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Producción Científica, Mountain lee waves present significant hazards to aviation, often inducing turbulence and aircraft icing. The current study focuses on understanding the potential impact of global climate change on the precursor environments to mountain lee wave cloud episodes over central Iberia. We examine the suitability of several Global Climate Models (GCMs) from CMIP6 in predicting these environments using the ERA5 reanalysis as a benchmark for performance. The dataset is divided into two periods: historical data (2001–2014) and projections for the SSP5–8.5 future climate scenario (2015–2100). The variations and trends in precursor environments between historical data and future climate scenarios are exposed, with a particular focus on the expansion of the Azores High towards the Iberian Peninsula, resulting in increased zonal winds throughout the Iberian Peninsula in the future. However, the increase in zonal wind is insufficient to modify the wind pattern, so future mountain lee wave cloud events will not vary significantly. The relative humidity trends reveal no significant changes. Moreover, the risk of icing precursor environments connected with mountain lee wave clouds is expected to decrease in the future, due to rising temperatures. Our results highlight that the EC-EARTH3 GCM reveals the closest alignment with ERA5 data, and statistically significant differences between the historical and future climate scenario periods are presented, making EC-EARTH3 a robust candidate for conducting future studies on the precursor environments to mountain lee wave cloud events., Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación/Agencia Estatal de Investigación (AEI)/10.13039/501100011033 - (project PID2019-105306RB-I00)

Año tras año aumenta la preocupación acerca del cambio climático y su influencia en el aumento de temperaturas que puede alterar nuestro modo de vida. Este aumento conlleva además un incremento de la preocupación de la población en cuanto a la solvencia energética y la utilidad y eficiencia futuras de los métodos de obtención de energías renovables. Este trabajo tiene como finalidad el análisis de temperaturas en la Península Ibérica utilizando un modelo climático y la posible influencia del cambio de estas en la producción de energía solar., Grado en Ingeniería Informática de Servicios y Aplicaciones

El texto completo de este trabajo no se encuentra disponible por no haber sido facilitado aún por su autor, por restricciones de copyright, o por no existir una versión digital, Mountain wave and icing episodes are adverse meteorological conditions that can affect aviation safety and air traffic management in the vicinity of airports. This study presents a mountain wave characterization performed for the winter months from 2001 to 2010 in the center of the Iberian Peninsula, close to an important orographic barrier and next to the busiest Spanish airport. Sixty-eight episodes were simulated using the Weather Research and Forecasting model (WRF). Five simulated atmospheric variables (wind direction, wind speed, atmospheric stability, liquid water content and temperature) were evaluated in several grid points at 2800 meters above sea level in leeward, windward and over the summit of the mountains. Based on the percentiles and thresholds obtained from the characterization, a decision tree was developed with the aim to forecast and warn the occurrence of mountain waves, wave clouds and icing events. The decision tree and the three warning methods were validated against satellite images. The results show satisfactory scores, with a percentage correct of detection above 70% for the three warnings., Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad (España), Depto. de Física de la Tierra y Astrofísica, Fac. de Ciencias Físicas, TRUE, pub

A severe hailstorm that occurred in Spain on 30 August 2022, caused material and human damage, including one fatality due to giant hailstones up to 12 cm in diameter. By applying a pseudo‐global warming approach, here we evaluate how a simultaneous marine heatwave (and anthropogenic climate change) affected a unique environment conductive to such giant hailstones. The main results show that the supercell development was influenced by an unprecedented amount of convective available energy, with significant contributions from thermodynamic factors. Numerical simulations where the marine heatwave is not present show a notable reduction in the hail‐favorable environments, related mainly to modifications in thermodynamic environment. Our simulations also indicate that the environment in a preindustrial‐like climate would be less favorable for convective hazards and thus the hailstorm event would likely not have been as severe as the observed one, being possible to perform a novel attribution of such kind., Polish National Science Centre, Instituto de Matemática Interdisciplinar (UCM), ECMWF Special Project SPESMART, Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación (España), Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad (España), Depto. de Física de la Tierra y Astrofísica, Fac. de Ciencias Físicas, TRUE, pub

CRUE-CSIC (Acuerdos Transformativos 2022). © 2022 The Authors. This work was partially supported by research projects PID2019-105306RB-I00 (IBERCANES project), CGL2016-78702-C2-1-R and CGL2016-78702-C2-2-R (SAFEFLIGHT project), FEI-EU-17-16 and SPESMART AND SPESVALE (ECMWF Special Projects). J. Díaz-Fernández acknowledges the grant supported by the Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades (FPI program BES-2017-080025)., Aircraft turbulence is one of the most dangerous meteorological phenomena that can affect aviation safety. This study is focused on the turbulence associated to mountain lee waves in the vicinity of Adolfo Suárez Madrid-Barajas airport (Spain). Sixty-eight mountain lee waves events are selected to simulate the turbulence with the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF-ARW) and the HARMONIE-AROME numerical weather prediction models. To study and characterize the turbulence associated, the vertical wind speeds are selected as an important variable and the Eddy Dissipation Rate is estimated. Both models have properly simulated the turbulence and the clear air turbulence, obtaining higher values of turbulence intensity by WRF-ARW than HARMONIE-AROME in the mountain lee waves events. Finally, these results are used to enhance a mountain wave warning decision tree, including the turbulence warning which is validated through several turbulence reports., Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación (MICINN), Depto. de Física de la Tierra y Astrofísica, Fac. de Ciencias Físicas, TRUE, pub

CRUE-CSIC (Acuerdos Transformativos 2022) Open Access funding provided thanks to the CRUE-CSIC agreement with Springer Nature. This work is supported by the Interdisciplinary Mathematics Institute of the Complutense University of Madrid and funded by the Spanish Ministry of Economy under the following research projects: PID2019-105306RB-I00 (IBER-CANES), CGL2016-78702 (SAFEFLIGHT), PCIN-2016-080 and FEI-EU-17-16. This work is also supported by the ECMWF Special Projects SPESMART and SPESVALE., ERA5 represents the state of the art for atmospheric reanalyses and is widely used in meteorological and climatological research. In this work, this dataset is evaluated using the wind kinetic energy spectrum. Seasonal climatologies are generated for 30 degrees latitudinal bands in the Northern Hemisphere (periodic domain) and over the North Atlantic area (limited-area domain). The spectra are also assessed to determine the effective resolution of the reanalysis. The results present notable differences between the latitudinal domains, indicating that ERA5 is properly capturing the synoptic conditions. The seasonal variability is adequate too, being winter the most energetic, and summer the least energetic season. The limited area domain results introduce a larger energy density and range. Despite the good results for the synoptic scales, the reanalysis' spectra are not able to properly reproduce the dissipation rates at mesoscale. This is a source of uncertainties which needs to be taken into account when using the dataset. Finally, a cyclone tropical transition is presented as a case study. The spectrum generated shows a clear difference in energy density at every wavelength, as expected for a highly-energetic status of the atmosphere., Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad (MINECO), ECMWF Special Project SPESMART, ECMWF Special Project SPESVALE, Interdisciplinary Mathematics Institute of the Complutense University of Madrid, Depto. de Física de la Tierra y Astrofísica, Fac. de Ciencias Físicas, TRUE, pub

Aircraft turbulence is one of the most dangerous meteorological phenomena that can affect aviation safety. This study is focused on the turbulence associated to mountain lee waves in the vicinity of Adolfo Suárez Madrid-Barajas airport (Spain). Sixty-eight mountain lee waves events are selected to simulate the turbulence with the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF-ARW) and the HARMONIE-AROME numerical weather prediction models. To study and characterize the turbulence associated, the vertical wind speeds are selected as an important variable and the Eddy Dissipation Rate is estimated. Both models have properly simulated the turbulence and the clear air turbulence, obtaining higher values of turbulence intensity by WRF-ARW than HARMONIE-AROME in the mountain lee waves events. Finally, these results are used to enhance a mountain wave warning decision tree, including the turbulence warning which is validated through several turbulence reports., PID2019-105306RB-I00 (IBERCANES project), CGL2016-78702-C2-1-R and CGL2016-78702-C2-2-R (SAFEFLIGHT project), FEI-EU-17-16 and SPESMART AND SPESVALE (ECMWF Special Projects).

Mountain lee waves usually involve aircraft icing and turbulence events. These weather phenomena, in turn, are a threat to aviation safety. For this reason, mountain lee waves are an interesting subject of study for the scientific community. This paper analyses several mountain lee waves events in the south-east of the Guadarrama mountain range, near the Adolfo Suarez Madrid-Barajas airport (Spain), using the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) and the HARMONIE-AROME high-resolution numerical models. For this work, simulated brightness temperature from the optimum WRF parametrization schemes and from the HARMONIE are validated using satellite observations to evaluate the performance of the models in reproducing the lenticular clouds associated to mountain lee waves. The brightness temperature probability density shows interesting differences between both models. Following, a mountain wave characterization is performed simulating some atmospheric variables (wind direction, wind speed, atmospheric stability, liquid water content and temperature) in several grid points located in the leeward, windward and over the summit of the mountains. The characterization results are compared for both numerical models and a decision tree is developed for each to forecast and warn the mountain lee waves, lenticular clouds and icing events with a 24 to 48 h lead time. These warnings are validated using several skill scores, revealing similar results for both models., PID2019-105306RB-I00, CGL2016-78702-C2-1-R and CGL2016-78702-C2-2-R (SAFEFLIGHT project), FEI-EU-17-16 and SPESMART AND SPESVALE (ECMWF Special Projects)

Las ondas de montaña son un tipo de ondas de gravedad que se forman a sotavento de los principales sistemas montañosos en determinadas condiciones. La turbulencia y el engelamiento son fenómenos meteorológicos adversos asociados a este tipo de ondas que pueden comprometer a la seguridad aérea. No en vano, la turbulencia asociada a ondas de montaña y el engelamiento han sido citados como la causa de numerosos accidentes de aviación. Actualmente aún existe bastante incertidumbre en el pronóstico de eventos de ondas de montaña, lo que dificulta la anticipación a los mismos. La disponibilidad de datos observacionales directos es el mayor hándicap en el estudio de las ondas de montaña, ya que es muy difícil obtener mediciones fiables en su zona de formación. Consecuentemente, para el estudio de este fenómeno en esta tesis doctoral se ha utilizado la nubosidad asociada a ondas de montaña como método observacional..., Mountain waves are a kind of gravity waves that form in the leeward side of the major mountain ranges under certain conditions. Turbulence and icing are adverse meteorological phenomena associated with these types of waves that can affect the aviation safety. Not surprisingly, turbulence and icing associated with mountain waves have been reported as the cause of numerous aircraft accidents.Currently, the forecast of mountain wave events is not completely accurate, which makes it difficult to anticipate them. The lack of direct observational data is the greatest inconvenience in the mountain waves study since it is very difficult to obtain reliable measurements in the mountain waves formation area. Consequently, for the study of this phenomenon in this thesis, cloudiness associated with mountain waves has been used as an observational method...

CRUE-CSIC (Acuerdos Transformativos 2021), Mountain lee waves usually involve aircraft icing and turbulence events. These weather phenomena, in turn, are a threat to aviation safety. For this reason, mountain lee waves are an interesting subject of study for the scientific community. This paper analyses several mountain lee waves events in the south-east of the Guadarrama mountain range, near the Adolfo Suarez Madrid-Barajas airport (Spain), using the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) and the HARMONIE-AROME high-resolution numerical models. For this work, simulated brightness temperature from the optimum WRF parametrization schemes and from the HARMONIE are validated using satellite observations to evaluate the performance of the models in reproducing the lenticular clouds associated to mountain lee waves. The brightness temperature probability density shows interesting differences between both models. Following, a mountain wave characterization is performed simulating some atmospheric variables (wind direction, wind speed, atmospheric stability, liquid water content and temperature) in several grid points located in the leeward, windward and over the summit of the mountains. The characterization results are compared for both numerical models and a decision tree is developed for each to forecast and warn the mountain lee waves, lenticular clouds and icing events with a 24 to 48 h lead time. These warnings are validated using several skill scores, revealing similar results for both models., Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación (MICINN), Depto. de Física de la Tierra y Astrofísica, Fac. de Ciencias Físicas, TRUE, pub

CRUE-CSIC (Acuerdos Transformativos 2021) © 2021 The Author(s). This work was partially supported by research projects: PID2019- 105306RB-I00, PCIN-2014-013-C07-04, and PCIN2016-080 (UE ERANET Plus NEWA Project), CGL2016-78702-C2-1-R and CGL2016- 78702-C2-2-R (SAFEFLIGHT project), FEI-EU-17-16 and the two ECMWF Special Projects (SPESMART and SPESVALE). JJGA is supported by the FJC2018-035821 grant and JDF acknowledges the grant supported from the MINECO-FPI program (BES-2017). The authors would like to thank Ángel García Gago for the post-processing of some figures and the skill scores calculations., Subtropical cyclones (STCs) are low-pressure systems characterized by having a thermal hybrid structure and sharing tropical and extratropical characteristics. These cyclones are widely studied due to their harmful impacts, in some cases, similar to those caused by hurricanes or tropical storms. From a numerical modeling point of view, they are considered a challenge on account of their rapid intensification. That is the reason why this paper analyzes the simulations of the STC that occurred in October 2014 near the Canary Islands through two highresolution numerical models: Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) and HARMONIE-AROME. In this study, the simulations obtained with both models of this STC are analyzed versus different observational data. METAR data are used to validate some surface simulated variables throughout the STC life while soundings are chosen to study the tropospheric behavior. Finally, MSG-SEVIRI satellite brightness temperature is used to be compared to those brightness temperatures simulated by both models to give information of the cloud top spatial structure of this atmospheric system. The 2 m temperature, 2 m dew-point temperature, and 10 m wind speed variables do not show significant deviations when carrying out the validation of both models against the available METAR data. It is outstanding the good results found for the HARMONIE-AROME model when analyzing the temperature sounding for both analyzed dates. Additionally, regarding the wind speed sounding, better results are presented in general by the HARMONIE-AROME model, being the WRF model slightly better during the pre-STC stage. Moreover, the skillfulness of the HARMONIE-AROME model is highlighted when simulating the infrared brightness temperature and cloud distribution compared to the WRF model., Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación (MICINN), Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad (MINECO), ECMWF, Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación (MICINN), Depto. de Física de la Tierra y Astrofísica, Fac. de Ciencias Físicas, TRUE, pub

© 2020 Javier Díaz-Fernández et al. This work was partially supported by the following research projects: PID2019-105306RB-I00, PCIN-2014-013-C07-04, and PCIN2016-080 (UE ERA-NET Plus NEWA Project), CGL2016-78702-C2-1-R and CGL2016-78702-C2-2-R (SAFEFLIGHT Project), FEI-EU-17-16 and SPESMARTand SPESVALE (ECMWF Special Projects). Special thanks go to Roberto Weigand for computer support. Javier Díaz Fernández acknowledges the support grant from the MINECO-FPI program (BES-2017)., Turbulence and aircraft icing associated with mountain waves are weather phenomena potentially affecting aviation safety. In this paper, these weather phenomena are analysed in the vicinity of the Adolfo Su´arez Madrid-Barajas Airport (Spain). Mountain waves are formed in this area due to the proximity of the Guadarrama mountain range. Twenty different weather research and forecasting (WRF) model configurations are evaluated in an initial analysis. .is shows the incompetence of some experiments to capture the phenomenon. .e two experiments showing the best results are used to simulate thirteen episodes with observed mountain waves. Simulated pseudosatellite images are validated using satellite observations, and an analysis is performed through several skill scores applied to brightness temperature. Few differences are found among the different skill scores. Nevertheless, the .ompson microphysics scheme combined with the Yonsei university PBL scheme shows the best results. .e simulations produced by this scheme are used to evaluate the characteristic variables of the mountain wave episodes at windward and leeward and over the mountain. .e results show that north-northwest wind directions, moderate wind velocities, and neutral or slightly stable conditions are the main features for the episodes evaluated. In addition, a case study is analysed to evidence the WRF ability to properly detect turbulence and icing associated with mountain waves, even when there is no visual evidence available., Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad (MINECO), Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad (MINECO), Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad (MINECO)/FPI, Depto. de Física de la Tierra y Astrofísica, Fac. de Ciencias Físicas, TRUE, pub

The atomic environments of Fe and Co involved in the magnetostriction effect in FeCoB alloys have been identified by differential extended x-ray fine structure (DiffEXAFS) spectroscopy. The study, done in amorphous and polycrystalline FeCoB films, demonstrates that the alloys are heterogeneous and that boron plays a crucial role in the origin of their magnetostrictive properties. The analysis of DiffEXAFS in the polycrystalline and amorphous alloys indicates that boron activates magnetostriction when entering as an impurity into octahedral interstitial sites of the Fe bcc lattice, causing its tetragonal distortion. Magnetostriction would be explained then by the relative change in volume when the tetragonal axis of the site is reoriented under an externally applied magnetic field. The experiment demonstrates the extreme sensitivity of DiffEXAFS to characterize magnetostrictive environments that are undetectable in their related EXAFS spectra.

© ISB 2005. The authors gratefully acknowledge the support of this study by the ISCIII (Red de Centros C03/09). The Portuguese Instituto de Meteorologia provided Meteorological data for Portugal. This study was supported by the Ministerio de Sanidad y Consumo. Proyecto: “Caracterización de la Intensidad de los extremos térmicos en España”. Two anonymous reviewers provided useful comments that improved the original manuscript., We present a new approach to improve the reliability of quantifying the impact of a heat wave on mortality rates. We show, for the recent European summer 2003 heat wave, that the use of absolute maximum temperature values, or number of days above a given threshold, can be misleading. Here, we have assessed the impact of the heat wave on Iberian mortality by applying a four step procedure: (1) calculating, for each observatory, the local maximum temperature (T_(max)) distributions, (2) calculating the corresponding 95th percentile values (T_(threshold)), (3) locally defining extremely hot days (EHD) as those days on which the local threshold of the 95th percentile of the series is exceeded, and (4) calculating the total degrees-days (DD) of exceedance, by calculating the difference T_(max)− T_(threshold) and summing these values for all days above T_(threshold). We show that the relationship between summer mortality rates and the DD index is non-linear and can be described by a logarithmic function, with a correlation coefficient of 0.78, which explains 60.6% of the mortality variance (F value of 24.64, significant at P<0.0001). Using maximum temperatures, no significant relationship is found with mortality, whereas the EHD frequency shows a significant association with mortality, albeit weaker than that obtained with DD., ISCIII (Red de Centros), Portuguese Instituto de Meteorologia provided Meteorological data for Portugal, Ministerio de Sanidad y Consumo, Depto. de Física de la Tierra y Astrofísica, Fac. de Ciencias Físicas, TRUE, pub