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Entrepreneur is a person who accept challenging role to meet personal needs and become economically independent, capable of contributing values in both family and social life. The term “entrepreneur” is defining in a variety of ways and the concept of which is changing from time to time. Kaish and Gilad (1991) defined entrepreneurship as the process of first, discovering, and second acting on a disequilibrium opportunity. Regarded as one of the oldest sporting event, Archery sports have been included in Olympics since the early parts of Modern Olympics. It began to attract young archers in India since 1970's but due to expensiveness, it fails to produce good archers in large number as the cost of one set of FITA bow @ recurve bows ranges from 50,000 to few lakhs. Poor but talented archers cannot afford found good enough learning hands in bamboo bow and arrows that gradually became a good replacement for FITA bow. At this point of time, small scale Entrepreneurial works of Entrepreneurs in Archery Sports Equipment Production become a necessity

The paper is a fresh survey on the indigenous games of Manipur with reference to Sagol Kangjei. The Meiteis of Manipur have keen interest in their indigenous games as it does ensure not only good health but also promotes in preservation of cultural heritage of the people. The genesis of the different indigenous games like Kiyang Lamjel, Sagol kangjei, Khong kangjei, Kang etc. may be traced in the ancient texts and other chronicles. The history of Sagol kangjei is vague. It is said that the playing of Sagol kangjei started during the reign of Kangba before the birth of Christ. Kangjei means Kangba’s stick and Sagol means horse. Sagol kangjei literally means king Kangba’s hokey on horseback. The ball used in playing Sagol kangjei is known as kangdrum or Kangba’s round object (ball among the Manipuris). According to tradition two teams known as North team and South team led by Marjing and Thangjing respectively played Sagol kangjei. Judges were selected by the Kangbural, the head of the tournament committee which consisted of Hantre Hunna Am (one starter), Matai Yengba Ani (two line judges), Panjal Paba Ani (two goal judges), Panjal Eba Ama (one scorer) and Moibung Khongba Ama (one buglar). There are no goal posts in this game. Goal line determines the end of the two boundaries of the rectangular field. To score a goal the ball must cross the line. There is no offside in this game. The game is now played in two styles- the Pana (original Manipuris style) and the International style Polo. Though the claim of being the state of origin of the Polo or Sagol kangjei has been made by a number of countries in the world it is indeed a fact that the present international game Polo owes its origin to Manipur.

The rites of passage are the rites and ceremonies that mark the transition of an individual from one stage to another. These processes consist of separation, transition and incorporation into the new environment. It covers birth, marriage and death. The article attempts to delve into the lifecycle ceremonies of the Kharam and Liangmei inhabitants in Manipur. In pregnancy and child birth, the Kharams take every precaution not to occur any unwanted incident to the mother and child. In naming of the child, rituals like Ratha Kakoi and Laamtol are performed for social recognition and protection of the child. In marriage, they follow clan exogamy and observe certain rituals like Asrke Ka-en and Tui Kahe. Aarke-ka-en is an omen observation performed by the Kathem (village priest) sacrificing a cock. Death is the final crisis in the lifecycle of an individual; and death rituals are meant to ensure for safe passage of the soul to the Kathikho (village of death). It is believed that the departed soul does not go to the Kathikho until the Kumbu Kathak (last mortuary rite) is performed after one or two years. And the soul of unnatural death is not permitted to live in the Kathikho. The Liangmeis also perform rites and rituals in birth, marriage and death for wellbeing, prosperity and safe journey of the soul to the land of death.

A clinical file review was conducted of clozapine use in three aged psychiatry services in Melbourne, Australia, to compare its safety and tolerability with findings reported in the literature.The review period spanned the intervals from 2008 to the services' origins between 11 and 15 years earlier. The files of all patients treated with clozapine during this period were checked with respect to adverse effects and the reasons for ceasing treatment.Clozapine was prescribed to 75 patients (mean age 74.2 years, range 65-89) with doses ranging from 25-800 mg daily (mean 296 mg). Treatment was stopped within the review period in 37 (49%) cases. Reasons for discontinuation included death (n=14), non-fatal adverse events (n=12), patient choice (n=8) and other factors (n=3). While none of the 14 deaths could be linked directly to treatment, orthostatic hypotension might have contributed to a single fatal cerebrovascular accident. There were three cases of "red alert" leukopenia, none of which progressed to agranulocytosis. In general, side effects were more frequent than in a previous report concerning aged patients, most probably because clozapine doses were higher. CONCLUSIONS; Most of the adverse events leading to treatment cessation occurred within the first month, emphasising the need for slow titration. Strict monitoring procedures ensured that there were no fatal haematological adverse events.

Antipsychotic medication is the mainstay of treatment in elderly patients with psychosis. In recent years, second generation antipsychotics have come to be preferred. Long-acting risperidone is the first such antipsychotic available for use in this vulnerable group of patients and offers an attractive alternative to traditional medications. The available literature revealed that long-acting risperidone is generally well tolerated and is effective in treating both the positive and negative symptoms of schizophrenia. Despite a lack of randomized trials and head-to-head studies, it appears to be a useful addition to the treatment armory for patients with chronic psychosis who require a depot preparation. Further research into its endocrine and metabolic side effects is needed.

Objective The aim of the study was to determine whether depressed aged inpatients treated with brief pulse unilateral electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) differed from those treated with bilateral (bitemporal or bifrontal) ECT with respect to numbers of treatments, length of hospital admission, changes in scores on depression and cognitive scales, and serious adverse effects. Methods An audit of routinely collected data regarding 221 acute ECT courses in 7 public aged psychiatry services in Victoria, Australia. Results Patients given unilateral, bifrontal, and bitemporal treatments were similar with respect to personal, clinical, and treatment characteristics. Most treatments were administered in line with local clinical guidelines and were rated as effective. Psychiatrists preferred unilateral ECT in the first instance with stimulus dosing based on patients' seizure thresholds. Approximately a quarter of unilateral courses were switched later to bitemporal placement, most probably because of insufficient progress. Bilateral treatments were associated with a larger number of treatments, less improvement in scores on mood and cognitive scales, and more refusals to continue treatment than unilateral-only ECT. Discussion Brief pulse unilateral ECT proved more effective than bitemporal and bifrontal ECT for most aged patients, especially when coupled with stimulus dosing based on seizure threshold.

Objective To check if experienced psychiatrists in Victoria, Australia, observed the standards outlined by the American Psychiatric Association and the Royal College of Psychiatrists regarding the administration and monitoring of continuation-maintenance electroconvulsive therapy (ECT). Methods A retrospective chart review of 60 consecutive patients given continuation-maintenance ECT in 3 Victorian public aged psychiatry services. Results Practice guidelines were often not observed concerning documentation of treatment plans, mental state reviews and patients' and carers' viewpoints. Conclusions Continuation-maintenance ECT proved highly effective in this clinical sample. Our audit identifies areas for improvement in clinical practice. It will be helpful to have a simple checklist of treatment plans, rating scale scores, and discussions with patients and carers that clinicians can complete at regular intervals.

The Alcohol-Related Problems Survey (ARPS) reliably classifies drinking as non-hazardous, hazardous or harmful using scoring algorithms that consider quantity and frequency of alcohol use alone and in combination with health conditions, medication-use and functional status. Because it has been developed using a 14-g US standard drink, it is not valid in Australia where a standard drink contains 10 g of ethanol.We recalibrated the ARPS scoring algorithms for a 10-g Australian standard drink and updated the list of medications. The Australian ARPS (A-ARPS) was then administered to 50 non-treatment-seeking participants in waves of five.The A-ARPS recalibrated scoring algorithms reliably classified all 50 individuals. Sixty-six per cent were classified as hazardous or harmful drinkers. Many were taking medications that interact with alcohol or had medical conditions that can be exacerbated by alcohol consumption.The A-ARPS is available for use in Australia. Its utilisation could reduce the incidence of alcohol-related harms.

Complexity of medication regimens may adversely affect adherence and treatment outcome. The aim of this study was to assess the complexity of medication regimens. In this retrospective study, complexity of the medication regimens for outpatients was assessed using the medication regimen complexity index (MRCI). The correlation between medication complexity and the parameters of age, gender, underlying disorder and the number of medications were determined. Significant parameters impact on medication complexity were found to be age and number of medications. Therefore older patients, as well as patients taking several medications, should be monitored for compliance and adherence must be emphasized. Key words: Medication, complexity, adherence, treatment, regimens.

Background: We report on the outcomes in aged patients with severe, treatment-resistant depression or psychosis who were given ongoing outpatient continuation-maintenance ECT of varying duration to prevent remission and relapse following a successful course of acute ECT. Methods: A retrospective chart review of 58 consecutive patients of three Australian aged psychiatry services comparing the number and length of psychiatric admissions before and after the start of continuation-maintenance ECT. Results: Four patients had only one treatment and two received over 50 (mean 14.7). Five were still enrolled in a maintenance program two years later. In the two years after continuation-maintenance ECT started, admissions fell by 53% in number and 79% in duration compared with the previous two years. Within the actual treatment period which varied from one patient to another, admissions fell by 90% in number and 97% in duration compared with the same period beforehand. Conclusion: A treatment effect cannot be proven but the severity and chronicity of patients' conditions make placebo effects and spontaneous remission unlikely. Randomised, controlled trials are almost impossible in this setting and so carefully conducted reviews and case–control studies are still of value. Our findings suggest that continuation-maintenance ECT is effective in carefully selected patients at high risk of relapse.

Antipsychotic medications form the mainstay of both the acute and maintenance treatment of schizophrenia. In recent years, atypical antipsychotics like risperidone, olanzapine and clozapine have come to be preferred because of their lower incidence of extra-pyramidal, anti-cholinergic and cardiac side-effects and a possible greater efficacy in reducing negative and neuro-cognitive symptoms (Ritchie et al., 2006).

Objective: To review the research data about dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB) and describe those clinical features and investigations that will enhance more accurate diagnosis in day-to-day practice. Methods: A literature search using MEDLINE, Psychlit, Psychinfo and Cochrane databases was performed. Conclusions: The diagnosis of DLB is important now that treatment is available using cognitive enhancers and because of the risk to patients with DLB who are prescribed neuroleptics. The use of consensus criteria, despite their limitations, and judicious use of ancillary investigations, especially neuroimaging and neuropsychological tests, will enhance diagnostic accuracy.

Mesure de la resistance electrique des films de differentes epaisseurs dans l'intervalle de temperature 302 a 420 K pendant des cycles chauffage-refroidissement, sous vide (3 × 10 −5 Torr). Dependance thermique de la resistance electrique