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Bismuth-based nanoparticles are promising and widely employed in environmental cleanup. Eco-friendly Bi-based nanoparticle synthesis is being explored for nanoscale fabrication. In this study, we report on the green fabrication of alpha bismuth oxide nanoparticles (α-Bi2O3NPs) using an extract from the Himalayan plant Rubus ellipticus. α-Bi2O3nanoparticles were fabricated using methanol extract of the fruits (REF-NPs) and leaves (REL-NPs) of Rubus ellipticus. The optimal synthesis of α-Bi2O3NPs was evaluated through X-ray Diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), field emission scanning electron microscope (FE-SEM), high-resolution transmission electron microscope (HR-TEM), UV-vis spectroscopy, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) techniques for crystal structure, shape, and optical characteristics. The visible light photocatalytic degradation of toxic dye-Congo red using REF-NPs and REL-NPs was performed. The photocatalytic activity of the synthesized NPs was estimated to be in order of REL-NPs > REF-NPs, with photo-degradation efficiencies of 89.2% and 84.2%, respectively, for Congo red. REL-NPs exhibited the highest rate, which was found to be 1.4 times higher than the REF-NPs sample. Photodegradation experiments revealed that the fabricated α-Bi2O3exhibits enhanced degradation performance for toxic Congo red dye. The antimicrobial efficacy of REL-NPs and REF-NPs against Gram-positive (S. aureusand B. subtilis) and Gram-negative (E. coli, K. pneumoniae, and P. aeruginosa) bacteria, was determined. This work presents a simple green method for producing innovative α-Bi2O3as a remarkable nanomaterial for aquatic bodies to break down dangerous pollutants by visible light photodegradation and as an antibacterial agent.

The aim of the present study was to synthesize biologically active cuprous oxide nanoparticles (Cu2O-NPs) using green nanotechnology from aqueous extract of Rubus ellipticusfruits. The structural characterization of aqueous extract-mediated cuprous oxide nanoparticles (Ru-Cu2O-NPs) was performed using X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), Transmission electron microscope (TEM), Field emission scanning electron microscope (FE-SEM), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and UV–Vis spectroscopy. Using standard techniques, Ru-Cu2O-NPs were also evaluated for their biological activities (antioxidant, antimicrobial, and anticancer) and toxicity. The XRD patterns and Rietveld refinement confirmed the phase purity of Ru-Cu2O-NPs with an average crystallite size of 25 nm. The FE-SEM and TEM images showed the formation of octahedron cages with a grain size of 0.82 ± 0.04 μm on average. The XPS analysis confirmed the presence of Cu1+ions with many chemisorbed species on the surface. The determination of functional groups was carried out using FTIR with Cu–O stretching vibration at 635 cm−1. Tauc’s plot determined that the optical bandgap of the synthesized Ru-Cu2O-NPs was 1.28 eV. Compared to aqueous fruit extract, Ru-Cu2O-NPs showed significantly lower antioxidant activity. Furthermore, they showed higher antimicrobial activity (MIC) against Bacillus subtilisand Rosellinia necatrix(7.81 µg/mL), Staphylococcus aureus(15.62 µg/mL), and Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa,and Fusarium oxysporum(31.2 µg/mL). The Ru-Cu2O-NPs showed no toxicity against BM MSCs and HC cells at 12.5 µg/mL concentration, whereas the Ru-Cu2O-NPs showed anticancer activity against colon cancer cell lines (SW480 and SW620) at 100 g/mL concentration. These results indicate that Ru-Cu2O-NPs have good antimicrobial and anticancer properties but have low toxicity thus making them suitable for use in pharmaceuticals and food industries.

The present research demonstrates the first-time successful synthesis of silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) and copper oxide nanoparticles (Cu2O NPs) from Euphorbia royleanapulp extract. The morphological features of synthesized NPs were examined using XRD, FTIR, FE-SEM, and TEM. With the presence of surface-bonded phenolic groups, the particle size of Ag NPs and Cu2O NPs (spherical) was revealed to be 20.53 ± 1.15 nm and 3.06 ± 0.04 nm, respectively. The DPPH and FRAP assays demonstrated significant antioxidant activity (Ag NPs: 60.44 µg/mL and 141.86 µg/mL; Cu2O NPs: 63.55 µg/mL and 138.9 µg/mL, respectively). Additionally, Ag and Cu2O NPs showed good antimicrobial activity (31.25 to 500 µg/mL) against Bacillus subtilis,Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Fusarium oxysporum,and Rosellinia necatrix.Against colon cancer cell lines, nanoparticles showed potent cytotoxic activity (IC50-50.12 µg/mL for Ag NPs and 61.93 µg/mL for Cu2O NPs). As a result of their significant biological activities, the synthesized NPs showed potency to be utilized in various biomedical applications after in vivo studies.

The current research emphasized the creation of copper oxide nanoparticles (Cu2O NPs) employing aqueous and methanol fruit extracts of Myrica esculenta, which were applied as a capping and reducing agent. Advanced characterization techniques like XRD, FTIR, FESEM, TEM, Raman, and UV–Vis spectroscopy were applied to ascertain the structure and characteristics of the Cu2O NPs. The results revealed the synthesis of uniformly spherical Cu2O NPs in both aqueous and methanol extracts, with the latter showing particles embedded in a sheet-like structure. The mean crystallite sizes were determined to be 25.45 and 22.04 nm for Cu2O NPs derived from the aqueous and methanol extracts. Furthermore, the antioxidant potential of the extracts and as-prepared Cu2O NPs was assessed using a DPPH assay. At the same time, their antimicrobial activity was accessed through the disc diffusion technique (for bacteria), poisoned food method (for fungi), and minimum inhibitory concentration assay. The results revealed that Cu2O NPs derived from the methanol extract exhibited significant antioxidant potential (IC50of 57.38 µg/mL) compared to those derived from the aqueous extract (IC50of 71.60 µg/mL). The methanol extract-based Cu2O NPs displayed higher antimicrobial efficacy against Bacillus subtilis(15.62 µg/mL) and Staphylococcus aureus(31.25 µg/mL). In contrast, aqueous extract-based Cu2O NPs exhibited similar and higher activity against B. subtilis(31.25 µg/mL). Additionally, Cu2O NPs of methanol extract showed higher antifungal potential than aqueous extract-mediated NPs. These findings highlight the immense potential of these bio-inspired NPs for various biomedical applications, owing to their exceptional biological properties.