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This review article covers the proposed synthetic and natural medicines, and their contribution in aspects of chemistry and metabolism for the management of COVID-19, which is still lacking in many published current studies. Most of the current studies were focused on physiology, epidemiology, and management of COVID-19. However, only a few of such studies mainly focussed on the chemistry of medicine in the management of the disease. In this contest, both natural and synthetic medicines, their synthesis and metabolism are highlighted in the current article. Currently, the entire world is struggling with the COVID-19 pandemic that has disturbed every aspect of life, caused by a newly discovered virus strain named severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2(SARS-CoV-2). The outbreak continues to evolve, several research activities have been continuously carried out for understanding the origin, functions, treatments, and preventions of novel coronavirus (nCoV) infections such as SARS-CoV-2, SARS-CoV-1. There a lot of lines of treatment are being used all over the world but still, the perfect line of treatment for COVID-19 is not available. Various kinds of antiviral, anti-malarial, ACE inhibitors, and immunosuppressant drugs are being trialled worldwide for the management of COVID-19. A synthetic drug such as antimalarial drug (Hydroxychloroquine\Chloroquine), antiviral drug (Favipiravir, Remdesivir, Oseltamivir, EIDD-1931, Lopinavir, and Ritonavir), angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors/ angiotensin-receptor blockers (Captopril and Losartan), and immunosuppressant/arthritic drugs (Actemra, Baricitinib, Ruxolitinib, and Kevzara) for the management therapy for COVID-19 herewith complied to describe the chemical features and proposed metabolism process. Further, both chemistry and metabolism of proposed natural drug therapy such as quercetin, patchouli alcohol, baicalin, glycyrrhizic acid, and andrographolide for the management of COVID-19 infection are also included.

Picrorhiza kurroa (kutki) is a hairy herb belonging to Plantaginaceae/ Scropulariacea family and found in some parts of India (Kashmir to Sikkim), Nepal, and China.They found application in various ailments such as inflammation, antioxidant activity, asthmatic activity, hepatic activity, etc. The compound constituents using HPLC retrieved the presence of eighteen compounds. HPTLC analysis confirmed and quantified the presence of six major compounds. The quantity of diosgenin was found to be (2.80%) maximum followed by chlorogenic acid (2.70% w/w of extract) in the DCM/Methanol leaf extract. Antibacterial activity was performed using the zone of inhibition method for eight different leaf extracts of Picrorhiza kurroa. Among the extracts, ethyl acetate extract showed good potency in terms of zone of inhibition (13.33±1.52) against S. aureus whereas n-butanol extract showed good potency (12.01±1.00) against S. mutans, acetone extracts showed good potency (16.66±.47) against E. coli, acetone extracts showed good potency (11.33±1.52) against K. pneumoniae and acetone extracts showed good potency (11.00±1.00) against P. aeruginosa. Methanol extract showed good antioxidant activity (41.3±3.1µg/ml) whereas n-hexane showed the least (389.5±1.3µg/ml). Chlormphenicol and Ascorbic acid were taken as standard in the antibacterial and antioxidant study. IC50 values were calculated from the known protocol.

The use of microscopic techniques for the identification of medicinal plants is one of the best practices and an important quality control tool for standardization. Stomata are important organs for the study of phylogenetic relationships including plant origin, evolution, and classification. Allium wallichii (A. wallichii) Kunth, is one of the threatened medicinal herbs having important nutraceutical, medicinal and therapeutic value. The plant is one of the neglected species of Allium and has not been thoroughly investigated pharmacognostically. Therefore, current research work was designed to investigate the stomata types, stomata number and stomatal index through quantitative microscopy. The result presented in the current research will provide a routine identification method for A. wallichii with the allied species of Allium.

Objectives Berberine has attracted prominent interest recently due to its wide pharmacological actions in management and treatments of several disease including liver. However, restricted bioavailability and permeability makes this drug as better choice to develop several value added products for improvement of both safety and efficacy. Many of research already conducted in this direction using several approaches to fix this issue. Therefore, current article was designed to summarize all approaches taking together to enhance hepatoprotection by berberine including molecular mechanism. Methods Online scientific databases from PubMed was assessed for collecting information on berberine. All the collected informations were classified and incorporated into different sections such as recent progress of research on advance drug delivery systems and combinational approaches addressing above issue for improvement of hepatoprotective action of berberine. Key finding The electronically PubMed database search yielded 7454 articles from different countries in several languages. Out of them two seventy articles published between 1932 and 2022 were included, corresponding to all detailed overview on berberine including research pertaining on toxicity and safety, biodistribution, pharmacokinetics, biopharmaceutics classification system (BCS), hepatoprotection against various hepatotoxicant agent, advance drug delivery system, combinational drug approaches, clinical Trial for hepatoprotection and patents. The review of the literature reveals that berberine exhibits a potent hepatoprotective action with several molecular action mechanisms. Additionally, current trends of formulation technology for enhancement of hepatoprotective action of berberine in terms of safety and efficacy are well co-related with present work. Conclusion It was well established and concluded from present work that both advance drug delivery system and combinational drug approaches may serve for enhancement of restricted hepatoprotective action of berberine due to poor bioavailability, solubility and permeability. Additionally, berberine based advance delivery system including in combination with bioavailability and permeability enhancer may provide an added advantage in near future to meet the objectives.

Background/Objectives: Donepezil (DPL) is available as the hydrochloride salt (DPL-HCL) which is highly water-soluble, prompting leakage of the drug into water phase during solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs) preparation which leads to reduce the entrapment efficiency as well as drug content. So, the drug was converted into its base form i.e. donepezil base (DPL base). The main objective of the work was to study the physicochemical characterization and identification of DPL base and to compare it with parent DPL-HCL, to develop a High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) method for the detection of DPL base in SLNs. The develop method was used for the determination of shelf life of drug in SLNs. Methods: DPL-HCL was converted into DPL base simply by alkalization of DPL- HCL with NaOH and then extracted into dichloromethane (DCM) followed by drying to obtain DPL base. The HPLC method was developed and validated to quantify the DPL base for the determination of its shelf life in SLNs. The drug content in the developed SLNs was determined by extracting the DPL base using methanol as a solvent. The method was validated for linearity, precision, accuracy, reproducibility, limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantification (LOQ). Results: DPL-HCL was successfully converted into DPL base with a yield value of 88.61%. The optimized mobile phase was comprised of 0.02 M phosphate buffer (pH 7.4), methanol and Acetonitrile (ACN) (40:50:10 v/v/v). The pH of mobile phase was adjusted with o-phosphoric acid. The linearity range of the developed method was found to be 0.5-80 µg/mL with LOD and LOQ value 0.086 and 0.263 µg/ml respectively. The shelf life of the DPL base in SLNs was found to be 2.29 years. Conclusion: The HPLC method for donepezil base was successfully developed and validated. RSD values for validated parameters were < 2, indicating the authenticity of the developed method. The method was successfully used for the determination of shelf life of the drug in SLNs.

Background: Carbamazepine (Cbz) is the first-line drug for epileptic seizures but exhibits fluctuation at the plasma level and side effects after oral administration.To overcome these problems, Cbz should be targeted directly into the brain. Therefore, the current experimental design was aimed to formulate and optimize the Cbz containing solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs) for brain delivery via intranasal administration to get rid of oral complications associated with Cbz. Methods: A full factorial design was performed to evaluate the effect of variables (X1 lipid concentration, X2 surfactant concentration, and X3 sonication time) on the response variables (size of nanoparticles, entrapment efficiency, and drug release). A two-level, three-factor design was employed herewith, and eight formulations were developed. Further, the formation of Cbz containing SLNs was characterized by compatibility, particle size, entrapment efficiency, and drug release with the support of Fourier Transform Infra-Red (FTIR), Zeta sizer, Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), Ultra-violet (U.V.), and High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC). Results: All eight formulations were characterized through particle size, entrapment efficiency, and invitro drug release performance. Out of eight characterized formulations, SN1 showed the most promising results, including particle size of 210 ± 2.14 nm, entrapment efficiency of 42.1 ± 1.09%, and drug release of 61.3 ± 2.02% and considered an optimized batch. Additionally, the optimized batch SN1was further evaluated for an in-vivo study on male Wistar Rats. Conclusion: The study revealed that a high amount of drug was reached into the brain through intranasal administration compared to the intravenous route. Therefore, it can minimize the unwanted side effects of the Cbz associated with oral administration. The formulation SN1 possesses an excellent drug targeting efficiency of 3.014. Finally, the current experimental work concluded that there is a direct pathway from the intranasal route to the brain. This delivery system can be beneficial for directly delivering CNS-active drugs into the brain.

Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) is a lethal respiratory disease with its first case reported back in 2012 (Jeddah, Saudi Arabia). It is a novel, single-stranded, positive-sense RNA beta coronavirus (MERS-CoV) that was isolated from a patient who died from a severe respiratory illness. Later, it was found that this patient was infected with MERS. MERS is endemic to countries in the Middle East regions, such as Saudi Arabia, Jordan, Qatar, Oman, Kuwait and the United Arab Emirates. It has been reported that the MERS virus originated from bats and dromedary camels, the natural hosts of MERS-CoV. The transmission of the virus to humans has been thought to be either direct or indirect. Few camel-to-human transmissions were reported earlier. However, the mode of transmission of how the virus affects humans remains unanswered. Moreover, outbreaks in either family-based or hospital-based settings were observed with high mortality rates, especially in individuals who did not receive proper management or those with underlying comorbidities, such as diabetes and renal failure. Since then, there have been numerous reports hypothesising complications in fatal cases of MERS. Over the years, various diagnostic methods, treatment strategies and preventive measures have been strategised in containing the MERS infection. Evidence from multiple sources implicated that no treatment options and vaccines have been developed in specific, for the direct management of MERS-CoV infection. Nevertheless, there are supportive measures outlined in response to symptom-related management. Health authorities should stress more on infection and prevention control measures, to ensure that MERS remains as a low-level threat to public health.

An outbreak of coronavirus pneumonia was firstly documented in Wuhan, Hubei Province, China (December 2019), with an indication of human-to-human transmission. The causative agent identified for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). America, Italy, India, and Africa became new venues of COVID infection; the overall data of patients and death is increasing day by day. Generally inplace of most of the infected people develop respiratory symptoms (throat pain, cough, etc.), fever, and chest opacity on CT scan and X-ray. A few numbers of suspected persons are found asymptomatic; they may serve as carriers for infection. As a point of care, the patient diagnosis is compulsory, and only the diagnosis can provide a real-time condition of patients and can be helpful in arresting the spreading of the infection. In the present chapter, we focused on illustrating various diagnostic techniques that have been employed by the world for the detection of the coronavirus. The diagnostic techniques are categorized into molecular and serologic assay techniques. The nucleic acid is detected in molecular assay, whereas the serologic assay uses antigen-antibody reaction.

Pulmonary hypertension is a chronic and advanced disease associated with increased resistance to the pulmonary vasculature, which causes changes in the morphology of the pulmonary arteries and is a major reason for death worldwide. It is associated more in women than in men. It remains asymptomatic until the harmful effects of hypertension such as stroke, myocardial infarction, etc. are observed. Synthetic drugs are used to overcome this disease, but they produce serious side effects, so alternative medicines from medicinal plants need to be developed. Traditionally, medicinal plants have been used since ancient time and are shown to be effective. Examples of plants include Moringa Oleifera Lam, Allium sativum L., Terminalia Arjuna, Withania Somnifera, and many more. They act by decreasing SOD, increasing nitric oxide levels, and also lowering the BCL2/BAX ratio. This chapter focuses on the recent discovery of medicinal plants and its phytoconstituents used in the treatment of pulmonary hypertension and the pathways involved.

Background: A literature survey showed that significant work has been done to evaluate antimicrobial activity of medicinal plants and their constituents. Thousands of phytoconstituents are tested against a wide range of microbial strains in vitro, in vivo, and clinically. Black cumin oil obtained from the seeds of Nigella sativa L. is used as carminative, stimulant, diuretic, emmenagogue, lactagogue, and anthelmintic. Seed oil is applied externally on skin as antiseptic, emollient, and to prevent cold symptoms. Many studies have displayed the antimicrobial activity of black seed oil against a variety of microorganisms including Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. In the present study, a comparative antibacterial activity of black cumin oil of Saudi Arabian, Syrian seeds, and marketed/branded oil was undertaken. Materials and Methods: Black cumin oil (12%) is obtained from Saudi and Syrian originated seeds by the soxhlet extraction method. Agar disc diffusion method was applied for antibacterial activity of each oil and two marketed oils. Antibacterial activity of different black cumin oil samples has been evaluated against standard Escherichia coli, standard Klebsiella pneumonia, and standard Staphylococcus aureus. Phytochemical screening is also done to check the presence of phytoconstituents, which might be responsible for the activity. Results: All black cumin oil samples are found to be sensitive to S. aureus only. Black cumin of Saudi originated seeds showed higher activity than Syrian. Seeds oil of Syria had almost similar activity to one of the marketed oils (M1). Another marketed black cumin oil (M2) showed highest antibacterial activity among all types of oils. Phytochemical screening of these oils showed the presence of steroids and alkaloids, which might be responsible for the activity. Several factors that affect the phytochemical variations are environmental, geographical, agricultural, and extraction conditions, which result in differences in their antibacterial activity. Conclusion: The results of this study showed that all samples of black cumin oils have antibacterial activity against S. aureus (Gram-positive bacteria). Therefore, they might be considered as possible alternatives to antibiotics for the treatment of S. aureus infections.

In pharmaceutical industry there are some possibilities of contamination and cross-contamination because of improper cleaning of equipment, apparatus, processing area or the starting material, this can lead to severe hazards, therefore in pharmaceutical industry we can’t afford any contamination as well as cross contamination. This can be minimized by proper cleaning of equipment, apparatus as well as the processing area. TheIndustry wants to achieve these main goals with the help of GMP. This review focused on the different types of cleaning process adapted by pharmaceutical industry, how the process of cleaning validation is done. In the cleaning validation different critical parameter, factor, material and critical process are monitored and validated so that the cleaning consistency can be achieved and documented accordingly. Keywords: Cleaning validation, contamination, clean in place, clean out of place, swab sampling, worst case

Tinospora cordifolia is a popular medicinal plant which is used in several traditional medicines to cure various diseases. The common names are Amrita and Guduchi and belong to the family of Menispermaceae. It is considered an essential herbal plant of Indian system of medicine (ISM) and has been used in the treatment of fever, urinary problem, dysentery, skin diseases leprosy, diabetes, and many more diseases. The plant reported containing chemical compound including Alkaloids, Terpenoids, Lignans, Steroids and others that establish the phytochemistry and pharmacological activity of Tinospora cordifolia. The present review highlights the pharmacological importance viz antioxidant activity, antimicrobial activity, antibacterial activity, antifungal activity, anti-diabetic activity, antistress activity, hypolipidaemic effect, hepatic disorder, anticancer anti HIV potential, antiosteoporotic effects, antitoxic effects, wound healing, anticomplementary activity, and immunomodulating activity, systemic infection and Parkinson ̓s disease.