7957-5493], Capretti, P. [0000-0002-1893-9871], Cleary, M. [0000-0002-0318-5974], Cornejo, Carolina [0000-0003-3259-6198], Davydenko, K. [0000-0001-6077-8533], Díez, Julio Javier [0000-0003-0558-8141], Doǧmuş-Lehtijärvi, Hatice T. [0000-0002-1050-8823], Dvorák, Milon [0000-0002-4390-4718], Enderle, R. [0000-0002-3436-9581], Fourie, Gerda [0000-0003-2650-5448], Georgieva, M. [0000-0003-3165-1992], Ghelardini, L. [0000-0002-3180-4226], Hantula, Jarkko [0000-0002-1016-0636], Ioos, Renaud [0000-0001-9359-5098], Iturritxa, Eugenia [0000-0002-6390-5873], Kanetis, Loukas [0000-0002-1869-558X], Karpun, Natalia N. [0000-0002-7696-3618], Koltay, András [0000-0001-6865-2601], Markovskaja, S. [0000-0003-3111-6949], Mesanza, Nebai [0000-0002-1578-9193], Milenkovic, Ivan [0000-0003-2792-0221], Musolin, Dmitry L. [0000-0002-3913-3674], Nowakowska, Justyna A. [0000-0001-5863-053X], Ogris, N. [0000-0002-4058-9417], Oskay, F. [0000-0002-8918-5595], Oszako, Tomasz [0000-0003-4688-2582], Papazova-Anakieva, Irena [0000-0002-7260-4685], Paraschiv, Marius [0000-0001-6916-8600], Pasquali, Matias [0000-0002-9102-2066], Pecori, Francesco [0000-0002-6577-7190], Rafoss, Trond [0000-0002-8489-4771], Raitelaitytė, K. [0000-0001-9753-9712], Raposo Llobet, María Rosa [0000-0002-4893-6874], Robin, Cecile [0000-0002-8145-245X], Rodas, Carlos A. [0000-0002-8895-8883], Sanz-Ros, Antonio V. [0000-0002-4791-8308], Selikhovkin, Andrey V. [0000-0003-4227-9647], Solla, A. [0000-0002-2596-1612], Soukainen, M. [0000-0001-6686-0191], Soulioti, Nikoleta [0000-0001-5011-0863], Steenkamp, Emma T. [0000-0003-0217-8219], Tsopelas, Panaghiotis [0000-0002-7853-4534], Vemic, Aleksandar [0000-0001-9195-8967], Vettraino, A. M. [0000-0003-0797-3297], Wingfield, Michael J. [0000-0001-9346-2009], Woodward, Stephen [0000-0002-6627-7702], Zamora-Ballesteros, Cristina [0000-0002-9728-5553], Mullett, M. [0000-0002-6013-0347], Drenkhan, R., Ganley, Beccy, Martín-García, Jorge, Vahalík, P., Adamson, K., Adamčikova, K., Ahumada, Rodrigo, Blank, Lior, Bragança, H., Capretti, P., Cleary, M., Cornejo, Carolina, Davydenko, K., Díez, Julio Javier, Doǧmuş-Lehtijärvi, Hatice T., Dvorák, Milon, Enderle, R., Fourie, Gerda, Georgieva, M., Ghelardini, L., Hantula, Jarkko, Ioos, Renaud, Iturritxa, Eugenia, Kanetis, Loukas, Karpun, Natalia N., Koltay, András, Landeras, Elena, Markovskaja, S., Mesanza, Nebai, Milenkovic, Ivan, Musolin, Dmitry L., Nikolaou, Konstantinos, Nowakowska, Justyna A., Ogris, N., Oskay, F., Oszako, Tomasz, Papazova-Anakieva, Irena, Paraschiv, Marius, Pasquali, Matias, Pecori, Francesco, Rafoss, Trond, Raitelaitytė, K., Raposo Llobet, María Rosa, Robin, Cecile, Rodas, Carlos A., Santini, Alberto, Sanz-Ros, Antonio V., Selikhovkin, Andrey V., Solla, A., Soukainen, M., Soulioti, Nikoleta, Steenkamp, Emma T., Tsopelas, Panaghiotis, Vemic, Aleksandar, Vettraino, A. M., Wingfield, Michael J., Woodward, Stephen, Zamora-Ballesteros, Cristina, Mullett, M., European Commission, Estonian Science Foundation, Agence Nationale de la Recherche (France), Scottish Government, Office fédéral de l'environnement (Suisse), Martín-García, Jorge [0000-0002-3057-3710], Vahalík, P. [0000-0003-3404-3095], Adamson, K. [0000-0002-8810-8838], Adamčikova, K. [0000-0001-5407-5233], Ahumada, Rodrigo [0000-0002-2397-2721], Blank, Lior [0000-0002-8753-0113], Bragança, H. [0000-0002-7957-5493], Capretti, P. [0000-0002-1893-9871], Cleary, M. [0000-0002-0318-5974], Cornejo, Carolina [0000-0003-3259-6198], Davydenko, K. [0000-0001-6077-8533], Díez, Julio Javier [0000-0003-0558-8141], Doǧmuş-Lehtijärvi, Hatice T. [0000-0002-1050-8823], Dvorák, Milon [0000-0002-4390-4718], Enderle, R. [0000-0002-3436-9581], Fourie, Gerda [0000-0003-2650-5448], Georgieva, M. [0000-0003-3165-1992], Ghelardini, L. [0000-0002-3180-4226], Hantula, Jarkko [0000-0002-1016-0636], Ioos, Renaud [0000-0001-9359-5098], Iturritxa, Eugenia [0000-0002-6390-5873], Kanetis, Loukas [0000-0002-1869-558X], Karpun, Natalia N. [0000-0002-7696-3618], Koltay, András [0000-0001-6865-2601], Markovskaja, S. [0000-0003-3111-6949], Mesanza, Nebai [0000-0002-1578-9193], Milenkovic, Ivan [0000-0003-2792-0221], Musolin, Dmitry L. [0000-0002-3913-3674], Nowakowska, Justyna A. [0000-0001-5863-053X], Ogris, N. [0000-0002-4058-9417], Oskay, F. [0000-0002-8918-5595], Oszako, Tomasz [0000-0003-4688-2582], Papazova-Anakieva, Irena [0000-0002-7260-4685], Paraschiv, Marius [0000-0001-6916-8600], Pasquali, Matias [0000-0002-9102-2066], Pecori, Francesco [0000-0002-6577-7190], Rafoss, Trond [0000-0002-8489-4771], Raitelaitytė, K. [0000-0001-9753-9712], Raposo Llobet, María Rosa [0000-0002-4893-6874], Robin, Cecile [0000-0002-8145-245X], Rodas, Carlos A. [0000-0002-8895-8883], Sanz-Ros, Antonio V. [0000-0002-4791-8308], Selikhovkin, Andrey V. [0000-0003-4227-9647], Solla, A. [0000-0002-2596-1612], Soukainen, M. [0000-0001-6686-0191], Soulioti, Nikoleta [0000-0001-5011-0863], Steenkamp, Emma T. [0000-0003-0217-8219], Tsopelas, Panaghiotis [0000-0002-7853-4534], Vemic, Aleksandar [0000-0001-9195-8967], Vettraino, A. M. [0000-0003-0797-3297], Wingfield, Michael J. [0000-0001-9346-2009], Woodward, Stephen [0000-0002-6627-7702], Zamora-Ballesteros, Cristina [0000-0002-9728-5553], Mullett, M. [0000-0002-6013-0347], Drenkhan, R., Ganley, Beccy, Martín-García, Jorge, Vahalík, P., Adamson, K., Adamčikova, K., Ahumada, Rodrigo, Blank, Lior, Bragança, H., Capretti, P., Cleary, M., Cornejo, Carolina, Davydenko, K., Díez, Julio Javier, Doǧmuş-Lehtijärvi, Hatice T., Dvorák, Milon, Enderle, R., Fourie, Gerda, Georgieva, M., Ghelardini, L., Hantula, Jarkko, Ioos, Renaud, Iturritxa, Eugenia, Kanetis, Loukas, Karpun, Natalia N., Koltay, András, Landeras, Elena, Markovskaja, S., Mesanza, Nebai, Milenkovic, Ivan, Musolin, Dmitry L., Nikolaou, Konstantinos, Nowakowska, Justyna A., Ogris, N., Oskay, F., Oszako, Tomasz, Papazova-Anakieva, Irena, Paraschiv, Marius, Pasquali, Matias, Pecori, Francesco, Rafoss, Trond, Raitelaitytė, K., Raposo Llobet, María Rosa, Robin, Cecile, Rodas, Carlos A., Santini, Alberto, Sanz-Ros, Antonio V., Selikhovkin, Andrey V., Solla, A., Soukainen, M., Soulioti, Nikoleta, Steenkamp, Emma T., Tsopelas, Panaghiotis, Vemic, Aleksandar, Vettraino, A. M., Wingfield, Michael J., Woodward, Stephen, Zamora-Ballesteros, Cristina, and Mullett, M.

Abstract

Fusarium circinatum, the causal agent of pine pitch canker (PPC), is currently one of the most important threats of Pinus spp. globally. This pathogen is known in many pine-growing regions, including natural and planted forests, and can affect all life stages of trees, from emerging seedlings to mature trees. Despite the importance of PPC, the global distribution of F. circinatum is poorly documented, and this problem is also true of the hosts within countries that are affected. The aim of this study was to review the global distribution of F. circinatum, with a particular focus on Europe. We considered (1) the current and historical pathogen records, both positive and negative, based on confirmed reports from Europe and globally; (2) the genetic diversity and population structure of the pathogen; (3) the current distribution of PPC in Europe, comparing published models of predicted disease distribution; and (4) host susceptibility by reviewing literature and generating a comprehensive list of known hosts for the fungus. These data were collated from 41 countries and used to compile a specially constructed geo-database. A review of 6297 observation records showed that F. circinatum and the symptoms it causes on conifers occurred in 14 countries, including four in Europe, and is absent in 28 countries. Field observations and experimental data from 138 host species revealed 106 susceptible host species including 85 Pinus species, 6 non-pine tree species and 15 grass and herb species. Our data confirm that susceptibility to F. circinatum varies between different host species, tree ages and environmental characteristics. Knowledge on the geographic distribution, host range and the relative susceptibility of different hosts is essential for disease management, mitigation and containment strategies. The findings reported in this review will support countries that are currently free of F. circinatum in implementing effective procedures and restrictions and prevent further

Published
2020

18. Potential interactions between invasive Fusarium circinatum and other pine pathogens in Europe

Author

European Commission, Russian Foundation for Basic Research, Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad (España), Ministry of Education, Youth and Sports (Czech Republic), Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia (Portugal), Elvira Recuenco, Margarita [0000-0001-6749-3346], Cacciola, Santa Olga [0000-0001-7926-3601], Sanz-Ros, Antonio V. [0000-0002-4791-8308], Garbelotto, Matteo [0000-0001-9737-0128], Aguayo, Jaime [0000-0002-7552-0655], Solla, A. [0000-0002-2596-1612], Mullett, M. [0000-0002-6013-0347], Drenkhan, Tiia [0000-0001-9865-2549], Oskay, F. [0000-0002-8918-5595], Kaya, Ayse Gülden Aday [0000-0002-5631-6026], Iturritxa, Eugenia [0000-0002-6390-5873], Cleary, M. [0000-0002-0318-5974], Witzell, Johanna [0000-0003-1741-443X], Georgieva, M. [0000-0003-3165-1992], Papazova-Anakieva, Irena [0000-0002-7260-4685], Chira, Danut [0000-0002-7402-4975], Paraschiv, Marius [0000-0001-6916-8600], Musolin, Dmitry L. [0000-0002-3913-3674], Selikhovkin, Andrey V. [0000-0003-4227-9647], Varentsova, Elena Yu [0000-0002-4616-2289], Adamčikova, K. [0000-0001-5407-5233], Markovskaja, S. [0000-0003-3111-6949], Mesanza, Nebai [0000-0002-1578-9193], Davydenko, K. [0000-0001-6077-8533], Capretti, P. [0000-0002-1893-9871], Scanu, Bruno [0000-0002-0690-580X], Gonthier, Paolo [0000-0002-7242-8239], Tsopelas, Panaghiotis [0000-0002-7853-4534], Martín-García, Jorge [0000-0002-3057-3710], Morales-Rodríguez, Carmen [0000-0002-2971-2840], Lehtijärvi, Asko [0000-0002-0367-0849], Lehtijärvi, H. Tugba Dogmus [0000-0002-1050-8823], Oszako, Tomasz [0000-0003-4688-2582], Nowakowska, Justyna A. [0000-0001-5863-053X], Bragança, H. [0000-0002-7957-5493], Fernández-Fernández, Mercedes M. [0000-0002-1646-5027], Hantula, Jarkko [0000-0002-1016-0636], Díez, Julio Javier [0000-0003-0558-8141], Elvira Recuenco, Margarita, Cacciola, Santa Olga, Sanz-Ros, Antonio V., Garbelotto, Matteo, Aguayo, Jaime, Solla, A., Mullett, M., Drenkhan, Tiia, Oskay, F., Kaya, Ayse Gülden Aday, Iturritxa, Eugenia, Cleary, M., Witzell, Johanna, Georgieva, M., Papazova-Anakieva, Irena, Chira, Danut, Paraschiv, Marius, Musolin, Dmitry L., Selikhovkin, Andrey V., Varentsova, Elena Yu, Adamčikova, K., Markovskaja, S., Mesanza, Nebai, Davydenko, K., Capretti, P., Scanu, Bruno, Gonthier, Paolo, Tsopelas, Panaghiotis, Martín-García, Jorge, Morales-Rodríguez, Carmen, Lehtijärvi, Asko, Lehtijärvi, H. Tugba Dogmus, Oszako, Tomasz, Nowakowska, Justyna A., Bragança, H., Fernández-Fernández, Mercedes M., Hantula, Jarkko, Díez, Julio Javier, European Commission, Russian Foundation for Basic Research, Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad (España), Ministry of Education, Youth and Sports (Czech Republic), Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia (Portugal), Elvira Recuenco, Margarita [0000-0001-6749-3346], Cacciola, Santa Olga [0000-0001-7926-3601], Sanz-Ros, Antonio V. [0000-0002-4791-8308], Garbelotto, Matteo [0000-0001-9737-0128], Aguayo, Jaime [0000-0002-7552-0655], Solla, A. [0000-0002-2596-1612], Mullett, M. [0000-0002-6013-0347], Drenkhan, Tiia [0000-0001-9865-2549], Oskay, F. [0000-0002-8918-5595], Kaya, Ayse Gülden Aday [0000-0002-5631-6026], Iturritxa, Eugenia [0000-0002-6390-5873], Cleary, M. [0000-0002-0318-5974], Witzell, Johanna [0000-0003-1741-443X], Georgieva, M. [0000-0003-3165-1992], Papazova-Anakieva, Irena [0000-0002-7260-4685], Chira, Danut [0000-0002-7402-4975], Paraschiv, Marius [0000-0001-6916-8600], Musolin, Dmitry L. [0000-0002-3913-3674], Selikhovkin, Andrey V. [0000-0003-4227-9647], Varentsova, Elena Yu [0000-0002-4616-2289], Adamčikova, K. [0000-0001-5407-5233], Markovskaja, S. [0000-0003-3111-6949], Mesanza, Nebai [0000-0002-1578-9193], Davydenko, K. [0000-0001-6077-8533], Capretti, P. [0000-0002-1893-9871], Scanu, Bruno [0000-0002-0690-580X], Gonthier, Paolo [0000-0002-7242-8239], Tsopelas, Panaghiotis [0000-0002-7853-4534], Martín-García, Jorge [0000-0002-3057-3710], Morales-Rodríguez, Carmen [0000-0002-2971-2840], Lehtijärvi, Asko [0000-0002-0367-0849], Lehtijärvi, H. Tugba Dogmus [0000-0002-1050-8823], Oszako, Tomasz [0000-0003-4688-2582], Nowakowska, Justyna A. [0000-0001-5863-053X], Bragança, H. [0000-0002-7957-5493], Fernández-Fernández, Mercedes M. [0000-0002-1646-5027], Hantula, Jarkko [0000-0002-1016-0636], Díez, Julio Javier [0000-0003-0558-8141], Elvira Recuenco, Margarita, Cacciola, Santa Olga, Sanz-Ros, Antonio V., Garbelotto, Matteo, Aguayo, Jaime, Solla, A., Mullett, M., Drenkhan, Tiia, Oskay, F., Kaya, Ayse Gülden Aday, Iturritxa, Eugenia, Cleary, M., Witzell, Johanna, Georgieva, M., Papazova-Anakieva, Irena, Chira, Danut, Paraschiv, Marius, Musolin, Dmitry L., Selikhovkin, Andrey V., Varentsova, Elena Yu, Adamčikova, K., Markovskaja, S., Mesanza, Nebai, Davydenko, K., Capretti, P., Scanu, Bruno, Gonthier, Paolo, Tsopelas, Panaghiotis, Martín-García, Jorge, Morales-Rodríguez, Carmen, Lehtijärvi, Asko, Lehtijärvi, H. Tugba Dogmus, Oszako, Tomasz, Nowakowska, Justyna A., Bragança, H., Fernández-Fernández, Mercedes M., Hantula, Jarkko, and Díez, Julio Javier

Abstract

Pines are major components of native forests and plantations in Europe, where they have both economic significance and an important ecological role. Diseases of pines are mainly caused by fungal and oomycete pathogens, and can significantly reduce the survival, vigor, and yield of both individual trees and entire stands or plantations. Pine pitch canker (PPC), caused by Fusarium circinatum (Nirenberg and O'Donnell), is among the most devastating pine diseases in the world, and is an example of an emergent invasive disease in Europe. The effects of microbial interactions on plant health, as well as the possible roles plant microbiomes may have in disease expression, have been the focus of several recent studies. Here, we describe the possible effects of co-infection with pathogenic fungi and oomycetes with F. circinatum on the health of pine seedlings and mature plants, in an attempt to expand our understanding of the role that biotic interactions may play in the future of PPC disease in European nurseries and forests. The available information on pine pathogens that are able to co-occur with F. circinatum in Europe is here reviewed and interpreted to theoretically predict the effects of such co-occurrences on pine survival, growth, and yield. Beside the awareness that F. circinatum may co-occurr on pines with other pathogens, an additional outcome from this review is an updating of the literature, including the so-called grey literature, to document the geographical distribution of the relevant pathogens and to facilitate differential diagnoses, particularly in nurseries, where some of them may cause symptoms similar to those induced by F. circinatum. An early and accurate diagnosis of F. circinatum, a pathogen that has been recently introduced and that is currently regulated in Europe, is essential to prevent its introduction and spread in plantings and forests.

Published
2020

19. Sampling and detection strategies for the pine pitch canker (PPC) disease pathogen Fusarium Circinatum in Europe

Author

European Commission, Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad (España), Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia (Portugal), Vainio, Eeva [0000-0002-6739-7968], Bezos, Diana [0000-0002-0423-4627], Bragança, H. [0000-0002-4554-2722], Cleary, M. [0000-0002-0318-5974], Fourie, Gerda [0000-0003-2650-5448], Georgieva, M. [0000-0001-6580-4147], Ghelardini, L. [0000-0002-3180-4226], Hannunen, Salla [0000-0002-0998-4240], Ioos, Renaud [0000-0001-9359-5098], Martín-García, Jorge [0000-0002-3057-3710], Martínez-Álvarez, Pablo [0000-0002-4605-7702], Mullett, M. [0000-0002-6013-0347], Oszako, Tomasz [0000-0003-4688-2582], Papazova-Anakieva, Irena [0000-0002-7260-4685], Piškur, B. [0000-0002-9914-4930], Romeralo, Carmen [0000-0002-8510-9915], Sanz-Ros, Antonio V. [0000-0002-4791-8308], Steenkamp, Emma T. [0000-0003-0217-8219], Tubby, K. [0000-0001-6864-4185], Wingfield, Michael J. [0000-0001-9346-2009], Díez, Julio Javier [0000-0003-0558-8141], Vainio, Eeva, Bezos, Diana, Bragança, H., Cleary, M., Fourie, Gerda, Georgieva, M., Ghelardini, L., Hannunen, Salla, Ioos, Renaud, Martín-García, Jorge, Martínez-Álvarez, Pablo, Mullett, M., Oszako, Tomasz, Papazova-Anakieva, Irena, Piškur, B., Romeralo, Carmen, Sanz-Ros, Antonio V., Steenkamp, Emma T., Tubby, K., Wingfield, Michael J., Díez, Julio Javier, European Commission, Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad (España), Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia (Portugal), Vainio, Eeva [0000-0002-6739-7968], Bezos, Diana [0000-0002-0423-4627], Bragança, H. [0000-0002-4554-2722], Cleary, M. [0000-0002-0318-5974], Fourie, Gerda [0000-0003-2650-5448], Georgieva, M. [0000-0001-6580-4147], Ghelardini, L. [0000-0002-3180-4226], Hannunen, Salla [0000-0002-0998-4240], Ioos, Renaud [0000-0001-9359-5098], Martín-García, Jorge [0000-0002-3057-3710], Martínez-Álvarez, Pablo [0000-0002-4605-7702], Mullett, M. [0000-0002-6013-0347], Oszako, Tomasz [0000-0003-4688-2582], Papazova-Anakieva, Irena [0000-0002-7260-4685], Piškur, B. [0000-0002-9914-4930], Romeralo, Carmen [0000-0002-8510-9915], Sanz-Ros, Antonio V. [0000-0002-4791-8308], Steenkamp, Emma T. [0000-0003-0217-8219], Tubby, K. [0000-0001-6864-4185], Wingfield, Michael J. [0000-0001-9346-2009], Díez, Julio Javier [0000-0003-0558-8141], Vainio, Eeva, Bezos, Diana, Bragança, H., Cleary, M., Fourie, Gerda, Georgieva, M., Ghelardini, L., Hannunen, Salla, Ioos, Renaud, Martín-García, Jorge, Martínez-Álvarez, Pablo, Mullett, M., Oszako, Tomasz, Papazova-Anakieva, Irena, Piškur, B., Romeralo, Carmen, Sanz-Ros, Antonio V., Steenkamp, Emma T., Tubby, K., Wingfield, Michael J., and Díez, Julio Javier

Abstract

Fusarium circinatum Nirenberg & O'Donnel is listed among the species recommended for regulation as quarantine pests in Europe. Over 60 Pinus species are susceptible to the pathogen and it also causes disease on Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco) and species in genera such as Picea and Larix. The European Food Safety Authority considers the probability of new introductions-via contaminated seeds, wood material, soil and growing substrates, natural means and human activities-into the EU very likely. Due to early detection, constant surveillance and control measures, F. circinatum outbreaks have officially been eradicated in Italy and France. However, the global spread of F. circinatum suggests that the pathogen will continue to be encountered in new environments in the future. Therefore, continuous surveillance of reproductive material, nurseries and plantations, prompt control measures and realistic contingency plans will be important in Europe and elsewhere to limit disease spread and the "bridgehead effect", where new introductions of a tree pathogen become increasingly likely as new environments are invaded, must be considered. Therefore, survey programs already implemented to limit the spread in Europe and that could be helpful for other EU countries are summarized in this review. These surveys include not only countries where pitch canker is present, such as Portugal and Spain, but also several other EU countries where F. circinatum is not present. Sampling protocols for seeds, seedlings, twigs, branches, shoots, soil samples, spore traps and insects from different studies are collated and compiled in this review. Likewise, methodology for morphological and molecular identification is herein presented. These include conventional PCR with a target-specific region located in the intergenic spacer region, as well as several real-time PCR protocols, with different levels of specificity and sensitivity. Finally, the global situation and future perspec

Published
2019

20. Vertical transmission of Fusarium circinatum mitoviruses FcMV1 and FcMV2-2 via microconidia

Author

Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad (España), European Commission, Romeralo, Carmen [0000-0002-8510-9915], Bezos, Diana [0000-0002-0423-4627], Martínez-Álvarez, Pablo [0000-0002-4605-7702], Díez, Julio Javier [0000-0003-0558-8141], Romeralo, Carmen, Bezos, Diana, Martínez-Álvarez, Pablo, Díez, Julio Javier, Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad (España), European Commission, Romeralo, Carmen [0000-0002-8510-9915], Bezos, Diana [0000-0002-0423-4627], Martínez-Álvarez, Pablo [0000-0002-4605-7702], Díez, Julio Javier [0000-0003-0558-8141], Romeralo, Carmen, Bezos, Diana, Martínez-Álvarez, Pablo, and Díez, Julio Javier

Abstract

Pine Pitch Canker disease, caused by the pathogenic fungus Fusarium circinatum, affects conifer species worldwide. However, the virulence of the pathogen may be affected by the presence of mycoviruses. The aim of this laboratory-based study was to investigate the probability and rate of transmission of F. circinatum mitoviruses FcMV1 and FcMV2-2 via microconidia. Ten isolates of mitovirus-infected F. circinatum were subcultured to produce a total of 100 single-spore colonies (ten replicates per isolate). The total RNA and cDNA obtained from each spore isolate (monosporic culture) were amplified by PCR with specific primers for detection of F. circinatum mitoviruses FcMV1 and FcMV2-2. The mitoviruses were detected in a high percentage of the individual spore isolates (between 60% and 100% depending on the fungal isolate). However, the probability of transmission was not statistically significantly associated with either the F. circinatum isolate or the viral strain. A high proportion of transmission via microconidia is critical for development of a biological control program against Pine Pitch Canker (PPC) disease in forests. However, further studies are needed to establish the effect of these mitoviruses on the virulence of F. circinatum.

Published
2018

21. Aleppo pine provenances vary in susceptibility and secondary chemical response to Gremmeniella abietina infection

Author

Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación (España), Romeralo, Carmen [0000-0002-8510-9915], Witzell, Johanna [0000-0003-1741-443X], Díez, Julio Javier [0000-0003-0558-8141], Romeralo, Carmen, Witzell, Johanna, Díez, Julio Javier, Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación (España), Romeralo, Carmen [0000-0002-8510-9915], Witzell, Johanna [0000-0003-1741-443X], Díez, Julio Javier [0000-0003-0558-8141], Romeralo, Carmen, Witzell, Johanna, and Díez, Julio Javier

Abstract

Aleppo pine is a thermophilic species that has become a popular tree species in plantings even beyond its natural habitat. In 1999 the pathogenic fungus Gremmeniella abietina was isolated for the first time in Aleppo pine plantations in Spain. The main objective of this study was to analyse the variation in susceptibility to G. abietina (European race, biotype A) infections among trees from five Aleppo pine provenances. Artificial inoculations were performed at two different times in January 2012. The susceptibility of the trees was evaluated by recording disease severity and the length of internal stem necrosis produced by the pathogen. In addition, the concentrations of two flavanone compounds were quantified as putative indicators of resistance. Provenances and G. abietina isolates both significantly affected levels of necrosis although the results were dependent on the time of inoculation. There was a relationship between provenance and resistance, with trees of higher elevation provenances being more susceptible to disease than trees of lower elevation provenances. The amount of naringenin flavanone from trees was significantly different between provenances, suggesting that it is a possible indicator value for resistance. Conversely, no differences were found in the concentration of eriodictyol in trees between provenances. The results show that the provenance-dependent variation in the susceptibility of Aleppo pine to G. abietina should be considered in selection of seed sources for restoration.

Published
2016

22. Antagonistic activity of fungal endophyte filtrates against Gremmeniella abietina infections on Aleppo pine seedlings

Author

Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación (España), Junta de Castilla y León, Universidad de Valladolid, Romeralo, Carmen [0000-0002-8510-9915], Witzell, Johanna [0000-0003-1741-443X], Botella, Leticia [0000-0002-6613-5405], Díez, Julio Javier [0000-0003-0558-8141], Romeralo, Carmen, Witzell, Johanna, Romeralo-Tapia, Rosa, Botella, Leticia, Díez, Julio Javier, Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación (España), Junta de Castilla y León, Universidad de Valladolid, Romeralo, Carmen [0000-0002-8510-9915], Witzell, Johanna [0000-0003-1741-443X], Botella, Leticia [0000-0002-6613-5405], Díez, Julio Javier [0000-0003-0558-8141], Romeralo, Carmen, Witzell, Johanna, Romeralo-Tapia, Rosa, Botella, Leticia, and Díez, Julio Javier

Abstract

Biological control agents (BCAs), and among them some species of fungal endophytes, are potential substitutes for chemical pesticides in the control of plant diseases due to their non-toxicity to human beings and their surrounding environment. One mode of action of fungal BCAs is through their bioactive, extracellular products, which can inhibit the growth of pathogens. In this study, the effect of fungal filtrates from four endophyte isolates (Trichoderma viride, Aureobasidium pullulans, Aureobasidium sp. and the unknown endophyte 20.1) on the advance of the pathogen Gremmeniella abietina on 2-year Pinus halepensis seedlings was evaluated. Both preventive and therapeutic treatments of the filtrates were studied by applying the filtrates either before or after the pathogen inoculation, respectively. Since G. abietina is a necrotrophic fungus, the length of the necrosis produced by the pathogen was used as response variable in our experiment. In order to explore the chemical composition of the fungal filtrates, a simple HPLC screening of UV-absorbing components was conducted. The results of the study showed that all fungal filtrates were able to reduce the advance of G. abietina when compared to the control seedlings, regardless of the time of inoculation and the treatment. Low-molecular weight phenolic compounds could be detected in some but not all filtrates, warranting further studies on the possible role of these compounds in fungal filtrates.

Published
2015

23. Fungal endophytes reduce necrosis length produced by Gremmeniella abietina in Pinus halepensis seedlings

Author

Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación (España), Junta de Castilla y León, Romeralo, Carmen [0000-0002-8510-9915], Santamaría, Oscar [0000-0001-5087-6519], Pando, Valentín [0000-0002-1665-2412], Díez, Julio Javier [0000-0003-0558-8141], Romeralo, Carmen, Santamaría, Oscar, Pando, Valentín, Díez, Julio Javier, Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación (España), Junta de Castilla y León, Romeralo, Carmen [0000-0002-8510-9915], Santamaría, Oscar [0000-0001-5087-6519], Pando, Valentín [0000-0002-1665-2412], Díez, Julio Javier [0000-0003-0558-8141], Romeralo, Carmen, Santamaría, Oscar, Pando, Valentín, and Díez, Julio Javier

Abstract

Gremmeniella abietina (Lagerberg) Morelet is a pathogenic fungus that causes severe damage in coniferous forests, causing the death of the trees, in Central and Northern Europe, North America and Japan. Biological control (i.e. the use of biologically antagonistic organisms) is being considered as an alternative and an eco-friendly method to deal with plant diseases. Among such organisms several fungal endophytes have been successfully used to reduce or inhibit the growth of pathogens. Thus, the aim of this study was to evaluate the ability of several fungal endophytes to reduce the G. abietina spreading on pine seedlings, with the goal of exploring the mechanisms involved in that reduction. The experiment was carried out on two-year old Pinus halepensis seedlings under greenhouse conditions. Five fungal endophytes ( Trichoderma spp., Aureobasidium pullulans, Aureobasidium spp., endophyte 20.1 and Leotiomycete spp.) obtained from healthy P. halepensis trees were used to evaluate their effect on six G. abietina isolates. The pathogen and the endophyte were both inoculated in every seedling. At the end of the experiment seedlings were cut and brought to the laboratory where the necrosis length and total phenol content of the plant were measured. The pathogen presence was determined by a nested PCR with specific primers of G. abietina. The presence of all endophytes significantly reduced the necrosis length caused by G. abietina in most of the cases. However, the phenolic content of the plant, which is an indicator of the activation of the plant's defence mechanisms, had not increased with the endophyte inoculation. Therefore, the reduction in the necrosis observed could be attributed to a direct effect of the endophyte on the Gremmeniella spreading. These results suggest that the use of fungal endophytes could be an effective way to protect against G. abietina infections.

Published
2015

24. Presence of fungi in Scots pine needles found to correlate with air quality as measured by bioindicators in northern Spain

Author

Universidad de León, Universidad de La Rioja, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala University, Romeralo, Carmen [0000-0002-8510-9915], Díez, Julio Javier [0000-0003-0558-8141], Romeralo, Carmen, Díez, Julio Javier, Santiago, Natividad F., Universidad de León, Universidad de La Rioja, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala University, Romeralo, Carmen [0000-0002-8510-9915], Díez, Julio Javier [0000-0003-0558-8141], Romeralo, Carmen, Díez, Julio Javier, and Santiago, Natividad F.

Abstract

Atmospheric pollution has increased worldwide during the last decades affecting forest ecosystems. Thermal power plants give off high levels of contaminants, which can damage forest health. Bioindicators can be helpful tools used for evaluating environment changes by giving an accurate measure of the extent of pollution. The focus of this study was to analyse fungal mycoflora in Pinus sylvestris stands near a thermal power plant and the possible correlation between the presence of the fungi and the air quality as measured by lichens and mosses. Fungi associated with pine needles were selected as subjects of this study because of their phytopathological importance and association with the pine trees' decline. Samples for this study were selected from eight plots in close proximity to a thermal power station in northern Spain. Symptoms of decline were previously observed in all the plots before sampling was performed. Lichens were used as bioindicators of environmental quality in two ways, first using the Index of Atmospheric Purity and second through categorization of lichen species based on their sensitivity. In addition, botanical quality was measured regarding the presence or absence of mosses. With two seasonal samplings (autumn and spring) and the use of four types of pine needle plant material (green needles, dried needles, half-green, half-dried needles and fallen needles), both endophytes and epiphytes present in the needles were isolated and observed. Thirty fungal species in total were identified of the 1095 isolates obtained. Furthermore, significant differences in fungal isolates were observed between seasons and among the different plant material. Results showed that both environmental air quality and botanical quality were negatively correlated with the relative isolation frequency of fungi. The higher number of isolates was attributed to a possible infection produced by fungi, which could be a leading factor in the trees' decline. © 2012 Blackwell Verl

Published
2012

25. Effect of putative mitoviruses on in vitro growth of Gremmeniella abietina isolates under different laboratory conditions

Author

Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación (España), Romeralo, Carmen [0000-0002-8510-9915], Botella, Leticia [0000-0002-6613-5405], Santamaría, Oscar [0000-0001-5087-6519], Díez, Julio Javier [0000-0003-0558-8141], Romeralo, Carmen, Botella, Leticia, Santamaría, Oscar, Díez, Julio Javier, Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación (España), Romeralo, Carmen [0000-0002-8510-9915], Botella, Leticia [0000-0002-6613-5405], Santamaría, Oscar [0000-0001-5087-6519], Díez, Julio Javier [0000-0003-0558-8141], Romeralo, Carmen, Botella, Leticia, Santamaría, Oscar, and Díez, Julio Javier

Abstract

[EN] Mitoviruses have been found in several forest pathogens (i.e. Cryphonectria parasitica, Gremmeniella abietina), and because they have been shown to reduce the virulence of host fungi there is a growing interest in studying their use as a biocontrol. This study was carried out to test the effect of temperature (5°C, 15°C, 25°C and 35°C), pH (4, 5, 7 and 9) and osmotic potential (-0.6, -1.2, -1.8 and -2.4 MPa) on the mycelial growth of seven G. abietina isolates under controlled laboratory conditions. Four of the isolates hosted mitoviruses and three of them did not. During the experiment, mycelial growth was recorded every week for a period of 8 weeks. Results showed no differences in growth behavior between mitovirus infected and non-infected isolates when placed under different pH modifications. However, the mitovirus-infected isolates presented larger mycelial growth than the mitovirus-free ones when at the fungi's optimal growing temperature of 15°C. When growing at certain osmotic potentials (-0.6 and -1.8 MPa) a reduction in growth of the mitovirus-infected isolates was observed. The results of this experiment suggest that mycelial growth among non-infected isolates and isolates naturally infected by mitovirus vary under different culture conditions, thus providing further insight into the effects of mitovirus on Gremmeniella abietina isolates., [ES] Los mitovirus son virus exclusivamente fúngicos que han sido aislados de algunos patógenos forestales (i.e. Cryphonectria parasitica, Gremmeniella abietina) y ya que pueden reducir la virulencia del hongo existe un creciente interés por su posible papel como agentes de control biológico. Se ha llevado a cabo un estudio para evaluar el efecto de la temperatura (5°C, 15°C, 25°C y 35°C), el pH (4, 5, 7 y 9) y el potencial osmótico (–0.6, –1.2, –1.8, –2.4 MPa) en el crecimiento micelial de siete aislados de G. abietina bajo condiciones controladas de laboratorio. Cuatro de los aislados albergaban mitovirus y tres de ellos no. Durante el experimento, el crecimiento micelial fue registrado sema nalmente hasta completar 8 mediciones. Los aislados infectados con mitovirus presentaron mayor crecimiento mice lial que los no infectados a la temperatura de crecimiento óptimo del hongo de 15°C. No se observaron efectos de la presencia de mitovirus entre los aislados infectados y los no infectados en los tratamientos de modificación del pH. Cuando se modificaron los potenciales osmóticos se observó una reducción del crecimiento micelial de los aislados infectados con mitovirus en los potenciales osmóticos de –0.6 y –1.8 MPa. Los resultados de este experimento sugieren que la presencia de los mitovirus afecta al crecimiento micelial del hongo bajo distintas condiciones de laboratorio. Este estudio proporciona un conocimiento más profundo de los efectos de las infecciones víricas en aislados españoles de Gremmeniella abietina.

Published
2012

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