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Mathematics evidenced un/manifested in/active, un/changeable, im/pure and primordial nature; therefore, it is illimitable to define as finite. It exists in the engineering of this universe. Philosophy of Mathematics studies abstract entities such as assumption and implication. Mathematics educators regard it as deductive tool and relate to solving the real-world problems. They tend to understand mathematics as already formulated syntax awaiting to be applied when needed. Notwithstanding, this paper emphasizes the purpose of learning mathematics as Supreme knowledge. The paper explores the ideal model of acquiring Supreme knowledge through mathematical pedagogy. The context of this study is developing a three-layered systematic model (Language to Syntax, Syntax to operation, and Operation to Visualization) in Mathematics Education; the model has been termed as DIN Mathematical model of pedagogy. The first layer brings about an input of mathematical language to Syntax, the second layer is about syntax to operation, and the third layer is about operation to visualization. Educators engage in the second layer in most of the time to solve the problems where learner inputs on the formulated syntax and find one-way output. Engaging in the second layer does not assist to create higher level of cognitive state of learners. In this case, the learner can not achieve a complete visualization of process of Mathematics learning. Therefore, learners may not achieve Supreme Knowledge. The DIN model proposes that the three parts creating by mental acts in mathematics education which leads the learners to the way of the Supreme Knowledge of mathematics.

Prevalence of gastrointestinal nematodes (GINs) has become a critical issue because of nema-tode resistance to anthelmintics available in the market. Livamol with BioWorma (hereafter BioWorma), a biological product containing spores of Duddingtonia flagrans, is known to trap GIN larvae and reduce the chance of re-infection in artificially-infested animals. However, the efficacy of this product is not known in pasture-raised nursing does acquiring natural challenges of GIN through contaminated pastures. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of BioWorma for controlling GIN in pasture-raised nursing does. The study was conducted for 120 d (March-August 2023). Sixteen nursing Kiko Does and kids (n = 30) were divided into two uniform groups. Each group of animals was assigned to separate sets of grazing plots and rotationally stocked in those plots throughout the study. Animals had free access to clean drinking water, shelters, and mineral mix in each plot. BioWorma at the rate of 1g/d/kg of animal body weight (BW) was fed to one group of animals. BioWorma was mixed with 0.227 kg of whole corn before feeding. Another group (control) was provided with an equivalent amount of corn without BioWorma. Additionally, both groups were supplemented with whole corn at the rate of 0.5% BW. Animal performance data [BW, body condition score (BCS), and FAMACHA score] and fecal samples were taken on d 1, every week during the study, and the last day of the study. Fecal samples were analyzed to determine the egg per gram (EPG). Blood samples were taken on the first day of the study, then every month during the study, and on the last day of the study. Blood samples were analyzed in ProCyte Dx Analyzer for hematological parameters (RBC, hemato-crit, hemoglobin, WBC, neutrophil, eosinophil, mono-cytes, basophil, and platelets) and in Catalyst Dx for biochemical parameters (glucose, creatine, blood urea nitrogen, Ca, P, Na, Cl, and other parameters). Animal performance and blood profile data were analyzed using the GLM procedure and EPG data using the Wilcoxon Rank-Sum test in SAS 9.4. Overall, the treatment group had less EPG (35%; P < 0.05) than the control group. However, the consistent trend of BioWorma reducing EPG was not found when data were analyzed for each observation date. BioWorma had no significant impact on BW, FAMACHA score, BCS, and blood parameters. Results showed that BioWorma was able to reduce the overall GIN EPG in nursing Kiko does raised in pastures. Long-term research on the efficacy of BioWorma in controlling GIN in goats will reveal more useful information. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Small ruminants in the Southeast are predominantly raised outdoors, regardless of seasons and associated weather conditions. Severe weather in winter can decline the performance of pregnant animals and compromise their performance and im-munological states. Indoor raising of pregnant animals during winter may minimize the adverse effect of cold stress; however, such potential has not been evaluated. This study hypothesized that performance, GI-parasite burden, and immune response would differ between pregnant does raised outdoor and indoor during winter. The objective of this study was to evaluate the performance, GI-parasite burden, and hematological, biochemical, and immunological parameters of pregnant does raised outdoor and indoor in winter. The study was conducted from late January to early April 2023. Sixteen pregnant Kiko does were divided into outdoor and indoor groups. Outdoor group was kept in one grazing plot consisting of mobile shelters, mineral feeders, hay feeders, and watering troughs. Indoor group was kept in individual pens consisting of containers for water, minerals, hay, and grain. Both groups were given corn and soybean mixed in 3:2 ratio (0.8% of animal body weight), ad libitum hay, minerals, and water. Daily ambient temperature and relative humidity (RH) data were collected for both sites, and temperature-humidity index (THI) was calculated. Animal performance data [body weight, body condition score (BCS), and FAMACHA score] and fecal samples were collected on d 1, weekly during the study, and at the end of the study. Fecal samples were analyzed for the type and quantity of GI parasites using the McMaster technique, and parasite eggs per gram of animal feces (EPG) was calculated. Blood samples were collected on d 1, 34, and 69 and analyzed for hemato-logical, biochemical, and immunological parameters. Data on weather, animal performance, and hemato-logical, biochemical, and immunological parameters were analyzed using the GLM procedure and EPG data were analyzed using the Wilcoxon Rank-Sum test in SAS 9.4. Indoor temperature was higher (7%, P < 0.01), RH was lower (8%, P < 0.05), and THI was higher (5%, P < 0.01) vs. outdoor. Overall, indoor does had better FAMACHA by 9% (P < 0.05) and greater EPG by 35% (P < 0.05). Eosinophils were reduced by 73% (P < 0.05), calcium was increased by 11% (P < 0.01), and total bilirubin was greater by 86% (P < 0.05) in indoor does at the end of the study (P < 0.05) vs. outdoor does. Results showed that performance, GI-parasite burden, and biochemical and immuno-logical parameters of pregnant does were influenced by the rearing system during winter. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

What does the frame work of mathematics education have; what is the framework of mathematics education related to and what should be the sources of mathematics education are influenced by the diverse background of students' and teachers' teaching culture which might be the same reason why "philosophy of mathematics" is not beyond interrogation. The purpose of this paper is to analyze the relevance of philosophy of mathematics in mathematics classroom with my personal experiences. This paper gauges that a contemporary and students-centered-curriculum gives rise to mathematics education. Sensism embedded in social constructivism may be implemented in school, as pedagogy is the ideological approbation of this paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]