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There is strong evidence that sex chromosomes and sex hormones influence blood pressure (BP) regulation, distribution of cardiovascular (CV) risk factors and co-morbidities differentially in females and males with essential arterial hypertension. The risk for CV disease increases at a lower BP level in females than in males, suggesting that sex-specific thresholds for diagnosis of hypertension may be reasonable. However, due to paucity of data, in particularly from specifically designed clinical trials, it is not yet known whether hypertension should be differently managed in females and males, including treatment goals and choice and dosages of antihypertensive drugs. Accordingly, this consensus document was conceived to provide a comprehensive overview of current knowledge on sex differences in essential hypertension including BP development over the life course, development of hypertension, pathophysiologic mechanisms regulating BP, interaction of BP with CV risk factors and co-morbidities, hypertension-mediated organ damage in the heart and the arteries, impact on incident CV disease, and differences in the effect of antihypertensive treatment. The consensus document also highlights areas where focused research is needed to advance sex-specific prevention and management of hypertension. ispartof: EUROPEAN HEART JOURNAL vol:43 issue:46 pages:4777-4788 ispartof: location:England status: published

There is strong evidence that sex chromosomes and sex hormones influence blood pressure (BP) regulation, distribution of cardiovascular (CV) risk factors and co-morbidities differentially in females and males with essential arterial hypertension. The risk for CV disease increases at a lower BP level in females than in males, suggesting that sex-specific thresholds for diagnosis of hypertension may be reasonable. However, due to paucity of data, in particularly from specifically designed clinical trials, it is not yet known whether hypertension should be differently managed in females and males, including treatment goals and choice and dosages of antihypertensive drugs. Accordingly, this consensus document was conceived to provide a comprehensive overview of current knowledge on sex differences in essential hypertension including BP development over the life course, development of hypertension, pathophysiologic mechanisms regulating BP, interaction of BP with CV risk factors and co-morbidities, hypertension-mediated organ damage in the heart and the arteries, impact on incident CV disease, and differences in the effect of antihypertensive treatment. The consensus document also highlights areas where focused research is needed to advance sex-specific prevention and management of hypertension.

International audience; Experimental, numerical and theoretical studies are performed to understand the explosive thermal decomposition of monomethylhydrazine/argon mixtures. Ignition delays of concentrated MMH/Ar mixtures (20-30%) have been measured behind a reflected shock wave around 1000 K and 1 atm. Although several detailed chemical kinetic models have predictive abilities for diluted and highly diluted mixtures, none of them showed predictive for concentrated mixtures. A new kinetic model is proposed, in which numerous rate constants and thermochemical data are reassessed based on theoretical calculations, with the purpose to determine whether,or to what extent, trends derived from diluted or highly diluted MMH/Ar mixtures can explain observations in concentrated MMH mixtures. The present kinetic model is found to predict speciation experimental profiles in diluted MMH/Ar mixtures and is a significant improvement in predicting theinduction delays of concentrated MMH/Ar mixtures.

Viruses are omnipresent, yet the knowledge on drivers of viral prevalence in wild host populations is often limited. Biotic factors, such as sympatric managed host species, as well as abiotic factors, such as climatic variables, are likely to impact viral prevalence. Managed and wild bees, which harbor several multi-host viruses with a mostly fecal–oral between-species transmission route, provide an excellent system with which to test for the impact of biotic and abiotic factors on viral prevalence in wild host populations. Here we show on a continental scale that the prevalence of three broad host viruses: the AKI-complex (Acute bee paralysis virus, Kashmir bee virus and Israeli acute paralysis virus), Deformed wing virus, and Slow bee paralysis virus in wild bee populations (bumble bees and solitary bees) is positively related to viral prevalence of sympatric honey bees as well as being impacted by climatic variables. The former highlights the need for good beekeeping practices, including Varroa destructor management to reduce honey bee viral infection and hive placement. Furthermore, we found that viral prevalence in wild bees is at its lowest at the extreme ends of both temperature and precipitation ranges. Under predicted climate change, the frequency of extremes in precipitation and temperature will continue to increase and may hence impact viral prevalence in wild bee communities.

Les ressources florales sont primordiales pour l'alimentation des communautés d'abeilles, mais peuvent aussi représenter un risque du fait de la transmission d'agents pathogènes. En effet, lors du butinage, les abeilles mellifères et sauvages peuvent déposer des agents pathogènes à la surface des fleurs, exposant ainsi les autres insectes pollinisateurs à du pollen ou nectar contaminé.La cooccurrence de virus chez les abeilles sauvages et mellifères laisse supposer des échanges possibles. Afin d'étudier le risque de transmission de virus entre des espèces d'abeilles partageant la même ressource florale, nous avons réalisé une expérimentation destinée à maximiser les infections croisées en utilisant la phacélie (Phacelia fanacetifolia), une plante très attractive pour les abeilles mellifères et une large gamme d'espèces sauvages. La prévalence des virus a été comparée sur deux ans dans trois petites parcelles du sud de la France. Les sept virus les plus courants de l'abeille mellifère ont été recherchés chez 1137 abeilles sauvages appartenant à 29 espèces ainsi que chez 920 individus d'abeilles mellifères 'Apis mellifera). Les halites étaient les abeilles sauvages les plus abondantes. Dans 78% de cet échantillonnage, au moins un virus a été détecté, et les co-infections virales (présence simultanée d'au moins deux virus différents) étaient fréquentes. Les virus du couvain sacciforme (SBV), de la cellule royale noire (BQCV), de la paralysie aiguë (IAPV) étaient répandus dans la communauté des abeilles sauvages (voire plus répandus que chez l'abeille mellifère elle-même pour le virus israélien de la paralysie aiguë (IAPV). A l'inverse, le virus des ailes déformées (DWV) a été détecté à de faibles niveaux chez les abeilles sauvages, alors qu'il était très répandu chez les abeilles mellifères (78.3 % des échantillons).Les isolats de virus des abeilles sauvages et des abeilles mellifères ont été séquencés pour rechercher une éventuelle spécificité d'hôte ou une structuration géographique en comparaison avec les séquences déposées dans les banques de données internationales. Les arbres phylogénétiques (sortes d'arbres généalogiques) suggèrent parfois un isolement entre espèces (cluster spécifique pour l' ABPV chez les eucères), ou de possibles échanges (isolats du DWV des bourdons apparentés à ceux des abeilles mellifères).

International audience; Non-coding small RNAs (sRNA) act as mediators of gene silencing and regulate plant growth, development and stress responses. Early insights into plant sRNAs established a role in antiviral defense and they are now extensively studied across plant–microbe interactions. Here, sRNA sequencing discovered a class of sRNA in rice ( Oryza sativa ) specifically associated with foliar diseases caused by Xanthomonas oryzae bacteria. Xanthomonas -induced small RNAs (xisRNAs) loci were distinctively upregulated in response to diverse virulent strains at an early stage of infection producing a single duplex of 20–22 nt sRNAs. xisRNAs production was dependent on the Type III secretion system , a major bacterial virulence factor for host colonization. xisRNA loci overlap with annotated transcripts sequences, with about half of them encoding protein kinase domain proteins. A number of the corresponding rice cis- genes have documented functions in immune signaling and xisRNA loci predominantly coincide with the coding sequence of a conserved kinase motif. xisRNAs exhibit features of small interfering RNAs and their biosynthesis depend on canonical components OsDCL1 and OsHEN1. xisRNA induction possibly mediates post-transcriptional gene silencing but they do not broadly suppress cis -genes expression on the basis of mRNA-seq data. Overall, our results identify a group of unusual sRNAs with a potential role in plant–microbe interactions.

The increasing demand for silicon-based materials requires the optimization of silicon deposit manufacturing processes and therefore a better understanding of the gas-phase reactivity of silicon precursors such as silicon tetrachloride (SiCl